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Málaga

Coordinates: 36°43′N 4°25′W / 36.717°N 4.417°W / 36.717; -4.417
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"Malaga" redirects here. For other uses, see Malaga (disambiguation).
Málaga
Málaga and its port as seen from Gibralfaro mountain.
Málaga and its port as seen from Gibralfaro mountain.
Flag of Málaga
Flag
Coat of arms of Málaga
Coat of arms
Country Spain
Autonomous CommunityAndalusia Andalusia
ProvinceMálaga
Founded7th century BC
Government
 • MayorFrancisco de la Torre Prados
Area
 • City395 km2 (153 sq mi)
 • Urban
561.71 km2 (216.88 sq mi)
Elevation
11 m (36 ft)
Population
 (2009)
 • City568,305
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,046,279
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
29001-29018
Calling code+34 (Spain) 95 (Málaga)
Websitewww.malaga.eu

Málaga (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmalaɣa]) is a city and a municipality in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. With a population of 568,305 in 2009, it is the second most populous city of Andalusia and the sixth largest in Spain. This is the southernmost large city in Europe. It lies on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) of the Mediterranean Sea, about 100 km (62.14 mi) east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km (80.78 mi) north of Africa.

Málaga enjoys a subtropical climate. It has one of the warmest winters in Europe, with average temperatures of 17 °C (62.6 °F) during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night in the period from December to February. The summer's season lasts about 8 months, from April to November, although also in remaining 4 months temperatures sometimes reach around 20 °C (68.0 °F).

Málaga's history spans about 2,700 years and is one of the oldest cities in the world. It was founded by the Phoenicians as Malaka about 770 BC, from the 6th century BC in Ancient Carthage, from 218 BC - Roman Republic and later Roman Empire (as latin Malaca), after the fall of the empire of the 800 years under the domination of Arabs (as Mālaqah (مالقة)), from 1487 under the dominion of the Spaniards. The archaeological remains and monuments from the Phoenician, Roman, Arabian and Christian eras convert the historic center into an "Open Museum" displaying its rich history of more than 3,000 years.

This important cultural infrastructure and the rich artistic heritage have culminated in the nomination of Málaga as a candidate for the 2016 European Capital of Culture.

The internationally acclaimed painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso and actor Antonio Banderas were born in Málaga.

The most important business sectors in Málaga are Tourism, Construction and Technology Services, but other sectors such as Transportation and Logistics are beginning to expand. The Technology Park of Andalusia (PTA), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992. As of 2009, this high-tech, science and industrial park is home to 509 companies and employs over 13,600 people.

History

'Roman Treatre of Málaga', built by the times of Caesar Augustus.

The Phoenicians from Tyre founded the city here circa 770 BC. The name Malaka is probably derived from the Phoenician word for "salt" because fish was salted near the harbour. (Cf. "salt" in other Semitic languages, e.g. Hebrew מלח mélaḥ or Arabic ملح malaḥ ).

After a period of Carthaginian rule, Malaka became part of the Roman Empire. In its Roman stage, the city (Latin name, Malaca) shows a remarkable degree of development. Transformed into a confederated city, it was under a special law, the Lex Flavia Malacitana. A Roman theatre was built at this time.[1] It was also ruled by the Byzantine Empire between 550-621.

In the 8th century AD, during the Muslim Arabic rule over Spain, the city became an important trade centre. Málaga was first a possession of the Caliphate of Córdoba. After the fall of the Umayyad dynasty, it became the capital of a distinct kingdom ruled by the Zirids. During this time, the city was called Mālaqah (Arabic مالقة).

The traveller Ibn Battuta, who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of the largest and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of both sea and land, and is abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured Murcian pomegranates have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its "excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large and beautiful, with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard.[2]

Málaga was one of the Iberian cities where Muslim rule persisted the longest, having been part of the Emirate of Granada. While most other parts of the peninsula already succumbed to the reconquista, the medieval Christian Spanish struggled to drive the Muslims out. Málaga was conquered by Christian forces on August 18, 1487,[3] five years before the fall of Granada.

Málaga circa 1836.

On 24 August 1704 the indecisive Battle of Velez-Málaga, the largest naval battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, took place in the sea south of Málaga.

Málaga underwent fierce bombing by Nationalist or Republican air forces and naval units during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. The well-known British journalist and writer Arthur Koestler was captured by the Nationalist forces on their entry into Málaga, which formed the material for his book Spanish Testament. The first chapters of Spanish Testament include an eye-witness account of the 1937 fall of Málaga to Francisco Franco's armies during the Spanish Civil War.

Tourism on the adjacent Costa del Sol has boosted the city's economy from the 1960s onwards.

The magnum opus of Cuban composer Ernesto Lecuona, "Malagueña", is named for the music of the Gypsies of this region of Spain.

Geography

Location

Málaga is located in southern Spain, on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) on the northern side of the Mediterranean Sea. It lies about 100 km east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km east of Tarifa (the southernmost point of continental Europe) and about 130 km on north of Africa. Lies on a similar latitude (36°N) as Algiers in Algeria, Tunis in Tunisia, Aleppo in Syria, Mosul in Iraq, Tehran in Iran, Kunduz in Afghanistan and Fresno, California in the United States.

Metropolitan area

Map of Málaga province, centered Málaga urban area (Málaga, Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Marbella - density >1000/km² and Mijas, Alhaurin de la Torre).

Málaga, together with the following adjacent towns and municipalities: Rincon de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmadena, Fuengirola, Alhaurin de la Torre, Mijas, Marbella y San Pedro Alcántara form the urban area with a population of 1,046,279 on 827.33 km² (density 1,264 hab / km²) - 2009 data. The urban area stretches mostly along a narrow strip of coastline. The Málaga metropolitan area includes additional municipalities located mostly in the mountains area north of the coast and also some on the coast: Cártama, Pizarra, Coín, Monda, Ojén, Alhaurín el Grande and Estepona on west; Casabermeja on north; Totalán, Algarrobo, Torrox and Vélez-Málaga eastward from Málaga. Municipalities of the metropolitan area are connected to the road network (including motorways) with the urban area and Málaga city (the urban area can be reached by car in 20 minutes and Málaga city in 45 minutes). Sometimes the metropolitan area includes other municipalities where Málaga's public transportation network extends - establishment Consorcio de Transporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga (en: Consortium of Transportation of Málaga Metropolitan Area). Together about 1.3 million (max. to 1.5 million) people live in the Málaga metropolitan area and the number grows every year because all the municipalities and cities of the area record an annual increase in population.

Climate

One of the January days in Málaga, Santiago Ramón y Cajal Street in the suburbs

The climate is Subtropical–Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa)[4] with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 50 days with precipitation each year. Its coastal location with winds blowing from the Mediterranean Sea make the heat manageable during the summer.[5]

Málaga
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
81
 
 
17
7
 
 
55
 
 
18
8
 
 
49
 
 
19
9
 
 
41
 
 
21
10
 
 
25
 
 
24
13
 
 
12
 
 
27
17
 
 
2
 
 
30
20
 
 
6
 
 
30
21
 
 
16
 
 
28
18
 
 
56
 
 
24
14
 
 
95
 
 
20
11
 
 
88
 
 
17
8
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Meteorological Organization
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.2
 
 
62
45
 
 
2.2
 
 
64
46
 
 
1.9
 
 
66
48
 
 
1.6
 
 
70
51
 
 
1
 
 
75
56
 
 
0.5
 
 
81
63
 
 
0.1
 
 
86
67
 
 
0.2
 
 
87
69
 
 
0.6
 
 
82
65
 
 
2.2
 
 
75
58
 
 
3.7
 
 
68
51
 
 
3.5
 
 
63
47
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

It experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000 and over 100,000 jointly with two other cities in Spain: Almería and Alicante. The average temperature during the day in the period December–January-February is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F). During the winter, the Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block out the cold weather from the north.[5] Generally - the summer's season lasts about 8 months, from April to November, although also in remaining 4 months temperatures sometimes reach around 20 °C (68 °F). Its average annual temperature is 23 °C (73 °F) during the day (one of the highest results in Europe) and 13 °C (55 °F) at night. In the coldest month - January - the temperature ranges from 12 to 20 °C (54 to 68 °F) during the day, 4 to 13 °C (39 to 55 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 15–16 °C (59–61 °F). In the warmest month - August - the temperature ranges from 26 to 32 °C (79 to 90 °F) during the day (can rarely be higher temperature), above 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 23 °C (73 °F). Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded during the day in the city centre is 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on the 13th of August 1881. On the August 1881 reported record, the average maximum temperature during the day was 34.8 °C (94.6 °F). The coldest temperature ever recorded was −0.9 °C (30.4 °F) at night (the same as tropical Miami) on 19 January 1891. The highest wind speed ever recorded was on the 16th of July 1980, measuring 119 km/h (73.94 mph). Málaga city has never recorded any snow.[6]

Annual average relative humidity is 66%, ranging from 59% in June to 73% in December.[7] Yearly sunshine hours is between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine / day in July.[7][8][9] This is one of the highest results in Europe and almost double more that of cities in the northern half of Europe (for comparison: London - 1,461, Warsaw - 1,571, Paris - 1,630). According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2007 saw 3,059 hours of sunshine.[10] Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Málaga is one of the few cities in Europe which are "green" all year round.

Climate data for Málaga
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.3
(86.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		23.0
(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.0
(64.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		18.2
(64.8) 		14.3
(57.7) 		10.8
(51.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.0
(55.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 81
(3.2) 		55
(2.2) 		49
(1.9) 		41
(1.6) 		25
(1.0) 		12
(0.5) 		2
(0.1) 		6
(0.2) 		16
(0.6) 		56
(2.2) 		95
(3.7) 		88
(3.5) 		526
(20.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 5 4 5 3 2 0 0 2 4 5 6 43
Mean monthly sunshine hours 172 178 218 229 282 302 338 309 247 213 173 158 2,815
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[11] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[7]

Main sights

View of the old Alcazaba.
Calle Larios in Málaga.
Cathedral of Málaga as seen from the air.

The old historic center of Málaga reaches the harbour to the south and is surrounded by mountains to the north- Montes de Málaga (part of Baetic Cordillera), lying in the southern base of the Axarquía hills, and two rivers, the Guadalmedina - the historic center is located on its left bank - and the Guadalhorce, which flows west of the city into the Mediterranean.

The oldest architectural remains in the city is the Roman theater which dates from the 1st century BC, and that was fortuitously rediscovered in 1951.

The Moors left the dominating castle on mount Gibralfaro that is connected to the Alcazaba, the lower fortress and regal residence. Both constructions built during the Taifas period (11th century) and extended during the Nasrid period (13th and 14th centuries.). The Alcazaba stands on a hill within the city of Málaga. Originally, the Alcazaba defended the city from the incursions of pirates. Later, in the mid-11th century, it was completely rebuilt by the Hammudid dynasty. Occupying the eastern hillside that rises from the sea and overlooks the city, the Alcazaba was surrounded by palms and pine trees.

Like many of the military fortifications that were constructed in Islamic Spain, the Alcazaba of Málaga featured a quadrangular plan. It was protected by an outer and inner wall, both supported by rectangular towers, between which a covered walkway led up the slope to the Gibralfaro. (This was the only exchange between the two sites.) Due to its rough and awkward hillside topography, corridors throughout the site provided a means of communications for administrative and defensive operations, also affording privacy to the palatial residential quarters. The entrance of the complex featured a grand tower that led into a sophisticated double bent entrance. After passing through several gates, open yards with beautiful gardens of pine and eucalyptus trees, and the inner wall through the Puerta de Granada, are the 11th and 14th century governor's palace. It was organized around a central rectangular courtyard with a triple-arched gateway and some of the rooms have been preserved to this day. An open 11th century mirador (belvedere), to the south of this area, affords views of the gardens and sea below. Measuring 2.5 square meters, this small structure highlighted scalloped, five-lobed arches. To the north of this area were a waterwheel and Cyclopean well, (penetrating forty meters below ground) a hammam, workshops and the monumental Puerta de la Torre del Homenaje, the northernmost point of the inner walls. Directly beyond was the passage to the Gibralfaro above.

The church of Santiago (St James) is a manifestation of Gothic vernacular Mudéjar, the hybrid style that evolved after the Reconquista incorporating elements from both Christian and Islamic tradition. Also from the period is the Iglesia del Sagrario, which was built on the site of the old mosque immediately after the city fell to Christian troops. It boasts a richly ornamental portal in the Isabeline-Gothic style, unique in the city.

The Cathedral and the Episcopal palace were planned with renaissance ideals but fell short of funds and were finished in baroque style.

The Iglesia de la Victoria, built in the late 17th century, has a chapel in which the vertical volume is filled with elaborate Baroque plasterwork.

Other sights include:

Castle of Gibralfaro
Constitution Square
San Juan Bautista Church

Demographics

The province of Málaga has a population of 1,563,261 people, with the city itself only home to 566,447, according to the 2008 Census. Foreign nationalities have been significantly rising in Málaga, especially those from the UK who move for the pleasant climate. It is said that the majority of foreigners live by the coastline.[12] An estimated 6 million tourists visit the city each year.[13]

Politics and administration

Málaga is divided in 10 municipal districts.[14]

Nº District Nº District Location
1 Centro 6 Cruz de Humilladero
2 Este 7 Carretera de Cádiz
3 Ciudad Jardín 8 Churriana
4 Bailén-Miraflores 9 Campanillas
5 Palma-Palmilla 10 Puerto de la Torre

Economy

Trade Fair and Congress in Málaga (Palacio de Ferias y Congresos de Málaga)

The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction, agriculture and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. The Technology Park of Andalusia (Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia (PTA)), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992 by H.M. the King of Spain. As of 2009, this high-tech, science and industrial park is home to 509 companies and employs over 13,600 people.

In line with the city's strategic plan, the campaign "Málaga: Open for Business" is directed towards the international promotion of the city on all levels but fundamentally on a business level. The campaign places a special emphasis on new technologies as well as innovation and investigation in order to promote the city as a reference and focal point for many global business initiatives and projects.[15]

Fragment of the Technology Park of Andalusia (Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía)

Málaga is a city of commerce and tourism has a growing source of revenue, driven by the major airport and the improvement of communications and new infrastructure such as the AVE and the maritime station, and new cultural facilities such as the Picasso Museum, the Contemporary Art Center and Trade Fair and Congress, which have increased tourist arrivals.[16]

The city hosts the international association of technology parks International Association of Science Parks (IASP) (es: Asociación Internacional de Parques Tecnológicos), the project Málaga Valley e-27, which seeks to make the Silicon Valley Málaga Europe. It is remarkable the strength of the city in new technology industries, mainly located in the Technological Park of Andalusia, and the construction sector. The city is home to the largest bank in Andalusia, Unicaja and Málaga companies Mayoral, Sando, HCP Architecture & Engineering, Aifos, Isofoton and Vitelcom, and other multinationals such as Fujitsu Spain, Epcos (Siemens), Oracle Corporation, Huawei or San Miguel.[17]

Distribution by sector industrial enterprises:[18]
Industrial Sector Companies
Energy and water 24
Chemical and Mining 231
Mechanical engineering industry 833
Manufacturing 1.485
Total 2.573
Industrial activity index 771
Construction-related companies 3.143

Culture and contemporary life

Annual cultural events

August Málaga Fair

The Holy Week celebration and the August Málaga Fair ("Feria de Málaga") are two well-known festivals. During the celebration of the Feria de Málaga in August, the streets are transformed into symbols of Spanish culture and history, with sweet wine, tapas, and live flamenco shows filling the town. The day events consist of live music and dancing, while the night fair is moved to the Recinto Ferial, consisting of restaurants, clubs, and an entire fair ground with rides & games.

Religion

There is a wide spectrum of religions in Málaga. One of the most beautiful churches is the "Santuario de la Virgen de la Victoria". Islam is also represented with the construction of a new mosque. The city has an important link to Islam as it was once controlled by Muslims for more than 700 years.[citation needed] Due to recent immigration, Islam is the second largest religion in the city.[citation needed]

The Evangelicals also have a presence in Málaga. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is also a strong growing religion. The Jewish Community in Málaga is represented by its synagogue and the Jewish Association. There is a Hindu temple and a Buddhist stupa in Benalmadena, 12 miles from Málaga. This Buddhist stupa is the biggest in Europe.

Sports

La Rosaleda Stadium in Málaga and match Málaga CF vs. Real Madrid in 2009
"Jábega malagueña", is a traditional sport originated from Málaga.

Málaga is home to three major professional sports teams. These include:

The city has four large sports facilities:

In city and neighbourhood, you can engage in many sports, for example: surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, swimming, diving, skydiving, paragliding, running, cycling, rowing, tennis and golf.

"La Malagueta" beach

Tourism

The city is a tourist destination, due mainly to its proximity to the Costa del Sol. Tourists also visit the city to visit the birthplace of Pablo Picasso and the Museo Picasso Málaga. Other southern Spanish cities, such as Seville, Córdoba, Granada, and Jaén, can be reached by train, bus or car from Málaga.

A popular walk leads up the hill to the Gibralfaro castle (a Parador), offering views over the city. The castle is next to the Alcazaba, the old Muslim palace, which in turn is next to the inner city of Málaga. Other nearby attractions are the Roman Theatre, the old Jewish quarter, the Cathedral, and the Church of Santiago in mudéjar style. A walk takes the Paseo del Parque (a promenade that runs alongside a park with many palm trees and statues) to the harbour, finishing in Calle Larios, the main commercial street of the city. There is a curious museum: Museum of the Holy Week, which includes an impressive display of Baroque ecclesiastical

Events

The Fiesta Mayor de Verdiales takes place every year on 28 December during which Spain's April Fool Day is celebrated.[19]

Fiestas de Carnaval event takes prior to the holy 40 days of Lent every February. People dressed in traditional costumes join the festivities, which include Flamenco dancing, and a parade. One more highlight of this festival is the stalls selling traditional pottery and artifacts.[19]

Holy week in Málaga

For more than 500 years, Holy Week of Málaga has been constantly present in the religious and popular feeling of people from Málaga. The Holy Week religious celebrations in Málaga are famous countrywide. Processions start on Palm Sunday and continue until Easter Sunday with the most dramatic and solemn on Holy Thursday and Good Friday. Images from the Passion on huge ornate "tronos" (floats or thrones) some weighing more than 5.000 kilos and carried by more than 250 members of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza, shape the processions that go through the streets with penitents dressed in long purple robes, often with pointed hats, followed by women in black carrying candles. Drums and trumpets play solemn music and occasionally someone spontaneously sings a mournful saeta dedicated to the floats as it makes its way slowly round the streets.

The Baroque taste of the religious brotherhoods and associations and the great amount of processional materials that they have been accumulating for centuries result in a street stage of exuberant art, full of color and majesty.

Every year, the Passion Week in Málaga takes out to the streets a real festival perceptible by the five senses: processional thrones carrying images that are swung all along the entire route, thousands of penitents lighting and giving colour with their candles and robes, processional marches, as well as aromas of incense and flowers filling the air as the processions pass by and thousands of people crowded to see and applaud their favorite tronos.

Holy Week in Málaga is very different to that celebrated in other Andalusian or Spanish places, and those who go to Málaga for the first time will be surprised, as the Passion Week there is not lived with meditation and silence, but it is full of happiness, noise, cheer, spontaneous saetas (flamenco verses sung at the processions) and applause as the images pass by.

Some tronos (floats) of Holy Week of Málaga are so huge that they must be housed in other places different from the churches, as they are taller than the entrance doors; real walking chapels of over 5,000 kilos swung by dozens of bearers. There are also military parades playing processional marches or singing their anthems along the route. All of this does not imply a lack of religiosity, but it is just the particular way that people from Málaga live their faith and feeling during the Holy Week.

Transportation

Málaga´s Port was ruled by Visigoths (except Byzantine rule between 552-620) after Carthaginian and Roman rule.
High speed trains AVE Class 103 and Avant Class 104 in Málaga's Maria Zambrano station.

Airport

The city is served by Málaga Airport, one of the first in Spain and the oldest still in operation. In 2008, it handled 12,813,472 passengers,[20] making it the fourth busiest in Spain. It is the international airport of Andalusia accounting for 85 percent of its international traffic. The airport, connected to the Costa del Sol, has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over a hundred cities in Europe (mainly in United Kingdom, Central Europe and the Nordic countries but also the main cities of Eastern Europe: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Budapest, Sofia, Warsaw, Riga or Bucharest), North Africa, Middle East (Riyadh, Jeddah and Kuwait) and Northern America (New York, Toronto and Montreal).

Seaport

The Port of Málaga is the city's seaport, operating continuously at least since 600 BC. Port is one of the busiest ports on the Mediterranean Sea, with a trade volume of over 428,623 TEU's and 642,529 passenger in 2008[21]

City bus of the EMT Málaga.
A-7 Motorway / European route E15 near Málaga.

High-speed train

Málaga's main rail station is María Zambrano station which is connected with Madrid and then Barcelona and France. On 24 December 2007, the high-speed train AVE came into service, reducing travel time to Madrid to just two and a half hours (see also Córdoba-Málaga high-speed rail line and Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line).

Roads and highways

The A45 road leads north to Antequera and Córdoba. The Autovía A-7 parallels the N-340 road, both leading to Cadiz to the west through the Costa del Sol Occidental and Barcelona to the east through the Costa del Sol Oriental.

Empresa Malagueña de Transportes´[22] buses are the main form of transport around the city. Málaga's bus station is connected with the city by the bus line number 4, although it is only ten minutes walk to the Alameda from there.

Mass Transit

The city has two commuter train lines Cercanías and a metro system is under construction.

Twin towns — sister cities

New residences in the coast of Málaga
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Málaga is twinned with:

Notable births

See also

References

  1. ^ Leucona, Emilio. «Jornadas de estudio por el 150 aniversario del hallazgo de la Lex Flavia Malacitana». Consulted on 7 April 2008.
  2. ^ Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa
  3. ^ de Madariaga, Salvador (1952). La vida del muy magnífico señor Don Cristóbal Colón (in Castilan) (5th ed.). Mexico: Editorial Hermes. p. 222. Málaga, ciudad que acabara de tomar a los moros (18 de agosto){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification".
  5. ^ a b Málaga City - Local Travel Information and City Guide
  6. ^ "Valores Extremos for Málaga" (pdf) (www version) - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
  7. ^ a b c "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Málaga / Aeropuerto".
  8. ^ "Climatological Information for Málaga, Spain" - Hong Kong Observatory
  9. ^ climatetemp.info - Málaga Climate, Temperature, Average Weather History, Rainfall/ Precipitation, Sunshine
  10. ^ "Málaga es la tercera ciudad española con más horas de sol" - www.diariosur.es
  11. ^ "Weather Information for Málaga".
  12. ^ Málaga Population Information
  13. ^ Málaga City Information
  14. ^ "Districts". Retrieved 21 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |ed= ignored (help) [dead link]
  15. ^ Málaga calls on the doors of the Anglo-saxon business world
  16. ^ Málaga Horizonte 2012 - SOPDE
  17. ^ Empresas en el PTA - Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía
  18. ^ Anuario Económico de España 2008 La Caixa (Málaga) - La Caixa
  19. ^ a b Málaga Festivals
  20. ^ AENA passenger and aircraft movements for 2008
  21. ^ Memoria 2008, Annual Report, Port of Málaga site
  22. ^ http://www.emtmalaga.es
  23. ^ a b http://www.femp.es/index.php/femp/content/download/4974/41927/file/070202%20con%20EUROPA%20v2.pdf
  24. ^ "Sister Cities of Manila". © 2008-2009 City Government of Manila. Retrieved 2009-09-02. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ http://www.malagactiva.es/pdf/exposiciones/De_Puentes_y_Agua.pdf
  26. ^ http://www.elcorresponsal.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3381
  27. ^ http://josepuyet.galeon.com/Biografia.htm José Puyet
  • The Alhambra From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354). vol. 1. Saqi Books, 1997.
  • Guia Viva, Andalucia, Anaya Touring Club, April 2001.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

36°43′N 4°25′W / 36.717°N 4.417°W / 36.717; -4.417

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