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April 2015 Nepal earthquake

Coordinates: 28°08′49″N 84°42′29″E / 28.147°N 84.708°E / 28.147; 84.708
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2015 Nepal earthquake
April 2015 Nepal earthquake is located in Nepal
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Kathmandu
Kathmandu
UTC time??
Magnitude7.8Mw[1] or 8.1 Ms[2]
Depth15.0 kilometers (9 mi)[1]
Epicenter28°08′49″N 84°42′29″E / 28.147°N 84.708°E / 28.147; 84.708[1]
TypeThrust[1]
Areas affected
Max. intensityIX (Violent)[1]
Aftershocks6.6Mw on 25 April at 12:30[3]
6.7Mw on 26 April at 12:54[4]
Casualties6,105 dead[5] 11,786 injured[6]

The 2015 Nepal earthquake (the Himalayan earthquake)[7][8] which is believed to have killed more than 10,000 people as of 28 April 2015, occurred at 11:56 NST on 25 April with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.8 or 8.1Ms[2] and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter was approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi).[1]

It was the most powerful disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[9][10][11] Some casualties have also been reported in the adjoining areas of India, China, and Bangladesh. Within minutes of the earthquake,[12] the Government of India, via the Indian Armed Forces, initiated Operation Maitri ([Operation Amity] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), a massive humanitarian mission with the primary objective of conducting relief and rescue operations in Nepal.[13] The Indian government also evacuated Indian and foreign citizens from Nepal.

The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing at least 19.[14] The death toll surpassed that of the 2014 Mount Everest avalanche, making it the most lethal day on the mountain.[15] It triggered another huge avalanche in Langtang valley, where 250 are now missing.[16] Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square and the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. Nepal's government has declared three days of mourning after the quake.[17]

Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[18][19]

Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54:08 NST.[4] The country is at continued risk of landslides as well.[20]

Earthquake

Map of the earthquake and its aftershocks

The earthquake occurred on 25th April 2015 at 11:56am NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[21] with its epicenter approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately twenty seconds.[22] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.9 Mw and finally downgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.9 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of the capital Kathmandu. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. The seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake occurred 81 km (50 mi) northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Over thirty-five aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.6 Mw.[23]

According to the USGS, the temblor was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[21] Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (75 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in just 30 seconds.[24]

The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the MFT], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[25] According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organisation devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[26]

Geology

M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014

Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate,[27] occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[28] These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[29] Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[29]

The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.[1][30]

The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[31]

Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[32] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[33]

Intensity

Nepal earthquake ShakeMap

According to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on the USGS website, the intensity in Kathmandu was IX (Violent).[1] Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,[34] in the Indian capital region around New Delhi[35] and as far south as Karnataka. Many buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[36] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter.[37] Tremors were felt in Pakistan[38] and Bhutan.[1]

Aftershocks

A major aftershock of magnitude 6.7 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:55 NST (07:09 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.[38][39] The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri and Assam.[40] The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.[41]

A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault was an 11° dip striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).[42] The USGS says the aftershock on Sunday registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).[40]

Assuming that this earthquake is the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal can expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the next month.[43]

Aftermath

Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Ref.
Nepal Nepal > 6,000
 > 10,915 [44]
India India 78 288 [45] [46]
China China 25 383 [47]
Bangladesh Bangladesh 4 200 [48]
Total 6,107 11,786
Foreign casualties in Nepal
Country Deaths Ref.
India India 7 [49]
China China 5 [50][51]
Italy Italy 4 [52]
United States United States 4 [53]
France France 3 [54]
Australia Australia 2 [55][56]
Belgium Belgium 2 [55]
Germany Germany 2 [55]
Netherlands Netherlands 2 [55]
Estonia Estonia 1 [57]
Japan Japan 1 [58]
New Zealand New Zealand 1 [59]
United Kingdom United Kingdom 1 [60]
Total 35

Casualties

The Nepal Prime Minister, Sushil Koirala has said that the number could reach 10,000.[61]

UNICEF announced that close to 1 million children were "severely affected" by the disaster.[62] On 27 April, The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake. As reports come in from isolated villages, it is possible that total deaths may reach or exceed the more than 10,000 killed in the 1934 earthquake.[63] Hundreds of people are still considered missing and more than 450,000 are displaced.[44]

As of 4:14 p.m. 27 April in India, Home Minister Rajnath Singh confirmed that 56 people died in the state of Bihar, 12 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[64]

Avalanches on Mount Everest

Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches

This earthquake caused many avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 climbers, including Google executive Dan Fredinburg,[65] are dead, with dozens injured or missing.

Avalanche in the Langtang valley

In the Langtang valley, around 250 people have been reported missing after a huge avalanche that resulted in the village of Langtang itself being wiped out.[16][66]

Damage

Kathmandu Durbar Square before the earthquake

The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations, with commercial flights planned to resume on April 26.[67] It has since shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[68] and many workers are not at their posts, either from becoming earthquake casualties or because they are dealing with its aftereffects.[69]

The Dharahara before the earthquake

Buildings in Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[22] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[70][71][72][73] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha was also destroyed. The northern side of Janaki Mandir has been reported to be damaged.[74] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the nine-storey Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Few other monuments, including the Kumari Temple and the Taleju Bhawani Temple, among others, have partially collapsed.[75]

The top of the Jay Bageshwori Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[76] Telephone service in Kathmandu has been sporadic since the quake, as has electricity.[69]

In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shanker, Uma Maheshwor Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungmati were destroyed. In Tripureshwor, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Fasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple, were fully or partially destroyed.[76]

Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchowk Bhagwati, in Kavrepalanchowk District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Janaki Mandir in Janakpur, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar were partially destroyed.[76]

Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[76]

Economic effects

A road damaged in Nepal.

Nepal, with a total GDP of $19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[77] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[78] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through 2020 to attract investment.[78] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the temblor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "It’s too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal’s GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[78]

Building damage as a result of the earthquake.

"This is a very catastrophic event in a very poor nation. The cost of reconstruction over the next few years will be massive. Rebuilding costs could easily exceed USD$5 billion, which would be about 20 percent of Nepal's gross domestic product. Massive international disaster relief and rescue efforts will be needed urgently, as well as large-scale international financial and technical assistance for long-term reconstruction of the economy." said Rajiv Biswas, chief Asia-Pacific economist at Colorado-based consultancy services IHS Inc.[78][79]

Coverage on social media

The earthquake has received extensive coverage on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Close to 5 million tweets related to Nepal was published during the first three days following the disaster.[80]. Official Nepal government social media profiles also have been used by the Nepal Police,[81][82] the Office of the Prime Minister of Nepal Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund[83] and the National Emergency Operation Centre.[84]. A group of popular Nepalese accounts on social media, such as @KanakManiDixit @Ekendra and @salokya, have been constantly providing rescue and relief information to the world. The hashtag #NepalEarthquake is in popular use,[85] and on reddit a subreddit titled /r/NepalEarthquake has been created.[86]

International humanitarian response

Main articles: Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake and Operation Maitri

Within 15 minutes of the earthquake on April 25, 2015,[87] the Government of India, via the Indian Armed Forces, initiated Operation Maitri ([Operation Amity] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), with the primary objective of conducting relief and rescue operations in Nepal.[88] On Sunday April 26, 2015, International aid agencies and governments mobilized to respond to the earthquake in Nepal, saying they faced challenges in getting assistance to the country and distributing it amid the widespread devastation there.[89] The global response is being coordinated by the Nepalese government through its National Emergency Operation Center.[89]

Summary of international relief efforts in Nepal and surrounding countries following the 2015 Nepal earthquake
Country Cash donation (with US Dollar equivalent if applicable) Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid Source
 Algeria USD $1 million 70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies [90]
 Australia AUD$5 million ($4 million) AUD$2.5 million to assist Australian non-government organisations; $2.0 million to support United Nations partners; $500,000 to support the Australian Red Cross to the region. 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis response team [91][92]
 Austria €750,000 ($835,000) Several search and rescue staff, sent to the region by Austrian Red Cross [93]
 Bangladesh BAF Lockheed C-130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials, including tents, dry food, water, and blankets; other relief material A 34-member team consisting of 6 military medical teams and representatives of the Foreign Ministry; return trip consisting of 50 Bangladeshi citizens' an Airbus A310 and a Boeing 737 to bring back stranded Bangladeshis. [94][95][96][97]
 Belgium Search and rescue teams [92]
 Bhutan USD $1 million Medical team of 63 personnel [98][99][100][101]
[102]
 Canada CAD $5 million ($4.16 million); CAD $1 million ($832,000) to the Canadian Red Cross A Boeing C-17 military transport loaded with additional emergency supplies, "including blankets, jerry cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps" 150 Canadian troops; a Disaster Assistance Response Team advance group consisting of 30 experts; pledges by numerous Canadian humanitarian organizations; immigration and visa assistance [103][104][105][106]
[107]
 China USD $9.9 million Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response mechanisms for Chinese citizens China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) deployment of 68 members, as well as 6 search and rescue dogs [108][109][110][111]
[112][113][114]
 Colombia Fundraising campaign started by the Colombian Red Cross Over 1,500 volunteers from various national societies. Government evacuation of citizens and aid pending on approval of Nepal. [115][116][117][118]
 Czech Republic USD $791,378 A Boeing 737 left the Czech Republic on 28 April 2015 carrying blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team. 36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Czech Republic is also prepared to evacuate 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens. [119][120][121]
 Denmark DKK 5 million ($744,000) Aid (TBD) [122]
 Estonia Fundraising campaign started 15 rescue workers and medics (could not land in Nepal, because the Kathmandu airport is at capacity) [123][124][125]
 Finland Fundraising campaign started A team of relief workers [126]
 France Equipment and supplies A crisis centre at France's Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, with additional assistance if needed [127][128]
 Germany A mobile medical treatment centre A team of 52 German relief workers, including physicians, expert searchers, and multiple dog squads; the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA) [129][130][131]
 Greece Search and rescue teams [92]
 Hong Kong HK$50 million ($6.45 million); donations [132][133]
 India Material aid given in Operation Maitri (approximate numbers, as of Tuesday 28 April):

• 8 tons of baby food
• 75,000 vials of insulin
• 43 tons of relief material
• 10 tons of blankets
• Several tons of stretchers, tents (number increasing every day)
• 110 tons of water
• 22 tons of food items
• 14 tons of food (ITC noodles)
• 5 tons of milk
• 2 tons of biscuits
• 20 tons of medical supplies
• 220 tons of food packets and dry rations
• 100,000 bottles of water every day from the Indian Railways
• A reverse osmosis (RO) plant
• Oxygen regenerators
• Oxygen cylinders

Rescue aid given in Operation Maitri (as of Tuesday 28 April):

• 16 National Disaster Response Force teams, over 1,000 personnel, search and rescue dogs
• Hundreds of retired Gorkha soldiers of the Indian Army
• Hundreds of Indian Army and Indian Air Force personnel
• Task force headquarters in Kathmandu under Major General Sandhu and another in Barpak under Brigadier Gamlin
• An Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft
• A C-130J Hercules aircraft
• A C-17 Globemaster aircraft
• An Antonov AN-32 aircraft
• Numerous civilian aircraft
• Mi-17 helicopters
• HAL Dhruv advanced light helicopters
• Cheetah helicopters
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• 18 medical teams with doctors, surgeons, nurses, and paramedics
• Three field hospitals
• Two mobile teams of specialist doctors
• A 41-member medical team from Rajasthan
• A 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel
• Light vehicles
• 8 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces (Indian Army Corps of Engineers)
• A team of senior executives from the Indian Oil Corporation
• Engineers from the PowerGrid Corporation of India
• Over three dozen vehicles, including ambulances and water tankers from the Sashastra Seema Bal

Evacuation of over 20,000 Indian citizens and 170 foreign nationals to India by air and road

[134][135][136][137]
[138][139][140][141][142]
[143][144][145]
[146]
 Indonesia USD $2 million 6 Tons of relief supplies, including Hospital Tents, Sleeping Tents, Fast Foods, Gallons of water, Medical Equipments and Drugs. 66 personel of SAR and Medical team [147][148]
 Iran An 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) humanitarian relief package, delivered via India. [149][150][151]
 Israel Two El Al Boeing 747-400 jumbo jets carrying an IDF search and rescue delegation, with medical elements and necessary equipment; 95 tons of equipment, including a field hospital with a ward for premature babies, cutting equipment, electronic devices to help find victims trapped under the rubble, generators, and lighting equipment. Delegation of 264 people for search and rescue. A search and rescue team, including physicians; the two El Al planes, sent to evacuate survivors [152][153][154]
 Italy €300,000 ($334,000) [155]
 Japan Emergency Grant Aid to Nepal – ¥1 billion ($8.4 million) Emergency relief supplies worth ¥25 million ($210,000) 70 experts, including experts from the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Police Agency, and JICA, along with rescuers, search and rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators [92][156][157]
 Malaysia 20 medical doctors from Mercy Malaysia; a 30-man rescue team from the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team [158][159]
 Maldives Fundraising campaign ongoing, $10,000 already gifted Other aid (TBA) [160]
 Mexico Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers. [129][161][162]
 Monaco Other aid (TBA) [129]
 Netherlands €4 million ($4.45 million) 5 tons of relief supplies 62-human and 8-dog contingent to send to Nepal; a highly experienced team of several Dutch physicians, nurses, and engineers [163]
 New Zealand NZD$1 million ($771,000) in humanitarian aid 45 urban search and rescue technicians [164]
 Norway NOK 130 million ($17.3 million) [165]
 Pakistan Four Lockheed C-130 planes with a 30-bed hospital, 2,000 military meals, 600 blankets, 200 tents, and other assorted relief items Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined ERRA-NDMA's special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs [166][167]
 Philippines PHP ₱75,000 ($1,700)[citation needed] Soldiers, Philippine Red Cross staff, and volunteers [168][169]
 Poland 81 firefighters of the State Fire Service, 12 search and rescue dogs, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid [170][171]
 Qatar 2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent Aid operations [172]
 Russia Other aid (TBA) 50 highly skilled rescue workers [173]
 Singapore SGD$100,000 ($75,000) 55 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force; officers from Singapore's police forces, including the Gurkha Contingent; another relief team .[92][174]
 Slovenia €50,000 ($55,000) [175]
 Spain Evacuation of Spanish citizens with the help of the Government of India. [176][177]
 South Africa A search and rescue team comprised of members of the South African Police Service. [178]
 South Korea USD $1 million 40 search and rescue workers [179][180]
 Sri Lanka SLAF C-130 Hercules flight and SriLankan flight with Emergency relief supplies; food supplies Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 military personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors [181]
  Switzerland Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician [182]
 Sweden USD $1.5 million 60 search and rescue staff, along with dogs [183]
 Taiwan USD $300,000 Search-and-rescue team [184]
 Thailand Medics [185][186]
 Turkey Up to 65 search and rescue staff [187]
 United Arab Emirates DH 5 million ($1.36 million) Medical and food supplies, purchased from India 88 search and rescue staff [92][188]
 United Kingdom £15 million ($23.14 million), of which £5 million was donated by the government and £5 million was donated by the public 30 tonnes of humanitairian aid and 11 tonnes of equipment

A team of 60 search and rescue responders and medical experts deployed by the Department for International Development; engineers from the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas

[189][190][191]
[192]
 United States USD $10 million A disaster response team from USAID; Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base; Los Angeles County's Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2; U.S. Army Green Beret soldiers [193][194][195][196]
[197]

See also

References

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