Grover Cleveland: Difference between revisions
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He angered the [[railroad]]s by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by Government grant, forcing them to return 81,000,000 acres (328,000 km²). He also signed the [[Interstate Commerce Act]], the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads. |
He angered the [[railroad]]s by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by Government grant, forcing them to return 81,000,000 acres (328,000 km²). He also signed the [[Interstate Commerce Act]], the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads. |
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====Crusade against protective tariff==== |
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In December 1887, he called on Congress to reduce high protective [[Tariff in American history|tariff]]s: |
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The theory of our institutions guarantees to ever citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the Government which protects him... the exaction of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice. This wrong inflicted upon those who bear the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil consequences. The public Treasury... becomes a hoarding place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening financial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder. |
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He failed to pass the lower Mills Tariff, and made it the central issue of his 1888 campaign. By the time he returned to the White House and a Democratic Congress did pass the [[Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act]] of 1894, he considered it an outrage and allowed it to become law without his signature. |
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=== Significant events === |
=== Significant events === |
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===Politics=== |
===Politics=== |
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Shortly after Cleveland was inaugurated, the [[Panic of 1893]] struck the stock market, and he soon faced an acute [[economic depression]]. He dealt directly with the Treasury crisis rather than with business failures, farm mortgage foreclosures, and unemployment. He obtained repeal of the mildly inflationary [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]]. With the aid of [[J. P. Morgan]] and [[Wall Street]] he maintained the Treasury's gold reserve. |
Shortly after Cleveland was inaugurated, the [[Panic of 1893]] struck the stock market, and he soon faced an acute [[economic depression]]. He dealt directly with the Treasury crisis rather than with business failures, farm mortgage foreclosures, and unemployment. He obtained repeal of the mildly inflationary [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]]. With the aid of [[J. P. Morgan]] and [[Wall Street]] he maintained the Treasury's gold reserve. |
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He was an adamant opponent of the [[Pullman Strike]] that shut down most of the nation's passenger, freight and mail traffic in June 1894. He obtained an injunction in federal court and when the strikers refused to obey it he sent in federal troops to Chicago and 20 other rail centers. "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago," he thundered, "that card will be delivered." Most governors supported Cleveland except Democrat [[John P. Altgeld]] of Illinois, who became his bitterest foe in 1896. |
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His agrarian and silverite enemies seized control of the Democratic party in [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896]], repudiated his administration and the gold standard, and nominated [[William Jennings Bryan]] on a [[Free Silver|Silver Platform]]. Cleveland supported a third-party [[Gold Standard|Gold Standard ticket]] that managed only 100,000 votes in the general election. Agrarians again nominated Bryan in 1900, but in 1904 the conservatives, with Cleveland's support, regained control of the Democratic party and nominated [[Alton B. Parker]]. |
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He was an adamant opponent of strikes that interfered with interstate [[commerce]] and the operation of the government, as shown in his disapproval of the [[Pullman Strike]]. When railroad strikers in [[Chicago, Illinois]] violated a court injunction, Cleveland sent Federal troops to enforce it, since interstate commerce was involved, including mail delivery under the auspices of the federal government. "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago," he thundered, "that card will be delivered." |
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====Foreign affairs==== |
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Invoking the [[Monroe Doctrine]], Cleveland |
Invoking the [[Monroe Doctrine]] in 1895, Cleveland forced the [[United Kingdom]] to accept arbitration of a disputed boundary in [[Venezuela]]. His administration is credited with the modernization of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] that allowed the U.S. to decisively win the [[Spanish-American War]] in 1898, one year after he left office. |
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In 1893, Cleveland sent former Congressman [[James Henderson Blount]] to [[Hawaii]] to investigate the [[Kingdom of Hawaii#Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai.27i|overthrow]] of Queen [[Liliuokalani]] and the establishment of a republic. He supported Blount's scathing report; called for the restoration of Liliuokalani; and withdrew from the Senate the treaty of annexation of Hawaii. When the deposed Queen announced she would execute the current government in Honolulu, Cleveland dropped the issue. |
In 1893, Cleveland sent former Congressman [[James Henderson Blount]] to [[Hawaii]] to investigate the [[Kingdom of Hawaii#Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai.27i|overthrow]] of Queen [[Liliuokalani]] and the establishment of a republic. He supported Blount's scathing report; called for the restoration of Liliuokalani; and withdrew from the Senate the treaty of annexation of Hawaii. When the deposed Queen announced she would execute the current government in Honolulu, Cleveland dropped the issue. |
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The baseball player [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]] is named for him. |
The baseball player [[Grover Cleveland Alexander]] is named for him. |
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Revision as of 00:48, 1 April 2006
Stephen Grover Cleveland | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 22nd President, 24th President | |
| In office March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 | |
| Vice President | Thomas A. Hendricks (1885, died in office) Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) |
| Preceded by | Chester A. Arthur (1885) Benjamin Harrison (1893) |
| Succeeded by | Benjamin Harrison (1889) William McKinley (1897) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | March 18, 1837 Caldwell, New Jersey |
| Died | June 24, 1908 Princeton, New Jersey |
| Nationality | american |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Frances Folsom Cleveland |
| Signature |  |
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd (1885–1889) and 24th (1893–1897) President of the United States, and the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. He was the only Democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination between 1860 and 1912. Critics complained that he had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic problems in his second term. He lost control of his Democratic party to the agrarians and silverites in 1896.
Youth and early political career
Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey to the Rev. Richard Cleveland and Anne Neal. He was one of nine children. His father was a Presbyterian minister, and as the church frequently transferred its ministers, the family moved many times, mainly around central and western New York State.
As a lawyer in Buffalo, he became notable for his single-minded concentration upon whatever task faced him. He was elected sheriff of Erie County, New York in 1870 and, while in that post, carried out at least two hangings of condemned criminals. Political opponents would later hold this against him, calling him the "Buffalo Hangman". Cleveland stated that he wished to take the responsibility for the executions himself, and not pass it along to subordinates.
At 44, he emerged into a political prominence that carried him to the White House in three years. Running as a reformer, he was elected mayor of Buffalo in 1881, with the slogan "Public Office is a Public Trust" as his trademark of office. In 1882 he was elected Governor of New York.
First term as President (1885-1889)
1884 Campaign
Cleveland won the Presidency in the 1884 elections with the combined support of Democrats and reform Republicans called "Mugwumps", who denounced his opponent, Senator James G. Blaine of Maine as corrupt.
The campaign was relatively negative. To counter Cleveland's image of purity his opponents reported that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. Republican crowds chanted, "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?"
Although Cleveland never publicly admitted or denied the rumor, he did admit to paying child support to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child, who was named Oscar Folsom Cleveland, in 1874. Halpin was involved with several men at the time, including Cleveland's law partner and mentor, Oscar Folsom, for whom the child was named. (Cleveland is believed to have assumed responsibility because he was the only bachelor among them). After Cleveland's election as President, Democratic newspapers added a line to the sound-bite used against Cleveland and made it: "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa? Gone to the White House! Ha Ha Ha!"
Personal life
In June 1886, Cleveland married Frances Folsom, the daughter of his former law partner. He was the second president to be married while in office, and the only president to have a wedding in the White House itself. Folsom was also the youngest First Lady in the history of the U.S.
Politics
Cleveland's administration might be characterized by a quote from his inauguration address: "I have only one thing to do, and that is to do right". Cleveland himself insisted that, as President, his greatest accomplishment was blocking others' bad ideas. He vigorously pursued a policy barring special favors to any economic group. Vetoing a bill to appropriate $10,000 to distribute seed grain among drought-stricken farmers in Texas, he wrote: "Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the Government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character...." He also vetoed hundreds of private pension bills to American Civil War veterans whose claims were fraudulent. When Congress, pressured by the Grand Army of the Republic, passed a bill granting pensions for disabilities not caused by military service, Cleveland vetoed that, too. Cleveland used the veto far more often than any President up to that time.
He angered the railroads by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by Government grant, forcing them to return 81,000,000 acres (328,000 km²). He also signed the Interstate Commerce Act, the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads.
Crusade against protective tariff
In December 1887, he called on Congress to reduce high protective tariffs:
The theory of our institutions guarantees to ever citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the Government which protects him... the exaction of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice. This wrong inflicted upon those who bear the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil consequences. The public Treasury... becomes a hoarding place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening financial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder.
He failed to pass the lower Mills Tariff, and made it the central issue of his 1888 campaign. By the time he returned to the White House and a Democratic Congress did pass the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894, he considered it an outrage and allowed it to become law without his signature.
Significant events
- American Federation of Labor is created (1886)
- Haymarket Riot (1886)
- Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois (1886)
- Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- Dawes Act (1887)
Administration and Cabinet
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Grover Cleveland | 1885–1889 |
| Vice President | Thomas A. Hendricks | 1885 |
| None | 1885–1889 | |
| Secretary of State | Thomas F. Bayard | 1885–1889 |
| Secretary of the Treasury | Daniel Manning | 1885–1887 |
| Charles S. Fairchild | 1887–1889 | |
| Secretary of War | William C. Endicott | 1885–1889 |
| Attorney General | Augustus H. Garland | 1885–1889 |
| Postmaster General | William F. Vilas | 1885–1888 |
| Don M. Dickinson | 1888–1889 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | William C. Whitney | 1885–1889 |
| Secretary of the Interior | Lucius Q. C. Lamar | 1885–1888 |
| William F. Vilas | 1888–1889 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Norman Jay Colman | 1889 |
Supreme Court appointments
Cleveland appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States during his first term.
- Lucius Quintus C. Lamar - 1888
- Melville Weston Fuller -chief justice
States admitted to the union
none
1888 campaign for reelection
Cleveland was defeated in the 1888 presidential election. Although he won a larger share of the popular vote than Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison, he received fewer electoral votes and thus lost the election. Upon leaving the White House in 1889, Frances Cleveland told the servants, "I want you to take good care of all the furniture and ornaments in the house, for I want to find everything just as it is now when we come back again....four years from today or roughly 1,460 days from now."
Second term as President, 1893-1897
Campaign
The primary issues for Cleveland for the 1892 campaign were reducing the tariff and stopping free minting of silver which had depleted the gold reserves of the U.S. Treasury. Cleveland was elected again in 1892, the only President ever elected to non-consecutive terms.
Politics
Shortly after Cleveland was inaugurated, the Panic of 1893 struck the stock market, and he soon faced an acute economic depression. He dealt directly with the Treasury crisis rather than with business failures, farm mortgage foreclosures, and unemployment. He obtained repeal of the mildly inflationary Sherman Silver Purchase Act. With the aid of J. P. Morgan and Wall Street he maintained the Treasury's gold reserve. He was an adamant opponent of the Pullman Strike that shut down most of the nation's passenger, freight and mail traffic in June 1894. He obtained an injunction in federal court and when the strikers refused to obey it he sent in federal troops to Chicago and 20 other rail centers. "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago," he thundered, "that card will be delivered." Most governors supported Cleveland except Democrat John P. Altgeld of Illinois, who became his bitterest foe in 1896.
His agrarian and silverite enemies seized control of the Democratic party in 1896, repudiated his administration and the gold standard, and nominated William Jennings Bryan on a Silver Platform. Cleveland supported a third-party Gold Standard ticket that managed only 100,000 votes in the general election. Agrarians again nominated Bryan in 1900, but in 1904 the conservatives, with Cleveland's support, regained control of the Democratic party and nominated Alton B. Parker.
Foreign affairs
Invoking the Monroe Doctrine in 1895, Cleveland forced the United Kingdom to accept arbitration of a disputed boundary in Venezuela. His administration is credited with the modernization of the U.S. Navy that allowed the U.S. to decisively win the Spanish-American War in 1898, one year after he left office.
In 1893, Cleveland sent former Congressman James Henderson Blount to Hawaii to investigate the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani and the establishment of a republic. He supported Blount's scathing report; called for the restoration of Liliuokalani; and withdrew from the Senate the treaty of annexation of Hawaii. When the deposed Queen announced she would execute the current government in Honolulu, Cleveland dropped the issue.
Significant events
- Panic of 1893
- Cleveland Opposes Annexation of Hawaii (1893)
- Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894)
- Pullman Strike (1894)
- Coxey's Army (1894)
- United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895)
Administration and Cabinet
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Grover Cleveland | 1893–1897 |
| Vice President | Adlai E. Stevenson | 1893–1897 |
| Secretary of State | Walter Q. Gresham | 1893–1895 |
| Richard Olney | 1895–1897 | |
| Secretary of the Treasury | John G. Carlisle | 1893–1897 |
| Secretary of War | Daniel S. Lamont | 1893–1897 |
| Attorney General | Richard Olney | 1893–1895 |
| Judson Harmon | 1895–1897 | |
| Postmaster General | Wilson S. Bissell | 1893–1895 |
| William L. Wilson | 1895–1897 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Hilary A. Herbert | 1893–1897 |
| Secretary of the Interior | Hoke Smith | 1893–1896 |
| David R. Francis | 1896–1897 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Julius S. Morton | 1893–1897 |
Supreme Court appointments
Cleveland appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court during his second term.
- Edward Douglass White - 1894
- Rufus Wheeler Peckham - 1896
Two of Cleveland's nominees were rejected by the Senate.
- William Hornblower, on January 15, 1894, by a vote of 24-30.
- Wheeler Hazard Peckham, (the older brother of Rufus Wheeler) on February 16, 1894, by a vote of 32-41.
States admitted to the Union
Cancer
Just after Cleveland began his second term in 1893, Dr. R.M. O'Reilly found an ulcerated sore a little less than one inch in diameter on the left lingual surface of Cleveland's hard palate. Samples taken proved the growth to be a malignant cancer. Due to the financial depression of the country, Cleveland decided to have surgery performed on the tumor in secrecy to avoid further market panic. The surgery occurred on July 1, to give Cleveland time to make a full recovery in time for an August 7 address to Congress, which had recessed at the end of June.
Under the guise of a vacation, Cleveland, accompanied by lead surgeon Dr. Joseph Bryant, left for New York. Bryant, joined by his assistant Dr. John F. Erdmann, Dr. W.W. Keen Jr., Dr. Ferdinand Hasbrouck (dentist and anesthesiologist), and Dr. Edward Janeway, operated aboard the yacht Oneida as it sailed. The surgery was conducted through the mouth, to avoid any scars or other signs of surgery. The team, sedating Cleveland with nitrous oxide (laughing gas), removed his upper left jaw and portions of his hard palate. The size of the tumor and the extent of the operation left Cleveland's mouth severely disfigured. During another surgery, an orthodontist fitted Cleveland with a hard rubber prosthesis that corrected his speech and covered up the surgery.
A cover story about the removal of two bad teeth kept the suspicious press somewhat placated. Even when a newspaper story appeared, giving details of the actual operation, the participating surgeons discounted the severity of what transpired during Cleveland's vacation. In 1917, one of the surgeons present on the Oneida wrote an article detailing the operation. The lump was preserved and is on display at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Later life and death
After leaving the White House, Cleveland lived in retirement in Princeton, New Jersey. For a time he was a trustee of Princeton University, bringing him into opposition to the school's president Woodrow Wilson. Wilson was the only other Democrat elected President of the U.S. between 1856 and 1932. Cleveland died in 1908 from a heart attack. He was buried in the Princeton Cemetery of the Nassau Presbyterian Church.
Honors and Memorials
Cleveland's portrait was on the U.S. $1000 bill from 1928 to 1946. He also appeared on a $1000 of 1907, and the first few issues of Federal Reserve notes from 1914, on the $20.
Since he was both the 22nd and 24th president, he will be featured on two separate dollar coins to be released in 2012 as part of the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005.
Many public schools across the country are named in his honor.
Trivia
George Cleveland, the president's grandson is now an impersonator and historical reenactor of his famous grandfather.
The baseball player Grover Cleveland Alexander is named for him.
A joke of the day had the First Lady waking in the middle of the night and whispering to Cleveland, "Wake up, Grover. I think there's a burglar in the house." Cleveland sleepily mumbled, "No, no. Perhaps in the Senate, my dear, but not in the House."
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See also
- U.S. presidential election, 1884
- U.S. presidential election, 1888
- U.S. presidential election, 1892
- History of the United States (1865-1918)
References
Secondary sources
- Dewey, Davis R. National Problems: 1880-1897 (1907)
- Faulkner, Harold U. Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900 (1959), survey of decade,
- Ford, Henry Jones. The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics (1921), short overview
- Graff, Henry F. Grover Cleveland (2002), short overview.
- Hirsch, Mark D. William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick (1948)
- McElroy, Robert. Grover Cleveland, the Man and the Statesman: An Authorized Biography (1923)
- Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896 (1969)
- Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932)
- Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000)
- Welch, Richard E. Jr. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (1988)
Primary sources
- Cleveland, Grover. Presidential Problems. (1904)
- Nevins, Allan ed. Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850-1908 (1934)
- Sturgis Amy H. ed. Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877-1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents (2003)
External links
- Works by Grover Cleveland at Project Gutenberg
- White House biography
- Audio clips of Cleveland's speeches
- First Inaugural Address
- Second Inaugural Address
- Obituary for Grover Cleveland
- Our Libertarian President
- Statesman, President, Hangman
- Cleveland's grandson, George, impersonating him on Heritage Day in Tamworth, New Hampshire. August 2005
