Jump to content

Chandrayaan-2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by BatteryIncluded (talk | contribs) at 18:15, 3 May 2018 (→History: Updating history section: launch was postponed to 2018). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Chandrayaan-2
Mission typeLunar orbiter, lander, rover
OperatorIndian Space Research Organisation
COSPAR ID2019-042A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.44441Edit this on Wikidata
WebsiteMission webpage
Mission durationOrbiter: 1 year
Lander: 14-15 days[1]
Rover: 14-15 days[1]
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerISRO
Launch massCombined: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[2]
Payload massOrbiter: 1,400 kg (3,100 lb)
Rover: 20 kg (44 lb)[3]
Start of mission
Launch dateNET October 2018[4]
RocketGSLV Mk II[5]
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre
ContractorISRO
Lunar orbiter
Orbital parameters
Periselene altitude100 km (62 mi)[2]
Aposelene altitude100 km (62 mi)[2]

Chandrayaan-2 (Template:Lang-sa pronunciationⓘ) is India's second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1.[6] Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission is planned to be launched to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV Mk II).[5] It includes a lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all developed by India.

Chandrayaan-2 is scheduled to be launched no earlier than October 2018,[4] and will attempt to soft land a lander and rover in a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70° south. If successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the first-ever mission to land a rover near the lunar south pole.[7]

According to ISRO, this mission will use and test various new technologies and conduct new experiments.[8][9][10] The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis. The data will be relayed to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter, which will piggyback on the same launch.[11][12]

History

On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[13] ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander.

The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[14] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.[15][16]

Although ISRO finalized the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[17] the mission was postponed in January 2013[18] and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[19][20] Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, the reason being that technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which need to be reviewed.[19] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently,[18][21] and the launch was postponed to 2018.

Design

The mission is planned to fly on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV Mk II) with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,250 kg (7,170 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island.[2][5][22] As of February 2018, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹800 crore (approximately US$125 million).[23]

Orbiter

The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).[24] The mission will carry five instruments on the orbiter. Three of them are new, while two others are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass will be 1,400 kg (3,100 lb).[17][22] The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.[24][1] Interfaces between the orbiter and its GSLV Mk II launch vehicle have been finalised.[25]

Lander

Subsystem Quantity Mass (kg) Power (W)
INS[26] 1 20 100
Star tracker[26] 2 6 15
Altimeter[26] 2 1.5 8
Velocimeter[26] 2 1.5 8
Imaging sensor[26] 2 2 5

Unlike Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact Probe, which impacted the Moon's surface, the lander will make a soft landing to then deploy the rover.[22] The lander will perform some scientific activities. The approximate mass of the lander and rover is 1,250 kg (2,760 lb). The preliminary configuration study of the indigenous lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad.[18]

The research team identified methods for a soft landing on the lunar surface, as well as the associated technologies that will be needed for such an event. Amongst these technologies are a high resolution camera, navigation camera, hazard avoidance camera, an 800 N (180 lbf) throttleable liquid main engine and attitude thrusters, altimeter, velocity meter, accelerometer, and the software needed to run these components.[1][24] The lander's main engine has successfully undergone a high altitude test for a duration of 513 seconds, and closed loop verification tests of the sensors, actuators and software were completed in 2016.[25] Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.[27]

Rover

The rover's mass will be about 20 kg (44 lb) and will operate on solar power.[3] The rover will move on wheels on the lunar surface, perform on-site chemical analysis and send the data to the orbiter above, which will relay it to the Earth station.[17][22]

The initial plan was for the rover to be designed in Russia and fabricated in India. However, after Russia proved unable to contribute to the mission,[18][19][20] ISRO decided on designing and fabricating the rover itself. IIT Kanpur is developing three subsystems to provide mobility:

  1. Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision - will provide the ground team controlling the rovers a 3D view of the surrounding terrain.
  2. Kinematic traction control - will enable the rover to negotiate the rough lunar terrain using independent steering provided on four of its wheels.
  3. Control and motor dynamics - The rover will have six wheels, each driven by an independent electric motor. Four of the wheels will also be capable of independent steering. A total of 10 electric motors will be used for traction and steering.

Payload

ISRO has announced that an expert committee has decided on five scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander,[28] and two for the rover.[17][29] While it was initially reported that NASA and ESA would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,[30] ISRO has later clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on this mission.[31]

Orbiter payload
Lander payload
Rover payload

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Nair, Avinash (31 May 2015). "ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Kiran Kumar, Aluru Seelin (August 2015). Chandrayaan-2 - India's Second Moon Mission. YouTube.com. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b Subramanian, T. S. (11 May 2014). "Chandrayaan's rover and the moon rocks from Salem villages". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  4. ^ a b Laxman, Srinivas (3 March 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 launch delayed, likely to take off only after Oct". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Shenoy, Jaideep (28 February 2016). "ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  6. ^ "ISRO begins flight integration activity for Chandrayaan-2, as scientists tests lander and rover". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  7. ^ Bagla, Pallava (31 January 2018). "India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon's south pole". Science. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  8. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (7 September 2007). "Chandrayaan-2 to be finalised in 6 months". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  9. ^ "Chandrayaan-II will try out new ideas, technologies". The Week. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Landing spots for Chandrayaan-2 identified". DNA India. 21 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  11. ^ Subramanian, T. S. (4 January 2007). "ISRO plans Moon rover". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  12. ^ Rathinavel, T.; Singh, Jitendra (24 November 2016). "Question No. 1084: Deployment of Rover on Lunar Surface" (PDF). Rajya Sabha.
  13. ^ Chand, Manish (12 November 2007). "India, Russia to expand n-cooperation, defer Kudankulam deal". Nerve. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Sunderarajan, P. (19 September 2008). "Cabinet clears Chandrayaan-2". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  15. ^ "ISRO completes Chandrayaan-2 design". Domain-b.com. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  16. ^ "India and Russia complete design of new lunar probe". Sputnik News. RIA Novosti. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised" (Press release). Indian Space Research Organisation. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  18. ^ a b c d Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2013). "Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone". The Hindu.
  19. ^ a b c Laxman, Srinivas (6 February 2012). "India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission Likely Delayed After Russian Probe Failure". Asian Scientist. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  20. ^ a b "India's next moon mission depends on Russia: ISRO chief". NDTV. Indo-Asian News Service. 9 September 2012.
  21. ^ "Chandrayaan-2 would be a lone mission by India without Russian tie-up". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 14 August 2013.
  22. ^ a b c d "Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon". The Economic Times. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  23. ^ Singh, Surendra (20 February 2018). "Chandrayaan-2 mission cheaper than Hollywood film Interstellar". The Times of India. Times News Network. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  24. ^ a b c "Annual Report 2014-2015" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. December 2014. p. 82.
  25. ^ a b "Annual Report 2015-2016" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. December 2015. p. 89. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b c d e Rekha, A. R.; Shukkoor, A. Abdul; Mohanlal, P. P. (2011). Challenges in Navigation System design for Lunar Soft Landing (PDF). National Conference on Space Transportation Systems. 16-18 December 2011. Thiruvananthapuram, India. p. 2.
  27. ^ D. S., Madhumathi (25 October 2016). "ISRO starts landing tests for Chandrayaan-2 mission". The Hindu. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  28. ^ a b c Bagla, Pallava (31 January 2018). "India plans tricky and unprecedented landing near moon's south pole". Science. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  29. ^ Johnson, T. A. (31 August 2010). "Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2, decides ISRO". The Indian Express. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  30. ^ Beary, Habib (4 February 2010). "NASA and ESA to partner for Chandrayaan-2". Sakal Times. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  31. ^ Laxman, Srinivas (5 September 2010). "'We're launching Chandrayaan-2 for a total coverage of the moon'". The Times of India.
  32. ^ Mallikarjun, Y. (29 May 2013). "India plans to send seismometer to study moonquakes". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 June 2013.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-2&oldid=839480378"