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'''Hamas''' ({{lang|ar|حركة حماس}}; acronym: {{lang|ar|حركة المقاومة الاسلامية}}, or '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' or "Islamic Resistance Movement"{{cn}}) is a democratically-elected [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Sunni]] [[Islamist]]<ref name="BBCHamasVictory"/> [[militant]] organization and political party which currently holds a majority of seats in the legislative council of the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="BBCHamasVictory">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4650788.stm "Hamas sweeps to election victory"], BBC News.</ref>
'''Hamas''' ({{lang|ar|حركة حماس}}; acronym: {{lang|ar|حركة المقاومة الاسلامية}}, or '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' or "Islamic Resistance Movement"<ref>the word "Hamas" means "strength and bravery" according to its charter on ''MidEast web'' [http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm "MidEast Web Historical Documents: The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)"]. Copyright 1999–2002. ''MidEast Web''.</ref>) is a democratically-elected [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Sunni]] [[Islamist]]<ref name="BBCHamasVictory"/><ref name="mideastweb"/> [[militant]] organization and political party which currently holds a majority of seats in the legislative council of the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="BBCHamasVictory">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4650788.stm "Hamas sweeps to election victory"], BBC News.</ref>


Hamas was created in 1987 by Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] of the [[Gaza]] wing of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] at the beginning of the [[First Intifada]]. Best known{{weasel-inline}} for multiple [[Suicide attack|suicide bombings]] and other attacks<ref name="suicide bombings">Best known for suicide bombings/attacks:
Hamas was created in 1987 by Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] of the [[Gaza]] wing of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] at the beginning of the [[First Intifada]]. Best known for multiple [[Suicide attack|suicide bombings]] and other attacks<ref name="suicide bombings">Best known for suicide bombings/attacks:
*"Among the various organizations that emerged during the intifada were two that continue to challenge the dominance of the PLO over the Palestinian national movement: the Islamic Resistance Movement (better known by its acronym, Hamas) and its counterpart, Islamic Jihad. These organizations are best known for having injected a new lethality into the struggle between Israelis and Palestinians - the tactic of suicide bombings." ([[James L. Gelvin]], ''The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 221 ISBN 0521852897)
*"Among the various organizations that emerged during the intifada were two that continue to challenge the dominance of the PLO over the Palestinian national movement: the Islamic Resistance Movement (better known by its acronym, Hamas) and its counterpart, Islamic Jihad. These organizations are best known for having injected a new lethality into the struggle between Israelis and Palestinians - the tactic of suicide bombings." ([[James L. Gelvin]], ''The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 221 ISBN 0521852897)
*"Best known for the violence it launched against Israel through suicide bombings and rocket attacks... " (Murphy, John. "Hamas aims for political might", ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', [[January 22]], [[2006]])
*"Best known for the violence it launched against Israel through suicide bombings and rocket attacks... " (Murphy, John. "Hamas aims for political might", ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'', [[January 22]], [[2006]])
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== Name ==
== Name ==


Some disagreement exists over the meaning of the word "Hamas" itself. ''Hamas'' is an [[Acronym and initialism|acronym]] of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' or "Islamic Resistance Movement". In Hebrew ''hamas'' means "violence".<ref>''hamas'' - injustice; plunder; violence. Ben Yehuda's Pocket English-Hebrew, Hebrew-English Dictionary, Washington Square Press, 1971.</ref>
Some disagreement exists over the meaning of the word "Hamas" itself. ''Hamas'' is an [[Acronym and initialism|acronym]] of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or '''Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya''' or "Islamic Resistance Movement". Ami Isseroff on ''MidEast web'' states that the acronym is also the Arabic word for "zeal".<ref name="mideastweb">[http://www.mideastweb.org/hamashistory.htm "A History of the Hamas Movement"], Ami Isseroff, mideastweb.org, 1999-2002</ref> Hamas's charter itself on ''MidEast web'' states: "Hamas (means) strength and bravery - (according to) Al-Mua'jam al-Wasit".<ref>[http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm "MidEast Web Historical Documents: The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)"]. Copyright 1999-2002. ''MidEast Web''.</ref> In Hebrew ''hamas'' means "violence".<ref>''hamas'' - injustice; plunder; violence. Ben Yehuda's Pocket English-Hebrew, Hebrew-English Dictionary, Washington Square Press, 1971.</ref>


The military wing of Hamas, formed in 1992, is known as the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] to commemorate Sheikh [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]], the father of modern Arab resistance, killed by the British in 1935. Armed Hamas cells also sometimes refer to themselves as "Students of Ayyash", "Students of the Engineer", or "Yahya Ayyash Units",<ref>Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, p.160 Sage Publications, ISBN 0-7619-2408-6</ref> to commemorate [[Yahya Ayyash]], an early Hamas bomb-maker killed in 1996.<ref name = "BBC-Hamas-who"/>
The military wing of Hamas, formed in 1992, is known as the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] to commemorate Sheikh [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]], the father of modern Arab resistance, killed by the British in 1935. Armed Hamas cells also sometimes refer to themselves as "Students of Ayyash", "Students of the Engineer", or "Yahya Ayyash Units",<ref>Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, p.160 Sage Publications, ISBN 0-7619-2408-6</ref> to commemorate [[Yahya Ayyash]], an early Hamas bomb-maker killed in 1996.<ref name = "BBC-Hamas-who"/>

Revision as of 13:02, 14 May 2008


Hamas
LeaderKhaled Mashaal,
Ismail Haniyah,
Mahmoud Zahar
FounderSheikh Ahmed Yassin
Founded1987
HeadquartersGaza
IdeologyIslamism, Nationalism
Website
www.palestine-info.com www.filistinetkinlik.com

Hamas (حركة حماس; acronym: حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement"[1]) is a democratically-elected Palestinian Sunni Islamist[2][3] militant organization and political party which currently holds a majority of seats in the legislative council of the Palestinian Authority.[2]

Hamas was created in 1987 by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin of the Gaza wing of the Muslim Brotherhood at the beginning of the First Intifada. Best known for multiple suicide bombings and other attacks[4] directed against civilians and Israeli military and security forces targets, Hamas' charter calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.[5] Although Hamas claims its conflict with Israel is political and not religious[6], the organization is described by many[weasel words] as antisemitic,[7] a charge the organisation itself rejects.[8]

Hamas is listed as a terrorist organization by Canada,[9] Israel,[10] Japan,[11] and the United States,[12] and is banned in Jordan.[13] Australia[14] and the United Kingdom[15] list only the military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, as a terrorist organization. The European Union lists Hamas as a group 'involved in terrorist attacks' and has implemented restrictive measures against Hamas.[16]

Since the death of Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat, Hamas's political wing has entered and won many local elections in Gaza, Qalqilya, and Nablus. In January 2006, Hamas won a surprise victory in the Palestinian parliamentary elections, taking 76 of the 132 seats in the chamber, while the ruling Fatah party took 43.[17] The Hamas charter states: "There is no solution for the Palestinian question except through Jihad,"[18] and this stance has found a receptive audience among Palestinians; many perceived the preceding Fatah government as corrupt and ineffective, and Hamas's supporters see it as an "armed resistance"[19] movement defending Palestinians from the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories.[20] Hamas has further gained popularity by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and social services[21] throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[22] The Palestinian territories have experienced internal conflicts for many years; since Hamas's election victory, particularly sharp infighting has occurred between Hamas and Fatah, leading to many Palestinian deaths.[23][24]

After coming to power, Some of Hamas leaders have announced Hamas was giving up suicide attacks and "offered a 10-year truce [with Israel] in return for a complete Israeli withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian territories: the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem."[25][26][27] Hamas also declared a unilateral ceasefire with Israel which, after Israeli air strikes in response to Hamas smuggling weapons into Gaza, was formally renounced.[28] On March 2008 the Hamas Gaza leadership called on the Arab summit to drop the proposed peace plan[1].

Following the Battle for Gaza in June 2007, when Hamas used force to take control of the Gaza Strip after Fatah refused to hand over control to the new government, elected Hamas officials were ousted from their positions in the Palestinian National Authority government in the West Bank and were replaced by rival Fatah members as well as independents.[29][30] On June 18, 2007, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas (Fatah) issued a decree outlawing the Hamas militia and executive force.[2][3]

According to the US State Department, the group is funded by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Palestinian expatriates, and private benefactors in other Arab states.[12]

Name

Some disagreement exists over the meaning of the word "Hamas" itself. Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement". Ami Isseroff on MidEast web states that the acronym is also the Arabic word for "zeal".[3] Hamas's charter itself on MidEast web states: "Hamas (means) strength and bravery - (according to) Al-Mua'jam al-Wasit".[31] In Hebrew hamas means "violence".[32]

The military wing of Hamas, formed in 1992, is known as the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades to commemorate Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, the father of modern Arab resistance, killed by the British in 1935. Armed Hamas cells also sometimes refer to themselves as "Students of Ayyash", "Students of the Engineer", or "Yahya Ayyash Units",[33] to commemorate Yahya Ayyash, an early Hamas bomb-maker killed in 1996.[17]

History

Main article: History of Hamas

Sheikh Ahmed Yassin founded Hamas in 1987 as an offshoot of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood. The acronym "Hamas" first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet that accused the Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fiber of Palestinian youth as part of Mossad's recruitment of what Hamas termed "collaborators". The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military branch, was created in 1992, a year before the Oslo Accords. During the 1990s and 2000s it became best known in the Western world for its suicide bombings[4] and other attacks directed against civilians, including the Dolphinarium massacre and the Passover massacre.

On January 26 2004, senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi offered a 10-year truce, or hudna, in return for a complete withdrawal by Israel from the territories captured in the Six Day War, and the establishment of a Palestinian state (it remade the same offer after winning the majority in the PLC, accepting the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative[34]). Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin stated that the group could accept a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Rantissi confirmed that Hamas had come to the conclusion that it was "difficult to liberate all our land at this stage, so we accept a phased liberation." He said the truce could last 10 years, though "not more than 10 years".

From the time of an attack on the Israeli southern town of Be'er Sheva in August 2004, in which 15 people were killed and 125 wounded, the truce was generally observed. Hamas violated once, in August 2005, with an attack on the same bus station, wounding seven. Also in 2005, a group claiming to be aligned with Hamas were involved in several attacks on Israelis in the Hebron area of the West Bank, killing six.[35][36]

While Hamas had boycotted the January 2005 presidential election, during which Mahmoud Abbas was elected to replace Yasser Arafat, it did participate in the municipal elections held between January and May 2005, in which it took control of Beit Lahia and Rafah in the Gaza Strip and Qalqilyah in the West Bank. The January 2006 legislative elections marked another victory for Hamas, which gained the majority of seats in the first fair and democratic elections held in Palestine,[37] defeating the ruling Fatah party. The "List of Change and Reform", as Hamas presented itself, obtained 42.9% of the vote and 74 of the 132 seats.[38]

Hamas omitted its call for the destruction of Israel from its election manifesto, calling instead for "the establishment of an independent state whose capital is Jerusalem."[39][40] On February 8, Hamas head Khaled Mashal speaking in Cairo had clarified that "Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong", stating that while Hamas is willing for a ceasefire with Israel, its long term goal remains: Israel must withdraw from all land occupied in 1967.[41]

On February 13, 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta,[42] the same Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all Palestinian occupied territories (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem) and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the "right of return". Mashal would not acknowledge the Road map for peace, adopted by the Quartet in June 2003, because "The problem is not Hamas' stance, but Israel's stance. It is in fact not honoring the Road Map".[43] The Road map projected the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in 2005.[44]

In May 2006, during demonstrations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in support of Hamas and agains US-led sanctions, Hamas leaders threatened a new Intifada, as well as to "chop off" the head of anyone who tried to bring down their cabinet.[45] Furthermore, Hamas took a flexible stance that renewed support for the 2002 Arab peace initiative offering to restore normal relations with Israel in exchange for the creation of a Palestinian state.[46]

After the formation of the Hamas cabinet on March 20, 2006, tensions have progressively risen in the Gaza strip between Fatah and Hamas militants, leading to demonstrations and violence, along with repeated attempts at a truce.[47]

On June 27, 2006 Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement which included the forming of a national unity government. On February 8, 2007, Hamas and Fatah signed a deal to end factional warfare that had killed nearly 200 Palestinians and to form a coalition, hoping this would lead Western powers to lift crippling sanctions imposed on the Hamas-led government.[48]

The events leading to the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict began on June 9, 2006. During an Israeli artillery operation, an explosion occurred on a busy Gaza beach, killing eight Palestinian civilians.[49][50] It was initially assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings, although Israeli government officials later denied this. Hamas formally withdrew from its 16-month ceasefire on June 10, taking responsibility for the subsequent Qassam rocket attacks launched from Gaza into Israel.[4]

On June 29, Israel captured 64 Hamas officials. Amongst them were eight Palestinian Authority cabinet ministers and up to twenty members of the Palestinian Legislative Council,[51] as well as heads of regional councils, and the mayor of Qalqilyah and his deputy. At least a third of the Hamas cabinet was captured and held by Israel. On 6 August Israeli forces detained the Hamas' Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council, Aziz Dweik, at his home in the West Bank.

In June, renewed fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah. As of June 14, 2007, the current Palestinian government has been dissolved. President Mahmoud Abbas has dismissed the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government. [5].

There was a brief war in which Hamas seized control of Gaza and the Palestinian Authority was effectively split in two: Hamas controlling of Gaza and Fatah controlling the West Bank. It is reported that violence continued as of June 16th, 2007.

Leaders of Hamas and Fatah met in the Yemeni capital San‘a’ on 23 March, 2008 and agreed to the tentative "Sana'a Declaration" to resume concillatory talks.[52]

Beliefs

A flag, with the Shahadah, frequently used by Hamas supporters

Founded in 1987, Hamas was the Gaza Strip affiliate of the Islamic Muslim Brotherhood movement founded in Egypt.

Hamas, whose members largely come from the squalid refugee camps of Gaza from persons displaced from Israel's 1948 war of independence, has been far less accommodating with the occupation than has their competitor Fatah, with one Hamas parliamentarian denouncing the 1993 Oslo Accords as "not a peace process" and "a process of deception and cheating, lies which enabled Israel to truncate our homeland with settlements, separation walls, roadblocks, and closed military zones."[53] In 2004 Hamas offered a 10-year truce, or hudna, in exchange for several conditions including a complete withdrawal from Israeli-occupied territories (see below) this call was also mentioned in an interview with Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal in Foreign Policy Magazine, Meshaal stated that

"Hamas is prepared to offer a hudna [broad cease-fire] to Israel if it [Israel] withdraws from the lands occupied in 1967 and respects all the Palestinian rights."[54]

Hamas considers all of pre-1948 Palestine to be the Palestinian homeland. This includes present-day State of Israel — as well as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank — as an inalienable Islamic waqf or religious bequest, which can never be surrendered to non-Muslims. It asserts that struggle (jihad) to regain control of the land from Israel is the religious duty of every Muslim (fard `ain).

Hamas does not recognize Israel as a sovereign state, unlike the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which has recognized it since 1988, and calls it the "Zionist entity". Its charter calls for an end to Israel. During the election campaign, Hamas did not mention its call for the destruction of Israel in its electoral manifesto.[39] But several Hamas candidates insist that the charter is still in force and often called for Israel to be "wiped off the map" in campaign speeches. On January 25, 2006, after winning the Palestinian elections, Hamas leader Mahmoud al-Zahar gave an interview to Al-Manar TV denouncing foreign demands that Hamas recognize Israel's right to exist.[55] After the establishment of Hamas government, Dr Al-Zahar stated his "dreams of hanging a huge map of the world on the wall at my Gaza home which does not show Israel on it...I hope that our dream to have our independent state on all historic Palestine (including Israel). This dream will become real one day. I'm certain of this because there is no place for the state of Israel on this land". He also "didn't rule out the possibility of having Jews, Muslims and Christians living under the sovereignty of an Islamic state, adding that the Palestinians never hated the Jews and that only the Israeli occupation was their enemy".[56]

Hamas's charter calls for the eventual creation of an Islamic Republic in their historic homeland of Palestine, in place of Israel.[57] Hamas sees this view as an Islamic religious duty and prophesy that comes directly from Hadith. In 1999, late Hamas co-founder Sheikh Ahmed Yassin mentioned the year 2027 as the possible date for the "disappearance" of Israel.[58][59] The group has not issued a clear statement about how it would deal with the current population of Israel, should it succeed in overthrowing Israeli and secular Palestinian government. Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi, one of its co-founders, stated that the movement's goal is "to remove Israel from the map".[60] On February 13, 2005, Hamas leader Khaled Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if Israel recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew from all Palestinian territories and accept the demand for Palestinian "Right of Return" (see below).

According to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Hamas views the Arab-Israeli conflict as "a religious struggle between Islam and Judaism that can only be resolved by the destruction of the State of Israel".[61]. Hamas uses both political activities and violence to pursue its goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel and the secular Palestinian Authority. Israeli military operations during the al-Aqsa Intifada in 2002 put pressure on Hamas in the West Bank following several bombings in Israel for which Hamas claimed responsibility. Hamas has also engaged in peaceful political activities, including running candidates in West Bank Chamber of commerce elections.

During the election campaign the organization toned down criticism of Israel in its election manifesto, stating only that it was prepared to use "armed resistance to end the occupation".[62]

The slogan of Hamas is "God is its target, the Prophet is its model, the Qur'an its constitution: Jihad is its path and death for the sake of God is the loftiest of its wishes." Hamas states that its objective is to support the oppressed and wronged and "to bring about justice and defeat injustice, in word and deed." Hamas believes that "the land of Palestine is an Islamic Waqf (trust) consecrated for future Muslim generations until Judgement Day," and as such, the land cannot be negotiated away by any political leader. Hamas rejects "so-called peaceful solutions and international conferences" as "in contradiction to the principles of the Islamic Resistance Movement", stating "there is no solution for the Palestinian question except through Jihad".[citation needed]

The Possibility of a Ceasefire with Israel

Hamas omitted its call for the destruction of Israel from its election manifesto, calling instead for "the establishment of an independent state whose capital is Jerusalem."[39][40] On February 8, Hamas head Khaled Mashal speaking in Cairo had clarified that "Anyone who thinks Hamas will change is wrong", stating that while Hamas is willing for a ceasefire with Israel, its long term goal remains: Israel must withdraw from all land occupied in 1967.[41]

On February 13, 2006, in an interview in Russian newspaper Nezavisimaya Gazeta,[63] Mashal declared that Hamas would stop armed struggle against Israel if it recognized the 1967 borders, withdrew itself from all Palestinian occupied territories (including the West Bank and East Jerusalem) and recognized Palestinian rights that would include the "right of return". He reaffirmed this stance in a March 5, 2008 interview with Al Jazeera English,[64] citing Hamas's signing of the 2005 Cairo Declaration and the National Reconciliation Document, and denied any rejectionist stance. Critics of this offer[who?] suggest that Israel would never accept the Palestinian refugees right of return, as it would create a demographic majority to Muslims in Israel, and thus cancel its Jewish nature. Hamas does not feel bound by the "Road Map to Peace" promoted by the Diplomatic Quartet, since in its view Israel is not abiding by it.[65] Hamas rejects the establishment of a "Palestinian entity [...] with no true sovereignty, whose principal duty is to maintain Israel's security."[64]

According to the New York Times Steven Erlanger, Hamas excludes the possibility of long term reconciliation with Israel. "Since the Prophet Muhammad made a temporary hudna, or truce, with the Jews about 1,400 years ago, Hamas allows the idea. But no one in Hamas says he would make a peace treaty with Israel or permanently give up any part of Palestine."[6]. Mkhaimer Abusada, a political scientist at Al Azhar University explains that “They(Hamas) talk of hudna, not of peace or reconciliation with Israel. They believe over time they will be strong enough to liberate all historic Palestine.”[7]

On April 21st, 2008, former U.S. President and 2002 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Jimmy Carter met with Hamas Leader Khaled Meshal and reached an agreement that Hamas will respect the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip areas seized by Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967, provided this be ratified by the Palestinian people in a referendum. Carter had made several other requests, but these were turned down. Hamas later announced publicly an offer for a 10 year hudna with Israel, should they decide to return to their 1967 borders and allow the return of all Palestinian refugees. Several nations originally rejected the plan, but Israel is yet to respond.[66][67]

The Covenant of Hamas

See also: wikisource:Hamas Covenant

The 1988 Hamas Covenant (or Charter) states that the organization's goal is to "raise the banner of God over every inch of Palestine," in order to establish an Islamic Republic.

The thirty-six articles of the Covenant detail the movement's Islamist beliefs regarding the primacy of Islam in all aspects of life. The Covenant identifies Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine and considers its members to be Muslims who "fear God and raise the banner of Jihad in the face of the oppressors." Hamas describes resisting and quelling the enemy as the individual duty of every Muslim and prescribes vigilant roles for all members of society; including men and women, professionals, scientists and students.

The Covenant outlines the organization's position on various issues, including social and economic development and ideological influences, education, as well as its position regarding Israel. Amongst many other things, it reiterates the group's rejection of the coexistence principle of the peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.


Activities

Provision of social welfare and education

Hamas is particularly popular among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, though it also has a following in the West Bank, and to a lesser extent in other Middle Eastern countries. Since its formation in 1987, Hamas has conducted numerous social, political, and military actions. Its popularity stems in part from its welfare and social services to Palestinians in the occupied territories, including school and hospital construction. The group devotes much of its estimated $70 million annual budget to an extensive social services network, running many relief and education programs, and funds schools, orphanages, mosques, healthcare clinics, soup kitchens, and sports leagues. According to the Israeli scholar Reuven Paz "approximately 90 percent of the organization's work is in social, welfare, cultural, and educational activities".[68]

In 1973, the Islamic center 'Mujamma' was established in Gaza and started to offer clinics, blood banks, day care, medical treatment, meals and youth clubs. The centre plays an important role for providing social care to the people, particularly those living in refugee camps. It also extended financial aid and scholarships to young people who wanted to study in Saudi Arabia and the West.[69] In particular, Hamas funded health services where people could receive free or inexpensive medical treatment. Hamas greatly contributed to the health sector, and facilitated hospital and physician services in the Palestinian territory. On the other hand, Hamas’s use of hospitals is sometimes criticised as purportedly serving the promotion of suicide bombings and other forms of violence against Israel. Hamas also funded education as well as the health service, and built Islamic charities, libraries, mosques, education centers for women. They also built nurseries, kindergartens and supervised religious schools that provide free meals to children. When children attend their schools and mosques, parents are required to sign oaths of allegiance. Refugees, as well as those left without homes, are able to claim financial and technical assistance from Hamas.[70]

In any case, Hamas has significantly increased literacy in areas where it is active[citation needed]. Hamas also funds a number of other charitable activities, primarily in the Gaza Strip[citation needed]. These include religious institutions, medical facilities, and social needs of the area's residents.[citation needed] The work of Hamas in these fields supplements that provided by the United Nations Relief Works Agency (UNRWA). Hamas is also well regarded by Palestinians for its efficiency and perceived lack of corruption compared to Fatah.[71][72]

Funding

The majority of Hamas funding comes from Saudi Arabia.[73][74] According to the U.S. State Dept,[12] Hamas is also funded by Iran (led by a Shi'i Islamic regime), Palestinian expatriates, and private benefactors in other Arab states. The party is known to support families of suicide bombers after their deaths. Some believe the financial support includes a monthly allowance.[75] Various sources, among them United Press International,[76] Le Canard enchaîné, Bill Baar, Gérard Chaliand[77] and L'Humanité[78] have highlighted that Hamas' early growth had been supported by the Mossad as a "counterbalance to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)". Furthermore, the French investigative newspaper Le Canard enchaîné stated that Shin Bet had also supported Hamas as a counterweight to the PLO and Fatah, in an attempt to give "a religious slant to the conflict, in order to make the West believe that the conflict was between Jews and Muslims", thus supporting the controversial thesis of a "clash of civilizations".[79]

The charitable trust Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development was accused in December 2001 of funding Hamas[citation needed].

Other

The main website of Hamas provides translations of official communiqués in Persian language, Urdu, Malay, Russian, English, and Arabic.

In 2005, Hamas announced its intention to launch an experimental TV channel, "Al-Aqsa". The station was launched on January 7, 2006, less than three weeks before the Palestinian legislative elections.[80] It included a TV show for children.

According to Radwan Abu Ayyash, Palestinian deputy minister of culture in Ramallah, Hamas “uses religious language to motivate simple people for political as well as religious goals" - he found a lot of what Al Aksa broadcast “disgusting and unprofessional.”[8]

Controversies

Antisemitism

See also: Antisemitism in the Arab world

Article 22 of the Hamas Covenant claims that the French revolution, the Russian revolution, colonialism and both world wars were created by the Zionists. It also claims the Freemasons and Rotary clubs are Zionist fronts.

You may speak as much as you want about regional and world wars. They were behind World War I, when they were able to destroy the Islamic Caliphate, making financial gains and controlling resources. They obtained the Balfour Declaration, formed the League of Nations through which they could rule the world. They were behind World War II, through which they made huge financial gains by trading in armaments, and paved the way for the establishment of their state. It was they who instigated the replacement of the League of Nations with the United Nations and the Security Council to enable them to rule the world through them. There is no war going on anywhere, without having their finger in it.[81]

Furthermore, Article 32 of the Covenant makes reference to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:

Today it is Palestine, tomorrow it will be one country or another. The Zionist plan is limitless. After Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates. When they will have digested the region they overtook, they will aspire to further expansion, and so on. Their plan is embodied in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", and their present conduct is the best proof of what we are saying.

However, in 1998, Esther Webman of the Project for the Study of Anti-Semitism at the Tel Aviv University wrote:

....the anti-Semitic rhetoric in Hamas leaflets is frequent and intense. Nevertheless, anti-Semitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology. Generally no differentiation was made in the leaflets between Jew and Zionist, in as much as Judaism was perceived as embracing Zionism, although in other Hamas publications and in interviews with its leaders attempts at this differentiation have been made."[82]

In an editorial in The Guardian in January 2006, Khaled Meshaal, the chief of Hamas's political bureau denied antisemitism:

"Our message to the Israelis is this: We do not fight you because you belong to a certain faith or culture. Jews have lived in the Muslim world for 13 centuries in peace and harmony; they are in our religion "the people of the book" who have a covenant from God and his messenger, Muhammad (peace be upon him), to be respected and protected."

"Our conflict with you is not religious but political. We have no problem with Jews who have not attacked us — our problem is with those who came to our land, imposed themselves on us by force, destroyed our society and banished our people."[6]

Children's web site

Al Fateh is Hamas' web site for children. The site says it is for "the young builders of the future and it has a link to the official web site. [83] Several Israeli reviews and news coverages of the site describe it as hate-mongering and accuse it of glorifying death and suicide for God [84] [85]

According to CAMERA "Issue number 38 of Al-Fateh, includes a photograph of the decapitated head of a female suicide bomber."[86] [87]

Crackdown on dissent and on the Press

Human rights groups and ordinary Gazans accuse Hamas of forcefully suppressing dissent. Hamas is using means which are criminal, including torture, political detentions, and firing on un-armed protesters who object Hamas policies.[9].

Hamas members have also been harassing and arresting Palestinian journalists in Gaza [10],[11]. On August 29, 2007 Palestinian health officials reported that Hamas had been shutting down Gaza clinics in retaliation for doctor strikes - Hamas confirmed that "punitive measure against doctors" who, according to Hamas, "incite others to strike and suspend services" have been taken. [12]

On August 28th, 2007 Hamas media workers slipped into an anti-Hamas rally with intentions to disperse it from within.[13]

On September 3rd, 2007 Hamas disbanded the Gaza Strip branch of the pro-Fatah Union of Palestinian Journalists. [14]

On September 7th, 2007 Hamas banned public prayers, after Fatah supporters began holding worship sessions that quickly escalated into raucous protests against Hamas rule. Hamas security forces beat several gathering supporters and journalists. [15]

On November 14, 2007 Hamas arrested a British journalist and canceled all press cards in Gaza. No news photography is allowed without a license from Hamas. [16], [17]

On Feb 8, 2008 Hamas banned distribution of Al-Ayyam newspaper and closure of its offices in the Gaza Strip due to a caricature that mocked legislators loyal to Hamas[18],[19]. Hamas had later issued an arrest request for the editor[20].

Militancy and terrorism

Suicide attacks

Suicide attacks are the main element of what the group sees as its asymmetric warfare against Israel. Since the group considers all Israel to be a "militarized society" Hamas condones attacks on civilian targets. [citation needed] The group's willingness to target civilian facilities including buses, supermarkets, and restaurants is the reason why some governments classify it as a terrorist movement (although Hamas claims being a national liberation movement).

Hamas' first use of suicide bombing occurred on April 16, 1993 when a suicide bomber driving an explosive-laden van detonated between two buses parked at a restaurant. It was Hamas' 19th known attack since 1989 (the others being shootings, kidnappings and knife attacks).[88]

Hamas continued to launch suicide attacks during the Oslo Accords period (see List of Hamas suicide attacks).

During the second Intifada, Hamas, along with the Islamic Jihad Movement, spearheaded the violence through the years of the Palestinian uprising.[89] Since then Hamas has conducted many attacks on Israel, mainly through its military wing — the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. These attacks have included large-scale suicide bombings against Israeli civilian targets, the most deadly of which was the bombing of a Netanya hotel on March 27, 2002, in which 30 people were killed and 140 were wounded. This attack has also been referred to as the Passover massacre since it took place on the first night of the Jewish festival of Passover. Overall, from November 2000 to April 2004, 377 Israeli citizens and soldiers were killed and 2,076 wounded in 425 attacks by Hamas. (Source: IDF website.) The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs maintains a comprehensive list of Hamas attacks. March 2004.htm

In a 2002 report, Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas' leaders "should be held accountable for the war crimes and crimes against humanity" that have been committed by its members.[90]

A few female suicide bombers, including a mother of six and a mother of two children under the age of 10 have also executed suicide bombings. Abdel Aziz Rantisi has said,

"The Hamas movement is prepared to stop terror against Israeli civilians if Israel stops killing Palestinian civilians ... We have told (Palestinian Authority Prime Minister) Abu Mazen in our meetings that there is an opportunity to stop targeting Israeli civilians if the Israelis stop assassinations and raids and stop brutalizing Palestinian civilians."[91]

In May 2006 Israel arrested Hamas top official Ibrahim Hamed whom Israeli security officials claim was responsible for dozens of suicide bombings and other attacks on Israelis.[92]

On Feb 7, 2008 Hamas resumed the suicide bombings against civilian targets inside Israel killing an 74 year old woman and wounding her husband and other civilians[21],[22],[23],[24],[25]

On March 5, 2008 various news services reported that Hamas had claimed responsibility for the killing of 8 Yeshiva students in Jerusalem. [93] A spokesman for Hamas has rebutted the claim, stating that it is "an honour we have not claimed yet", and the official position is that the attack has been attributed to the "Free Men of Galilee", who are affiliated with Hezbollah. [94]

Shelling and rocket attacks on civilians

Since 2002, militants have used homemade Qassam rockets to hit Israeli towns in the Negev, such as Sderot. Although Hamas does not claim responsibility for the attacks, it has condoned them. These attacks are outlined in the List of Qassam rocket attacks. The introduction of the Qassam-2 rocket has allowed militants to reach large Israeli cities such as Ashkelon, bringing great concern to the Israeli populace and many attempts by the Israeli military to stop the proliferation and use of the rockets. On March 2008 a Hamas politburo member sent a letter to Arab leaders urging them not to condem attacks on civilians[26]

Guerilla warfare

File:Yasin RPG.gif
Two Hamas militants with Yasin Rocket-propelled grenade.

Hamas has made great use of guerrilla tactics in the Gaza Strip and to a lesser degree the West Bank.[95] Hamas has successfully adapted these techniques over the years since its inception. According to a 2006 report by rival Fatah party, Hamas had smuggled "between several hundred and 1,300 tons" of advanced rockets, along with other weaponry, into Gaza. Some Israelis and some Gazans both noted similarities in Hamas's military buildup to that of Hezbollah in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war.[95]

Hamas has used IEDs and anti-tank rockets against the IDF in Gaza. The latter include standard RPG-7 warheads and home-made rockets such as the Al-Bana, Al-Batar and Al-Yasin. The home-made rockets proved ineffective against Israeli armor[citation needed], while Popular Resistance Committees' IEDs destroyed 3 Israeli tanks in 2002. The IDF has a difficult, if not impossible time trying to find hidden weapons caches in Palestinian areas — this is due to the high local support base Hamas enjoys.[96]

Others attacked

In addition to killing Israeli civilians, Hamas has also attacked Israeli military and security forces (occasionally inside Israel), suspected Palestinian collaborators, and Fatah rivals.[97]

On February 2007, members of the Palestinian Red Crescent, speaking on conditions on anonymity, said that Hamas had confiscated their humanitarian supply convoys that were destined for Palestinian civilians. Hamas claims the supplies were heading to former members of Fatah. [98]

Call to attack United States targets

On November 8, 2006 the military wing of Hamas called on Muslims around the world to attack American targets. "America is offering political, financial and logistic cover for the Zionist occupation crimes, and it is responsible for the Beit Hanoun massacre. Therefore, the people and the nation all over the globe are required to teach the American enemy tough lessons," Hamas said in a statement sent to The Associated Press. Ghazi Hamad, spokesman for the Hamas-led Palestinian government said that the group had no intention of attacking American targets and denied any involvement with the statement.[99]

It has been alleged that Hamas threatens the United States through covert cells on U.S. soil, and that the FBI and United States Department of Justice are aware of these cells.[100][101] Hamas has repeatedly stated that it is only interested in operations against the Israeli occupation and not a single suicide attack outside Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank has ever been attributed to Hamas.

Summary executions

Human Rights Watch has cited a number of summary executions as particular examples of violations of the rules of warfare, including the case of Muhammad Swairki, 28, a cook for Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas's presidential guard, who was thrown to his death, with his hands and legs tied, from a 15-story apartment building in Gaza City. [27],[28],[29]

Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups frequently extrajudicially execute or otherwise punish those they consider collaborators with Israel. Frequent killings of unarmed people have also occurred during Hamas-Fatah clashes.[30],[31], [32],[33],[34]

2008 protests

Thousands of angry Hamas loyalists marched February 24 2008 at the funeral of a Muslim preacher who died in Palestinian custody, turning the ceremony into a rare show of defiance against President Mahmoud Abbas. Angered by preacher's death, protesters stand against Abbas.

International perception of Hamas

According to National Public Radio, a non-commercial broadcasting organization in the U.S., "Israel and many Western powers have struggled with how best to interact with a group that is at once labeled terrorist and, at the same time, is the legitimately elected leadership of the Palestinian National Authority."[102]

Canada describes Hamas as a "a radical Sunni Muslim terrorist organization".[9][103]

China has expressed its support for Hamas as recent as 2006, when the Palestinian Foreign Minister Mahmed al-Zahar visited China.[citation needed] However, China has more recently announced its support for the (now ruling) rival Fatah government, and as such, the exact nature of their continuing relationship is unclear.[citation needed]

The European Union lists Hamas among its list of entities against which it applies restrictions in order to combat terrorism.[16]

Israel's ministry of foreign affairs claims that "Hamas maintains a terrorist infrastructure in Gaza and the West Bank, and acts to carry out terrorist attacks in the territories and Israel."[104] In February 2008 an Haaretz poll indicated that 64% of Israelis favour their government holding direct talks with Hamas in Gaza about a cease-fire and the release of captives.[105]

Japan stated in 2005 that it froze the assets of "terrorist organizations, including... Hamas."[106]

The United States lists HAMAS as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization".[12] According to the US State Department, the group is funded by Iran, Palestinian expatriates, and private benefactors in Saudi Arabia and other Arab states.[12]

Jordan has banned Hamas.[13]

The military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, is listed as a terrorist organization by Australia,[14] and the United Kingdom.[15]

In a 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 62% of Palestinians have a favorable opinion of Hamas, as do majorities or pluralities in Jordan and Morocco. Opinions of Hamas are divided in Egypt and Kuwait, and Hamas is viewed negatively in Turkey and Lebanon.[107]

Legal action against Hamas

In a 2002 report, Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas' leaders "should be held accountable for the war crimes and crimes against humanity" that have been committed by its members.[90]

In 2004, a federal court in the United States found Hamas liable in a civil lawsuit for the 1996 murders of Yaron and Efrat Ungar near Bet Shemesh, Israel. Hamas has been ordered to pay the families of the Ungars $116 million.[108] On July 5, 2004, the court issued a default judgment against the PNA and the PLO regarding the Ungars' claim that the Palestinian Authority and the PLO provide safe haven to Hamas.

On August 20, 2004, three Palestinians, one a naturalized American citizen, were charged with a "lengthy racketeering conspiracy to provide money for terrorist acts in Israel." The indicted include Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook, senior member of Hamas, believed to be currently in Damascus, Syria and considered a fugitive by the U.S..

On 1 February 2007, two men were acquitted of contravening US law by supporting Hamas.[35] Both men argued that they helped move money for Palestinian causes aimed at helping the Palestinian people and not to promote terrorism.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamas.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Sources

Notes and references

  1. ^ the word "Hamas" means "strength and bravery" according to its charter on MidEast web "MidEast Web Historical Documents: The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)". Copyright 1999–2002. MidEast Web.
  2. ^ a b "Hamas sweeps to election victory", BBC News.
  3. ^ a b "A History of the Hamas Movement", Ami Isseroff, mideastweb.org, 1999-2002
  4. ^ a b Best known for suicide bombings/attacks:
    • "Among the various organizations that emerged during the intifada were two that continue to challenge the dominance of the PLO over the Palestinian national movement: the Islamic Resistance Movement (better known by its acronym, Hamas) and its counterpart, Islamic Jihad. These organizations are best known for having injected a new lethality into the struggle between Israelis and Palestinians - the tactic of suicide bombings." (James L. Gelvin, The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 221 ISBN 0521852897)
    • "Best known for the violence it launched against Israel through suicide bombings and rocket attacks... " (Murphy, John. "Hamas aims for political might", The Baltimore Sun, January 22, 2006)
    • "Defined as a terrorist organization by Israel, the U.S. and the European Union because of its suicide attacks on Israeli civilians..." (Karon, Tony., "Hamas Explained", Time Magazine, December 11, 2001)
    • "Hamas is best known abroad for the scores of suicide bombings it has carried out and its commitment to the destruction of Israel." (Barzak, Ibrahim. "Israel blames Iran, Syria for bombings", ABC News, January 20, 2006, p. 2)
    • "...the militant organization, best known abroad for its attacks against Israeli civilians..." (Musharbash, Yassin. "Could Victory be Undoing of Hamas", Der Spiegel, January 27, 2006)
    • "Although Hamas is best known for its suicide attacks..." ("Palestinian Political Organizations", PBS FRONTLINE, April 4, 2002)
    • "...is perhaps best known for its suicide bombings against Israeli targets." (Lynfield, Ben. Hamas gains grassroots edge, Christian Science Monitor, December 27, 2004)
    • "...it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used..." ("After the Hamas earthquake", The Guardian, January 27, 2006).
    • "Hamas, an organisation best known for its suicide bombings but which also runs social services, capitalised on widespread dissatisfaction with the status quo of economic, political and security instability to gain a stunning 76 seats out of the 132-member parliament." (Lynfield, Ben. "Shock result prompts calls to end policy of violence", The Scotsman, January 27, 2006.
    • "But the group is best known for its suicide bombing attacks." (Levitt, Matthew. Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0300122586, p. 17.)
    • "Best known for its suicide attacks, Hamas has won over the Palestinian public in its first run for the legislature by focusing on domestic concerns, halting government corruption and restoring law and order to the chaotic West Bank and Gaza Strip." (""Israeli leaders brace for Hamas dominating Palestinian elections", Associated Press, January 22, 2006.)
    • "The armed faction, best known for sending suicide bombers to attack Israelis..." Verma, Sonia. ("Hamas win puts Mideast on edge", Newsday, January 27, 2006.
    Infamous for suicide attacks:
    • "But his organization, Hamas, is of course dedicated to the destruction of an entire country and infamous for its suicide attacks." (Mann, Jonathan. "Reaction to Killing of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin", CNN, March 22, 2004.
    • "This dismal place was (and remains) a breeding ground for Hamas, the fundamentalist group now infamous for their suicide bombings." (Andersen, Mark. All the Power: Revolution Without Illusion, Punk Planet Books, 2004, ISBN 1888451726, p. 178)
    • "And Hamas, infamous for suicide bombings and other attacks that killed more than 250 Israelis in recent years, rejected Abbas' appeal for peace with Israel, and threatened to continue its campaign of violence." (Tiebel, Amy. "Analysis: Tough Mideast Bargaining Ahead", Associated Press, November 27, 2007.)
    Best known and infamous for suicide attacks: Cite error: The named reference "suicide bombings" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ Calls for the destruction of Israel:
  6. ^ a b "'We shall never recognize... a Zionist state on our soil'". The Guardian. January 31, 2006.
  7. ^ Antisemitic:
    • Anti-Semitism at Core of Hamas Charter, Anti-Defamation League, February 27, 2006. Accessed April 17, 2007.
    • "Hamas, which is deeply engaged in teaching anti-Semitic, and anti-Christian hate in schools," Puder, Joseph. Levitt Can't Strike Hopeful Note About Hamas, The Bulletin, March 27, 2007.
    • "Hamas refuses to recognize Israel, claims the whole of Palestine as an Islamic endowment, has issued virulently antisemitic leaflets,..." Laurence F. Bove, Laura Duhan Kaplan, From the Eye of the Storm: Regional Conflicts and the Philosophy of Peace, Rodopi Press, 1995, ISBN 9051838700, p. 217.
    • "But of all the anti-Jewish screeds, it is the Protocols of the Elders of Zion that emboldens and empowers antisemites. While other antisemitic works may have a sharper intellectual base, it is the conspiratorial imagery of the Protocols that has fuled the imagination and hatred of Jews and Judaism, from the captains of industry like Henry Ford, to teenage Hamas homicide bombers." Mark Weitzman, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Dismantling the Big Lie: the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, KTAV Publishing House, 2003, ISBN 0881257850, p. xi.
    • "There is certainly very clear evidence of antisemitism in the writings and manifestos of organizations like Hamas and Hizbullah..." Human Rights Implications of the Resurgence of Racism and Anti-Semitism, United States Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations and Human Rights - 1993, p. 122.
    • "In calling for holy war against Israel, the covenant of Hamas, drawn up in 1998, also employs the language elecquention of the Protocols." Frederick M. Schweitzer, Marvin Perry, Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, ISBN 0312165617, p. 116.
    • "The demonization of the Jews/Zionists by the Hamas organization is also heavily shaped by European Christian anti-Semitism. This prejudice began to infiltrate the Arab world, most notably in the circulation of the 1926 Arabic translation of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion... Reliance upon the document is evidenced in the group's charter... The Protocols of the Elders of Zion also informs Hamas's belief that Israel has hegemonic aspirations that extend beyond Palestinian land. As described in the charter, the counterfeit document identifies the Zionists' wish to expand their reign from the Nile River to the Euphrates." Michael P. Arena, Bruce A. Arrigo, The Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat, NYU Press, 2006, ISBN 0814707165, pp. 133-134.
    • "Standard anti-Semitic themes have become commonplace in the propaganda of Arab Islamic movements like Hizballah and Hamas..." Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, ISBN 0393318397, p. 266.
    • "From the beginning, Hamas espoused the antisemitism of the Muslim Brotherhood's leading thinkers, Hasah al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb. This fact is clear from its own ideological credo formulated as the Islamic covenant in 1988, which not only calls for Islam to eliminate Israel but also states "our struggle against the Jews is extremely wide-ranging and grave." It cites the Hadith... in noting that at the end of time, Muslims will fight the Jews and kill them. The covenant and other Hamas publications draw on the libels of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, accusing Jews of a universal conspiracy for world domination... Some of the antisemitic canards are backed in the covenant by koranic proof texts." Levy, Richard S. Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, ABL_CLIO, 2005, p. 289.ISBN 1851094393
    • "Hamas, like most Islamist groups, is fundamentally anti-Semitic (in the commonly understood sense of the word). This is seen in at least two ways. First, the Hamas discourse refers primarily to "Jewish" (al-yahud), less so "Zionists" (al-sahyunuyiun), and almost never to "Israelies" (al-isriliyun)... However, Hamas is properly termed anti-Semitic for propogating the slander of Jewish control of the world, particularly the world's financial health." Glenn E. Robinson, "Hamas as Social Movement", in Quintan Wiktorowicz, Mark Tessler. Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, Indiana University Press, 2004, p. 131. ISBN 0253216214
    • "In addition, classically anti-Semitic texts coming from pre-Holocaust Christian Europe, such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, also inform the ideals and philosophy of HAMAS members and their views of Jews and Judaism." Thomas M. Leonard, Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Routledge, 2005, p. 742. ISBN 1579583881
    • "Hamas hardened the conventional tone among Arab nationalists toward the Jews, adopting anti-Semitic charges based on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion concerning a Jewish conspiracy for world domination." Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela. The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 45. ISBN 0231116756
    • "Hamas.... was founded in 1987 as an overtly antisemitic organization." David Matas, Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Dundurn Press, 2005, p. 227. ISBN 1550025538
  8. ^ http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/452/re6.htm
  9. ^ a b Keeping Canadians Safe, Public Security and Emergency Preparedness Canada, National Security, Listed entities. Accessed July 31, 2006.
  10. ^ The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization (Israel MFA)
  11. ^ Japan's Diplomatic Bluebook 2005 states that it has frozen the assets of "terrorist organizations, including... Hamas."
  12. ^ a b c d e "Country reports on terrorism 2005", United States Department of State. Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. US Dept. of State Publication 11324. Released April 2006 Cite error: The named reference "SD1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b Karmi, Omar. "What does the Hamas victory mean for nearby Jordan?", The Daily Star, February 18, 2006
  14. ^ a b Listing of Terrorist Organisations, Australian Government Attorney-General's Department, 27 January 2006. Accessed July 31, 2006.
  15. ^ a b " United Kingdom Home Security Office. Terrorism Act 2000. Proscribed terrorist groups Cite error: The named reference "UKTerrorList" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b "Council Decision" Council of the European Union, December 21, 2005 Cite error: The named reference "EUTerrorList" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b "Who are Hamas?". BBC News. January 26, 2006.
  18. ^ "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)", MidEast Web, August 18, 1988; "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement", The Avalon Project at Yale Law School, retrieved April 22, 2006.
  19. ^ Kristen Ess. "Why Hamas Won" ZNet. Palestine, January 31, 2006.
  20. ^ "Who are Hamas?". BBC News. January 26, 2006.
  21. ^ "Palestinian election raises varying opinions within U". The Minnesota Daily. January 31, 2006
  22. ^ Hamas activities Council on Foreign Relations
  23. ^ "The Gangs of Gaza", Newsweek, June 26, 2006.
  24. ^ "...they find themselves on the brink of civil war in a power struggle between the governing Hamas movement and President Mahmoud Abbas's Fatah group. In two days of fighting between the two rival and well-armed factions, 12 Palestinians have been killed and more than 100 wounded, and there are few signs the months-long political dispute at the centre of the violence is about to die down." al-Mughrabi, Nidal and Assadi, Mohammed. Palestinian in-fighting provokes despair, frustration, Reuters, October 3, 2006.
  25. ^ "Who are Hamas?" BBC News. January 27, 2007.
  26. ^ Ali Abunimah, author of "One Country: A Bold Proposal to End the Israeli-Palestinian Impasse," states: "It had observed the unilateral truce with Israel. It had given up suicide attacks against Israeli civilians. And there was no response to that. On the contrary." "As Hamas Seizes Full Control of Gaza and US Prepares Further Isolation, What Next for Palestinians?" Democracy Now!. June 15, 2007.
  27. ^ "Hope for a Mideast resolution could grow with Hamas leadership" Christian Science Monitor. January 31, 2006.
  28. ^ "Hamas threatens to break ceasefire after Israeli air strikes" Telegraph.co.uk. October 17, 2006.
  29. ^ Carter: Stop favoring Fatah over Hamas The Jerusalem Post June 19 2007
  30. ^ Exposing the bitter truth of Gaza carnage The Age June 23, 2007
  31. ^ "MidEast Web Historical Documents: The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)". Copyright 1999-2002. MidEast Web.
  32. ^ hamas - injustice; plunder; violence. Ben Yehuda's Pocket English-Hebrew, Hebrew-English Dictionary, Washington Square Press, 1971.
  33. ^ Kushner, Harvey W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism, p.160 Sage Publications, ISBN 0-7619-2408-6
  34. ^ Template:Fr icon "Le Quartet cherche une solution à la banqueroute palestinienne". Le Monde. May 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-09.
  35. ^ "Deadly Hebron cell caught". Y Net News. February 6, 2006.
  36. ^ "Shin Bet cracks Hamas terror cell". The Jerusalem Post. February 6, 2006.
  37. ^ Carter: Stop favoring Fatah over Hamas, The Jerusalem Post, June 19, 2007
  38. ^ The CEC announces the final results of the second PLC elections
  39. ^ a b c "Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto". The Guardian. January 12, 2006.
  40. ^ a b "Hamas: Ceasefire for return to 1967 border". Y Net News. January 30, 2006.
  41. ^ a b "Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out". The Telegraph. 2006-02-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Peace with Israel for withdrawal to ’67 borders, ynetnews March 3, 2006
  43. ^ Hamas delegation arrives in Moscow, ynetnews March 3, 2006
  44. ^ "Hamas will end armed struggle if Israel quits territories — leader". AFX News Limited. February 12, 2006.
  45. ^ Abu Toameh, Khaled. Hamas armed force readies for action, The Jerusalem Post, May 6, 2006.
  46. ^ Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2007, http://mondediplo.com/2007/07/05palestine
  47. ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi. Israel foils plot to kill Palestinian president, The Sunday Times, May 7, 2006.
  48. ^ Saud Abu Ramadan and David Rosenberg. Palestinians Reach Accord on Forging Unity Government". Bloomberg, February 9, 2007.
  49. ^ "Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic". The Guardian. 2006-06-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ "Palestinian Child Buries Slain Family". IslamOnline.net. 2006-06-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "ISRAELIS, PALESTINIANS URGED TO 'STEP BACK FROM THE BRINK', AVERT FULL-SCALE CONFLICT, AS SECURITY COUNCIL DEBATES EVENTS IN GAZA". UN. 2006-06-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ "Fatah and Hamas agree on Yemeni plan to resume talks (Roundup)". m&c. 2008-03-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ Khalid Amayreh. "'Cartoons reflect Europe's Islamophobia'". Interview with Aziz Duwaik. Al Jazeera English. February 6, 2006.
  54. ^ Foreign Policy: Seven Questions: The World According to Hamas
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  72. ^ "The Palestinian Authority held a democratic election and Israel and the rest of the world must accept that Hamas was the victor". Jewish Virtual Library. No date. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  74. ^ A Hamas Headquarters in Saudi Arabia?, The Washington Institute, September 28, 2005
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  92. ^ "Top Hamas fugitive nabbed". ynetnews.com. May 23, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  93. ^ "Hamas claims responsibility for Israel shooting "
  94. ^ Israel attack linked to Hezbollah CNN March 7, 2008
  95. ^ a b "Report: Hamas weighing large-scale conflict with Israel". Ynet News. October 3 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  96. ^ "Hamas and Palestinian Nationalism" (PDF). October 3 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  97. ^ Fatah, Hamas gunbattles kill 7 (Toronto Star) October 1, 2006
  98. ^ Hamas Seizes Palestinian Red Crescent Aid Convoy RTTNews 2/7/2008
  99. ^ "Hamas to Muslims: Attack US targets". The Jerusalem Post. November 8 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  100. ^ United States v. Abu Marzook. No. 03 CR 978 12. IL District Ct. 2005.
  101. ^ Lake, Eli. "Hamas Agents Lurking in U.S., FBI Warns." New York Sun. 29 April 2004. 10 December 2006.
  102. ^ "Hamas: Government or Terrorist Organization?". NPR.org. December 6, 2006.
  103. ^ "Hamas is listed as a terrorist group in the Criminal Code of Canada." Tibbetts, Janice. Canada shuts out Hamas ,The Montreal Gazette, March 30, 2006.
  104. ^ The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization, 2003-07-30
  105. ^ Yossi Verter (27/02/2008). "Poll: Most Israelis back direct talks with Hamas on Shalit". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-02-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  106. ^ "Japan's Diplomatic Bluebook 2005" (PDF). 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-26. Japan has implemented UN Security Council resolutions concerning anti-terrorist sanctions. In accordance with the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law, it has frozen the assets of a total of 472 terrorists and terrorist organizations, including Al-Qaeda and Taliban members, such as Usama bin Laden and Mullah Mohammed Omar, as well as those of Hamas, ... {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  107. ^ Pew Research Center Global Attitues Survey: Global Unease With Major World Powers, June 27, 2007
  108. ^ $116m awarded in terrorism suit - The Boston Globe

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