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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
9M-MRO, the aircraft involved in the incident, at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2011
Missing aircraft
Date8 March 2014 (2014-03-08)
SummaryMissing
SiteLast known position 6°55′15″N 103°34′43″E / 6.92083°N 103.57861°E / 6.92083; 103.57861
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 777-200ER
OperatorMalaysia Airlines
Registration9M-MRO
Flight originKuala Lumpur International Airport
DestinationBeijing Capital International Airport
Passengers227
Crew12

Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (MH370/MAS370), also marketed as China Southern Airlines Flight 748 (CZ748/CSN748) through a codeshare, was a scheduled passenger flight from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to Beijing, China. On 8 March 2014, the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft operated by Malaysia Airlines disappeared en route. It was carrying 12 crew members and 227 passengers from 15 countries. The aircraft last made contact with air traffic control less than an hour after take-off.

A joint search and rescue effort covering an area of 27,000 square nautical miles (93,000 square kilometres; 36,000 square miles) in the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea[1][2] is being conducted by more than 12 countries. Vietnam briefly reduced its efforts on 11 March, and the search area continued to expand and searchers began to look for evidence on land. On 12 March, authorities also began to search the Andaman Sea, northwest of the Strait of Malacca.[3][4][5][6]

There have been several false leads.[7] US officials have said they expect the search to be extended to an area well west of the authorized flight path,[8][9] as investigators have noted evidence that the aircraft headed west back across the Malay Peninsula and remained capable of flying for hours after first disappearing from radar.[10][11]

Two passengers boarded the aircraft using stolen passports, which initially raised concerns of a terrorist plot,[12] and Malaysian police subsequently identified both passengers saying they were unlikely to be terrorists.[13]

Disappearance

The flight departed from Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 8 March at 00:41 local time (16:41 UTC, 7 March) and was scheduled to land at Beijing Capital International Airport at 06:30 local time (22:30 UTC, 7 March). It ascended to its assigned cruise altitude of 35,000 feet (10,700 m) and was travelling at 471 knots (542 mph; 872 km/h) true airspeed when it ceased all communications and the transponder signal was lost. The aircraft's last known position (at 1:30 AM) was 6°55′15″N 103°34′43″E / 6.92083°N 103.57861°E / 6.92083; 103.57861, corresponding to the navigational waypoint IGARI, at which the aircraft was due to alter its course slightly eastward. The aircraft was also expected to contact air traffic control in Ho Chi Minh City as it passed into Vietnamese airspace just north of the point where contact was lost.[17][18] The New Straits Times reported on 9 March that the captain of another aircraft had attempted to reach the pilots of MH370 "just after 1:30 am" to relay Vietnamese Air Traffic Control's request for MH370 to contact it. The captain said he was able to establish contact but just heard "mumbling" and static.[19]

Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement at 07:24 confirming that contact had been lost at 02:40 and that search-and-rescue operations had begun.[20] It later emerged that Subang Air Traffic Control had lost contact with the aircraft at 01:22 and notified Malaysia Airlines at 02:40. Neither the crew nor the aircraft's onboard communication systems relayed a distress signal, indications of bad weather, or technical problems before vanishing from radar screens.[21]

The airline reported in its eleventh press release that all of its aircraft are fitted with an Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS), a system that automatically transmits data about the status of the aircraft, and added "Nevertheless, there were no distress calls and no information was relayed."[22] Malaysian officials declined to comment on whether they had any ACARS information.[23]

Subsequent communication

New Scientist reported that, prior to the aircraft's disappearance, two ACARS reports had been automatically issued to engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce's monitoring centre in the United Kingdom;[24] and Wall Street Journal, citing sources in the US government, said that Rolls-Royce had received an aircraft health report every thirty minutes for five hours, implying that the aircraft had remained aloft for four hours after its transponder went offline.[25] The Malaysian transport minister said the following day that details of the Wall Street Journal report were inaccurate, stating that the final engine transmission was received at 01:07, prior to the flight's disappearance from secondary radar.[25] Follow-up reporting by Reuters suggested that a cessation of engine reports did not necessarily mean there was no evidence of continued flight; the evidence may have taken the form of "pings" sent by the aircraft's maintenance troubleshooting systems. These merely indicated to the satellites that the engines were ready to communicate, although these transmissions were not telemetry reports.[26] The Wall Street Journal later removed references to Rolls-Royce from its report and stated that the belief of continued flight was "based on analysis of signals sent by the Boeing 777's satellite-communication link... the link operated in a kind of standby mode and sought to establish contact with a satellite or satellites. These transmissions did not include data..."[10] On 13 March the White House Press Secretary said "an additional search area may be opened in the Indian Ocean" based on "some new information"[27] and a senior official at The Pentagon told ABC News: "We have an indication the plane went down in the Indian Ocean."[9] Inmarsat said only that "routine, automated signals were registered" on its network[28] although a company executive did add that "keep-alive message[s]” continued to be sent after air traffic control first lost contact and that these "ping signals" could be analyzed to help estimate the plane’s location.[29]

Estimated route

On 11 March, it was reported that military radar indicated the aircraft had turned west and continued flying for 70 minutes before disappearing from Malaysian radar near Pulau Perak;[30][31] and that it was tracked flying at a lower altitude across Malaysia to the Malacca Strait. Its location when disappearing from radar was approximately 500 km (311 mi) from its last position in contact with air traffic control.[32] The next day Rodzali Daud denied making the statements as reported in the media, requesting that the reporting be "amended and corrected to prevent further misinterpretations of what is clearly an inaccurate and incorrect report".[33][34] According to Vietnam deputy minister of transport Pham Quy Tieu, "We informed Malaysia on the day we lost contact with the flight that we noticed the flight turned back west but Malaysia did not respond."[35] U.S. experts, assigned to assist with the investigation while maintaining a low profile that did not upstage Malaysian authorities,[36] analyzed the radar data and subsequent reporting said that the radar data did indeed indicate that the aircraft had headed west back across the Malay Peninsula, with Reuters and the New York Times saying that the route changes suggested that the aircraft remained under a trained pilot's control.[11][37][38] The Times also said the aircraft experienced significant changes in altitude.[37]

Possibility of hijacking

On 15 March an anonymous Malaysian official told the Associated Press that investigators had concluded the flight was hijacked, citing evidence that communications had been switched off from inside the cockpit and indications that the flight path had been chosen so as to avoid radar detection.[39]

Search operations

Location

Route (hover letters for explanation)
Kuala Lumpur (start)
Last contact
Beijing (destination)
1000 km
Areas of search. Small circles: claimed spotting of debris. Scale: 1,000 kilometres (540 nmi; 620 mi)

The search efforts generated multiple false leads. An admiral of the Vietnamese Navy reported that radar contact with the aircraft was last made over the Gulf of Thailand.[21][40] Oil slicks were located off the coast of Vietnam on 8 and 9 March and were thought to have possibly arisen from the aircraft. Test results reported on 10 March indicated that the oil slicks did not contain aviation fuel.[41][42] There were reports that a door or other fragment of the aircraft was found about 80 km (50 mi) south of Thổ Chu Island on 9 March. The following day, the Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia reported these claims were untrue; the floating material was not from an aircraft.[43]

The Royal Thai Navy shifted its focus in the search away from the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea at the request of its Malaysian counterpart, which was investigating the possibility that the aircraft had turned around and could have gone down in the Andaman Sea, near Thailand's border.[44] The chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, Rodzali Daud, claimed that military recordings of radar signals did not exclude the possibility of the aircraft turning back on its flight path.[45][46] The search radius was increased from the original 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) of its last known position,[47] south of Thổ Chu Island, to 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi), and the area then covered the seas to the Strait of Malacca along the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, with waters both to the east of Malaysia in the Gulf of Thailand, and in the Strait of Malacca along Malaysia's west coast, being searched.[2][48][49]

On 12 March, authorities also began to search the Andaman Sea, northwest of the Strait of Malacca, and the Malaysian government requested help from India to search in the area.[50] China released satellite images captured three days earlier that showed three floating objects measuring up to 24 by 22 metres (79 ft × 72 ft) at 6°42′N 105°38′E / 6.7°N 105.63°E / 6.7; 105.63.[51][52] However, no floating objects were found at the suspected crash area.[53][54] The area, according to Vietnamese officials, had been "searched thoroughly" by Vietnam and other countries and was to be revisited.[55][56] The same day, a worker at the Songa Mercur oil drilling platform claimed he had seen an aircraft "burning at high altitude ... in one piece", about 50 to 70 kilometres (31 to 43 mi) away at around the time MH370 disappeared.[57] DigitalGlobe, a satellite imaging company, released all images of the the search area over the flight path from its satellites[58] asking the public to look for and tag any images they believed might assist in the search.[59]

Participation

Royal Australian Air Force AP-3C Orion aircraft are participating in the search.
RSS Steadfast from Singapore deployed in the search
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Search vehicles of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.

In response to the incident, the Malaysian government mobilised its civil aviation department, air force, navy, and Maritime Enforcement Agency; and requested international assistance under Five Power Defence Arrangements provisions and from neighbouring states. Various nations mounted a search and rescue mission in the region's waters.[60][61] Within two days, the countries had already dispatched more than 34 aircraft and 40 ships to the area.[2][3][49] Qatar offered assistance, and the French air-crash investigating agency, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), offered to help with any underwater search and recovery operation.[62][63] The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission tried, and failed, to use its network of infrasound detection stations to find any sounds made by Flight 370.[64] Types of assets sent by 16 different nations include:

Co-operation

Although Malaysian Transport Minister Hishammuddin Hussein denied the existence of problems between the participating countries, academics pointed out that because of regional conflicts, there were genuine trust issues involved in cooperation and sharing intelligence, and that these were hampering the rescue.[107][108] International relations experts said entrenched rivalries over sovereignty, security, intelligence and interests make meaningful multilateral cooperation very difficult.[107][108] A Chinese academic made the observation that the parties were searching independently, thus it was not a multilateral search effort.[108]

Malaysia initially declined to release raw data from their military radar as it was too sensitive, but later acceded.[108][107] Defence experts say that giving others access to radar information may be sensitive on a military level. As an example: "The rate at which they can take the picture can also reveal how good the radar system is". One suggested that some countries may already have had radar data on the plane and were reluctant to share any information that could potentially reveal their defence capabilities and compromise their own security.[107] Similarly, submarines patrolling the South China Sea might have information in the event of a water impact, and sharing such information could reveal the subs' locations and listening capabilities. However, the Guardian noted the Vietnamese gesture to allow US aircraft to overfly its airspace was a positive sign of co-operation.[108]

Aircraft

The flight deck of 9M-MRO in 2004

Flight 370 was operated by a Boeing 777-2H6ER,[a] serial number 28420, registration 9M-MRO. The 404th Boeing 777 produced,[110] it first flew on 14 May 2002, and was delivered new to Malaysia Airlines on 31 May 2002. The aircraft was powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 892 engines.[110] The plane was configured to carry 282 passengers – 35 business, 247 economy.[111] According to the airline, it had accumulated 53,460 hours and 7,525 cycles in service.[112] 9M-MRO had not previously been involved in any major incidents;[113] a minor incident while taxiing at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in August 2012 resulted in a broken wingtip.[114] Its last maintenance 'A' check was carried out on 23 February 2014.[112]

The Boeing 777 is generally regarded by aviation experts as having an "almost flawless" safety record,[115] one of the best of any commercial aircraft.[116] Since its first commercial flight in June 1995, there have only been two previous serious accidents. In January 2008, 47 passengers were injured when ice crystals in the fuel system of British Airways Flight 38 caused it to lose power and crash-land just short of the runway at London Heathrow Airport. In July 2013, three passengers died and 181 were injured when Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crash-landed on final approach to San Francisco International Airport.[117] Both aircraft were damaged beyond repair.[118]

In 2005 a Boeing 777-2H6ER aircraft with the registration 9M-MRG, serial number 28414, operating as Malaysia Airlines Flight 124 flying from Perth to Kuala Lumpur experienced an ADIRU (air data inertial reference unit) fault resulting in uncommanded manoeuvres by the aircraft acting on false indications.[119] In that incident the incorrect data impacted all planes of movement while the aircraft was climbing through 38,000 feet (11,600 m). The pilots recovered the aircraft and requested a return to Perth. There were no injuries and no damage to the aircraft. The ATSB (Australian Transport Safety Bureau) found that the main probable cause of this incident was a latent software error which allowed the ADIRU to use data from a failed accelerometer.[120] The US Federal Aviation Administration issued Emergency Airworthiness Directive (AD) 2005-18-51 requiring all 777 operators to install upgraded software to resolve the error.[121]

Passengers and crew

Nationalities of people aboard Flight 370
Nationality Template:Discreet abbreviation Crew Total
 Australia 6 6
 Canada 2 2
 China 152 152
 France 4 4
 Hong Kong[122] 1 1
 India 5 5
 Indonesia 7 7
 Iran[b] 2 2
 Malaysia 38 12 50
 Netherlands 1 1
 New Zealand 2 2
 Russia 1 1
 Taiwan 1 1
 Ukraine 2 2
 United States 3 3
Total (15 nationalities) 227 12 239

Malaysia Airlines released the names and nationalities of the 227 passengers and 12 crew, based on the flight manifest.[124]

Crew

All the crew members were Malaysian. The flight's captain was 53-year-old Zaharie Ahmad Shah of Penang; he joined Malaysia Airlines in 1981 and had 18,365 hours of flying experience.[125] Zaharie was also an examiner qualified to conduct simulator tests for pilots.[126] His first officer was 27-year-old Fariq Abdul Hamid, an employee of Malaysia Airlines since 2007, with 2,763 flying hours.[127][128] Fariq was transitioning to the Boeing 777-200 after having completed his simulator training.[128]

Passengers

Two thirds of the 227 passengers were Chinese citizens, which included a group of 19 artists with 6 family members and 4 staff returning from a calligraphy exhibition of their work in Kuala Lumpur; 38 passengers were Malaysian. The remaining passengers came from 13 different countries.[129] Of these, 20 were employees of Freescale Semiconductor, a company based in Austin, Texas – 12 were from Malaysia and 8 from China.[130]

Malaysia Airlines sent a team of caregivers and volunteers to provide assistance towards family members of the passengers.[131] In its press releases, the carrier stated that it would bear the expenses of bringing family members of the passengers to Kuala Lumpur and providing them with accommodation, medical care, and counselling.[132] Altogether, 115 family members of the Chinese passengers flew to Kuala Lumpur.[133] Other family members chose to remain in China, fearing they would feel too isolated in Malaysia.[134] The airline offered an ex gratia condolence payment of US$5,000 to the family of each passenger,[135] but relatives considered the conditions unacceptable and asked the airline to review them.[136]

Investigation

Foreign experts

On 8 March Boeing announced that it was assembling a team of experts to provide technical assistance to investigators,[137] in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) protocols. In addition, the United States National Transportation Safety Board announced in a press release on the same day that a team of investigators had been sent along with technical advisers from the Federal Aviation Administration to offer assistance in the investigation.[104] The country that will lead the investigation will not be determined until the missing aircraft is found.[138] Because a formal (ICAO-sanctioned) investigation has not yet started, co-operation and co-ordination between involved parties could suffer, there being "a risk that crucial early detective work could be hampered, and potential clues and records lost", according to experts.[139]

The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation has deployed technical experts and agents to investigate the disappearance.[140] A senior US law enforcement official clarified that FBI agents were not sent to Malaysia.[141] United States and Malaysian officials are reviewing the entire passenger manifest in addition to the two passengers who were confirmed as possessing stolen passports.[142]

Stolen passports

Two men identified on the manifest, a 61-year-old Austrian and a 37-year-old Italian, had reported their passports stolen in 2012 and 2013, respectively.[21][143] Interpol stated that both passports were listed on its database of lost and stolen passports, and that no check had been made against its database.[144][145] Malaysia's Home Minister, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, criticised his country's immigration officials for failing to stop the passengers travelling on the stolen European passports.[145]

The two one-way tickets purchased for the holders of the stolen passports were booked through China Southern Airlines.[146] It was reported that an Iranian had ordered the cheapest tickets to Europe via telephone in Bangkok, Thailand. The tickets were paid for in cash.[147][148][149] The two passengers were later identified as Iranian men, one aged 19 and the other 29, who both entered Malaysia on 28 February using valid Iranian passports. The head of Interpol said they were "inclined to conclude that it was not a terrorist incident".[12][123][150][151] The two men were believed to be asylum seekers.[152][153]

Responses

Criticism of official communication

Public communication from official representatives of many organisations regarding the loss of the flight has been beset with confusion. The New York Times noted that the Malaysian government and the airline released imprecise, incomplete, and sometimes inaccurate information, with civilian officials sometimes contradicting military leaders.[154] Malaysian officials have also been criticised after the persistent release of contradictory information, most notably regarding the last point and time of contact with the aircraft, amongst other issues.[155]

Vietnam temporarily scaled back its search operations after the country's Deputy Transport Minister cited a lack of communication from Malaysian officials despite requests for more information.[156] China, through the official Xinhua News Agency, said that the Malaysian government ought to take charge and conduct the operation with greater transparency,[107] a point echoed by the Chinese Foreign Ministry days later: "help all sides in the search to make their search more effective and accurately targeted".[157]

Airline

Malaysia Airlines stated it would replace the flight numbers MH370 and MH371 with MH318 and MH319 respectively, as of 14 March 2014, out of respect for the passengers and crew.[158]

Notes

  1. ^ The aircraft was a Boeing 777-200ER (for Extended Range) model; Boeing assigns a unique customer code for each company that buys one of its aircraft, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built. The code for Malaysia Airlines is "H6", hence "777-2H6ER".[109]
  2. ^ The manifest released by Malaysia Airlines lists an Austrian and an Italian. These have since been identified as two Iranian nationals who boarded Flight 370 using stolen passports.[123]

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