Hurricane Sandy: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,280,894 edits
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Who}}
→‎Connection to global warming: kennvido is correct, this is undue political commentary by axe grinders with no peer review to back up any specific claim
Line 256: Line 256:
{{main|Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Canada}}
{{main|Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Canada}}
The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105&nbsp;km/h (63&nbsp;mph). A 121&nbsp;km/h (72&nbsp;mph) gust was measured on top of the [[Bluewater Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/SWS_bulletins_e.html?prov=on|title=Ontario - Special Weather Statements - Environment Canada |publisher=Weatheroffice.gc.ca|date=July 30, 2012|accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref> One woman was killed after being hit by a piece of flying debris in [[Toronto]].<ref name="debris" /> At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power as of the morning of October 30,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandy leaves 145,000 Canadians without power, one dead|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/30/us-storm-sandy-canada-idUSBRE89S12Y20121030|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/10/31/sandy-canada-storm.html Hydro worker killed during Sandy repairs in Ontario]</ref> Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the [[Laurentides]] region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the [[Eastern Townships]] and 1,700 customers in [[Montreal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=32,000 still without power in Quebec because of Sandy|url=http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/32-000-still-without-power-in-quebec-because-of-sandy-1.1016479|publisher=CTV Montreal|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> Hundreds of flights were canceled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Sandy grounds all Porter flights from Toronto's island airport|url=http://metronews.ca/news/toronto/420869/hurricane-sandy-grounds-all-porter-flights-from-torontos-island-airport/|publisher=Metro|accessdate=October 30, 2012}}</ref> Around 14,000 customers in [[Nova Scotia]] lost power during the height of the storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Superstorm Sandy's death toll climbs; millions without power across the East U.S.|url=http://www.thespec.com/news/world/article/827825--superstorm-sandy-s-death-toll-climbs-millions-without-power-across-the-east-u-s|publisher=Hamilton Spectator|accessdate= October 31, 2012}}</ref>
The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105&nbsp;km/h (63&nbsp;mph). A 121&nbsp;km/h (72&nbsp;mph) gust was measured on top of the [[Bluewater Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/SWS_bulletins_e.html?prov=on|title=Ontario - Special Weather Statements - Environment Canada |publisher=Weatheroffice.gc.ca|date=July 30, 2012|accessdate=October 31, 2012}}</ref> One woman was killed after being hit by a piece of flying debris in [[Toronto]].<ref name="debris" /> At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power as of the morning of October 30,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sandy leaves 145,000 Canadians without power, one dead|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/30/us-storm-sandy-canada-idUSBRE89S12Y20121030|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/10/31/sandy-canada-storm.html Hydro worker killed during Sandy repairs in Ontario]</ref> Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the [[Laurentides]] region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the [[Eastern Townships]] and 1,700 customers in [[Montreal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=32,000 still without power in Quebec because of Sandy|url=http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/32-000-still-without-power-in-quebec-because-of-sandy-1.1016479|publisher=CTV Montreal|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> Hundreds of flights were canceled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Sandy grounds all Porter flights from Toronto's island airport|url=http://metronews.ca/news/toronto/420869/hurricane-sandy-grounds-all-porter-flights-from-torontos-island-airport/|publisher=Metro|accessdate=October 30, 2012}}</ref> Around 14,000 customers in [[Nova Scotia]] lost power during the height of the storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Superstorm Sandy's death toll climbs; millions without power across the East U.S.|url=http://www.thespec.com/news/world/article/827825--superstorm-sandy-s-death-toll-climbs-millions-without-power-across-the-east-u-s|publisher=Hamilton Spectator|accessdate= October 31, 2012}}</ref>

==Connection to global warming==

{{Undue|Section|date=November 2012}}

According to [[NCAR]]'s Dr. Kenneth Trenberth, ”The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be….” <ref>{{cite journal|last=Trenberth|first=Kevin|title=Distinguished Senior Scientist in the Climate Analysis Section at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.|journal=Climatic Change|year=2012|month=March|doi=10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/0008xl84w0743102/fulltext.pdf}}</ref> In the case of Hurricane Sandy two important factors contributing to the size and strength of the storm are unusually warm ocean surface temperatures and an increase in [[Block (meteorology)|blocking patterns]].<ref name=SurfTemps>{{cite web|last=Trenberth|first=Dr. Kevin|title=Hurricane Sandy mixes super-storm conditions with climate change|url=http://theconversation.edu.au/hurricane-sandy-mixes-super-storm-conditions-with-climate-change-10388|publisher=The Conversation|accessdate=10-29-12}}, "The sea surface temperatures along the Atlantic coast have been running at over 3C above normal for a region extending 800km off shore all the way from Florida to Canada. Global warming contributes 0.6C to this. With every degree C, the water holding of the atmosphere goes up 7%, and the moisture provides fuel for the tropical storm, increases its intensity, and magnifies the rainfall by double that amount compared with normal conditions."</ref><ref name=Blocking>{{cite news|last=Marshall|first=Michael|title=Slow-moving hurricanes such as Sandy on the rise|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22438-slowmoving-hurricanes-such-as-sandy-on-the-rise.html|accessdate=10-29-12|newspaper=New Scientist|date=10-29-12}}, "'Sandy is expected to linger for days, thanks to ''blocking patterns'' that make weather systems move slowly. Climate change will create more such situations in future', says [[Kerry Emanuel]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]."</ref> Global warming science has been projecting both of these phenomena to occur with greater intensity and frequency.<ref name=SurfTemps/><ref name=Blocking/> Some{{Who|date=November 2012}} climate scientists illustrate the connection between global warming and extreme weather by comparing it to the odds of home runs being hit by baseball players on steroids.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steroids, baseball, and climate change|url=http://www2.ucar.edu/atmosnews/attribution/steroids-baseball-climate-change|publisher=NCAR & UCAR Science}}</ref>

Mark Fischetti of ''[[Scientific American]]'' argued that scientists too often "hedge" their arguments about the connection between climate change and extreme weather by arguing that climate change increases the probability of severe events instead of directly associating a specific event with climate change. He argues that a direct association can be made between Sandy and climate change. Fischetti states that the melting of Arctic ice causes a negative [[North Atlantic Oscillation]], which fueled the expansion of Sandy by pushing the jet stream South.<ref>{{cite web|title=Did Climate Change Cause Hurricane Sandy?|last=Fischetti|first=Mark|date=October 30, 2012|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/10/30/did-climate-change-cause-hurricane-sandy/}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 02:36, 2 November 2012

Hurricane Sandy
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Sandy at peak intensity on October 25, 2012
FormedOctober 22, 2012[2]
DissipatedOctober 31, 2012[1]
(extratropical after October 29)
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 110 mph (175 km/h)
Lowest pressure940 mbar (hPa); 27.76 inHg
Fatalities160
DamageAt least $20.4 billion (2012 USD)
Areas affectedGreater Antilles, Bahamas, most of the eastern United States (especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States and New England), Bermuda, eastern Canada
Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Sandy was a tropical cyclone that severely affected portions of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States in late October 2012, with lesser impacts in the Southeastern and Midwestern states and eastern Canada. In diameter, it was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, with winds spanning 1,100 miles (1,800 km).[3][4] The eighteenth tropical cyclone and named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, Sandy is estimated in early calculations to have caused damage of at least $20 billion (2012 USD).[5] Preliminary estimates of losses that include business interruption surpass $50 billion (2012 USD).[6]

Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22. It became a tropical depression, quickly strengthened, and was upgraded to a tropical storm six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified. On October 24, Sandy was upgraded to a hurricane, shortly before making landfall in Jamaica. Upon moving farther north, Sandy re-entered water and made its second landfall in Cuba during the early morning of October 25 as a Category 2 hurricane. During the late evening of October 25, Sandy weakened to Category 1 strength; in the early hours of October 26, it headed north through the Bahamas.[7] Sandy began to show some characteristics of both tropical and extratropical cyclones on October 26.[8] Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm in the early morning hours of October 27, then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane later that morning. Just before 8 a.m. EDT on October 29, Sandy turned to the north-northwest and started to make its expected approach towards the U.S. coast. At 7 p.m. EDT that evening, Sandy was declared a post-tropical cyclone, while still maintaining Category 1 strength.[9] Sandy made its final landfall 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Atlantic City, New Jersey at about 8 p.m. EDT on October 29.[10]

In the United States, Hurricane Sandy affected at least 24 states, from Florida to New England, with tropical storm force winds stretching far inland and mountain snows in West Virginia. The cyclone brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, flooding numerous streets, tunnels and subway lines in Lower Manhattan, Staten Island, Coney Island, the Rockaways and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity to parts of the city and its suburbs, especially Zone A areas near waterways which were issued evacuation orders.[11] Severe damage occurred in New Jersey, especially in the communities along the Jersey Shore.[12]

Meteorological history

Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Sandy
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Hurricane Sandy developed at 1500 UTC on October 22, when the National Hurricane Center (NHC) initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen to the south of Kingston, Jamaica. The system developed from an area of low pressure and had organized convection.[13] It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north. Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening,[13] becoming Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 22.[14] Early on October 24, an eye began developing, and it was moving steadily northward due to an approaching trough.[15] Later that day, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 65 mi (105 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.[16] At about 1900 UTC that day, Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 80 mph (130 km/h).[17] Just offshore Cuba, Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 110 mph (175 km/h),[18] and at that intensity it made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 UTC on October 25.[19]

After Sandy exited Cuba, the structure became disorganized,[20] and it turned to the north-northwest over the Bahamas.[21] By October 27, Sandy was no longer fully tropical, and despite strong shear, it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast.[22] After briefly weakening to a tropical storm,[23] Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane,[24] and on October 28 an eye began redeveloping.[25] The storm moved around an upper-level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada, turning it to the northwest.[26] Sandy reached a secondary peak of 90 mph (150 km/h) on October 29, around which time it had a wind diameter of over 1,000 nautical miles (1,150 mi, 1,850 km).[27] The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast,[28] and the hurricane was no longer tropical by 2300 UTC on October 29.[29] An hour later, Sandy made landfall about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of Atlantic City,[30] with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[31] The remnants weakened over Pennsylvania, degenerating into a remnant trough on October 31. [32]

Preparations

Caribbean

After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island.[33] Early on October 23, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued.[34] At 3 p.m. UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued.[35]

Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22, the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti.[36] By late October 23, it was modified to a tropical storm warning.[37] The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23.[35] Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.[38]

The Government of the Bahamas, at 1500 UTC on October 23, issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands, including the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island.[35] Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence.[38] By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.[39]

Bermuda

At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda, reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the anticipated wide-reaching impacts.[40]

United States

White House conference with FEMA and Department of Homeland Security in preparation for arrival of the hurricane.

Much of the East Coast of the United States in the Mid-Atlantic and New England states had a good chance of receiving gale-force winds, flooding, heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm producing a Fujiwhara effect.[41] Government weather forecasters said there was a 90% chance (the chance having increased from 60% on October 24), that the East Coast would be impacted by the storm. Some media outlets began referring to the expected combination of the tropical system and storm front under the nickname "Frankenstorm."[42] As coverage continued, many outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm",[43] with CNN in particular declaring an embargo on the use of the term "Frankenstorm" in its reporting, citing sensitivity concerns.[44] Utilities and governments along the East Coast attempted to head off long-term power failures as a result of Sandy. Power companies from the Southeast to New England alerted independent contractors to be ready to assist to fix storm damaged equipment quickly and are asking employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University, using a computer model built on power outage data from previous hurricanes, conservatively forecast that 10 million customers along the Eastern Seaboard would lose power from Sandy.[45] In New Jersey, where the storm was expected to come ashore, Jersey Central Power & Light told employees to be prepared for extended shifts.[46]

Through regional offices in Atlanta, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) will continuously monitor Sandy and will remain in close coordination with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the potentially affected Southeast, Mid-Atlantic and New England states.[47] President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy, allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm.[48] Amtrak canceled some services through October 29 in preparation for the storm.[49]

Flight cancellations and alerts for travel on the U.S. East Coast were put in place in the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas.[50] Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were cancelled by the afternoon of October 28.[51] The National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states were put on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy.[52]

Florida

Sandy brought tropical-storm force winds and rain to South Florida from October 25–27,[53][54] causing schools to close in Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties.[55] Schools on the Treasure Coast also announced closures for October 26, in anticipation of Sandy.[56] Storm surge from Sandy also caused flooding and beach erosion along coastal areas in the South Florida.[57]

North Carolina

On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 eastern counties in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy, taking effect October 27.[58] By Monday, October 29, the state of emergency was extended to 24 counties in western North Carolina, with up to a foot of snow attributed to Sandy anticipated in higher elevations. The National Park Service closed at least five sections of the Blue Ridge Parkway.[59]

Virginia

The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty seven ships and forces to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their protection.[60] Governor McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm.[61] Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy. Vice President Joe Biden cancelled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire.[62] President Barack Obama cancelled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29, as well as a trip to Colorado Springs, Colorado, the next day because of the impending storm, and said he will remain in Washington D.C.[63]

Washington, D.C.

On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency.[64] That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia also declared states of emergency in preparation of the approaching storm.[60]

The United States Office of Personnel Management announced federal offices in the Washington, D.C. area would be closed to the public on October 29–30.[65] In addition, Washington D.C. Metro service, both rail and bus, was canceled on October 29 due to expected high winds, the likelihood of widespread power outages, and the closing of the federal government.[66] President Obama declared a state of emergency for the District of Columbia.[67] The Smithsonian Institution closed for the day of October 29.[68]

Maryland

On October 27, Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police, Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas, and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan.[69][70][71] Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. has been putting workers on standby and making plans to bring in crews from other states.[46] On October 28, President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts.[72] Also, numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City, Worcester County, Wicomico County, and Somerset County.[73][74] As of October 27, 2012, there are serious possibilities that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam may be eventually poured into the Chesapeake Bay, posing a potential environmental threat.[75]

The Maryland Transportation Authority canceled all service for October 29 and October 30. The cancellations applied to buses, light rail, Amtrak and MARC train service.[76] On October 29, six shelters opened in Baltimore and early voting was cancelled for the day.[68] Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date.[77] On October 29, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge and Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River were closed to traffic in the midday hours.[78]

Delaware

On October 28, Governor Markell declared a state of emergency, with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated. Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding.[79] Delaware roads will be closed to the public after 5 a.m., except for emergency and essential personnel.[80] Tolls on I-95 and Delaware Route 1 in the state have been waived.[81]

New Jersey

Airmen of the New Jersey National Guard's 108th Wing are processed before being sent to assist at various emergency shelters.

In Cape May County, New Jersey, officials advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate on October 26, becoming a mandatory evacuation on October 28. There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking, Bay Head, Barnegat Light, Beach Haven, Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, Ship Bottom, and Stafford in Ocean County.[82][83][84] Jersey Central Power & Light has told employees to be prepared for extended shifts. Most schools, colleges and universities were closed October 29, and at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30.[46][85]

Governor Chris Christie issued mandatory evacuations for all barrier islands from Sandy Hook to Cape May, along with the closure of all Atlantic City casinos. Tolls were suspended on the northbound Garden State Parkway and the westbound Atlantic City Expressway starting at 6 a.m. on October 28.[86] President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey. The declaration allows the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken prior to Sandy's landfall.[87] On October 28, Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer ordered an evacuation of all basement and street level residential units, due to possible flooding.[88] On October 29, a mandatory evacuation was put in effect for all residents in Logan Township.[89] On October 29, Sandy made landfall near Atlantic City.[90]

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low-lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their home by 2 p.m. EDT October 28 and move to safer ground.[91] The Philadelphia International Airport suspended all flight operations for October 29.[92] On October 29, Philadelphia shut down its mass transit system.[68] On October 28, Harrisburg Mayor Linda D. Thompson declared a state of disaster emergency for the city to go into effect at 5 a.m. October 29. Electric utilities in the state are bringing in crews and equipment from other states like New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma, to assist with restoration efforts.[93]

New York

Avenue C in Manhattan's East Village was flooded shortly before a massive explosion at the Consolidated Edison power substation on the street took out power to the neighborhood[94]

On October 28, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. He also asked for a pre-disaster declaration to better access federal assistance.[95] Nassau County Executive Ed Mangano ordered voluntary evacuations of the South Shore storm surge area, which includes the area south of Sunrise Highway and north of Route 25A and in elevations 15 feet above sea level or less on the North Shore.[96] Shelters were opened at Nassau Community College, Levittown Memorial High School, Locust Valley High School and SUNY Old Westbury.

In Suffolk County, mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Fire Island and in surge zone areas in Babylon, Islip, Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southampton and Southold. Shelters were opened at Hampton Bays High School, Sachem East High School, and the Brentwood High School Sonderling Building.[97] Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29, including Nassau Community College, Molloy College, Hofstra University and Adelphi University.[98] On October 28, President Obama signed an emergency declaration for the state of New York.[99] The Metro-North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road suspended service beginning 7 p.m. October 27, which has not been fully restored as of November 2.[100] The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed October 29 at 4 p.m. EDT due to wind conditions.[101]

New York City
Portions of the FDR Drive remained flooded on the Tuesday morning after the storm

On October 26 Mayor Michael Bloomberg originally told reporters that the city had begun taking precautions but that at that time there was no call for mandatory evacuations and no plans to suspend the city's mass transit or cancel school. But on October 28 Governor Cuomo ordered the MTA including the subway closed, and in a press conference immediately after Cuomo's announcement, Mayor Bloomberg ordered public schools closed on October 29.[102] He also ordered mandatory evacuations for Zone A, which comprises Lower Manhattan, the Coney Island-Brighton Beach-Red Hook areas of Brooklyn, the entire Rockaways peninsula, most of Staten Island, and the City Island/Throg's Neck areas of the Bronx. All these areas are near coastlines or waterways.[103] On October 28, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan, with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit during Hurricane Irene in August 2011. More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city.[95]

The MTA announced that all subway, bus and commuter rail service would be suspended, beginning at 7 p.m. EDT on October 28.[104] Bus service had largely been restored by October 31, with subway service partially restored by November 1.

All PATH train service and stations were shutdown at 12:01 a.m., October 29.[102] 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city. All bus carriers at the Port Authority Bus Terminal closed at 3 a.m., October 29.[105] U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29–30.[106]

All state courts were closed on October 29, except for arraignments and emergency applications. NYU Langone Medical Center cancelled all surgeries and medical procedures, except for emergency procedures.[105] Additionally, one of NYU Langone Medical Center's backup generatiors failed on October 29, 2012, prompting the evacuation of hundreds of patients, including those from the hospital's various intensive care units.[107] Major carriers canceled all flights into and out of JFK, LaGuardia and Newark-Liberty airports. Broadway theaters cancelled all October 28 evening and October 29 performances.[100]

Grand Central Terminal, Central Park and Battery Park were closed on October 29. The Holland Tunnel and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel closed at 2 p.m. EDT on October 29. The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed later on that day.[108][109] All NYC schools were closed for the week of the hurricane.

New England

Flooding in Marblehead, Massachusetts, caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29.

Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy partially activated the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26[110] and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.[111] On October 28, President Obama approved Connecticut's request for an emergency declaration, and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed.[112] On October 29, Governor Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways.[113] Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut.[114]

Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close. On October 28, President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts. Several shelters were opened, and many schools were closed.[115][116] On October 28, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin, New Hampshire Governor John Lynch, and Maine's Governor Paul LePage all declared states of emergency.[68][117][118]

Appalachia and the Midwest

Great Lakes region

Flood warnings were issued in Chicago for Lake Michigan on October 29. Wave heights were expected to reach 18 to 23 feet along the Cook County shoreline and could also top 25 feet in northwest Indiana.[119]

The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet, and possibly as high as 38 feet. Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet, with a potential of 33 feet on October 30. Michigan is being impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west, mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy.[120] The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes, as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds, while those more prepared for extreme weather (especially salties, or sea-going vessels) continued toward their destinations on the lakes.[121][122] 120,000 people were without power in southeast Michigan the morning of the October 30, with winds gusting to 50 mph.[123][124] Detroit-based DTE Energy says it has released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response. Also CMS Energy Corp.'s Consumers Energy unit says the storm has also affected 1,200 of its 1.8 million Michigan customers.[125] Consumers Energy says it has released more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees to assist in the eastern U.S.[126] Due to the widespread power outages, numerous schools had to close due to not having power, most being located in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit. Wave heights on Lake Huron were reported to have reached 23 feet on the south side of the lake. Heights of 24 to 35 feet have been predicted.[125]

Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31, and waves of 33 feet in Milwaukee and 20 feet in Sheboygan are predicted for October 30.

The village of Pleasant Prairie urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area.[127]

Appalachian Mountains region

Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland. Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus.[128] As far as the state's western edge, areas were under a wind advisory.[129] All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 pm.[130] Gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour (109 km/h).[131] Hundreds of school districts cancelled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power.[128] Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding.[131] Several roads in Cleveland were closed including Interstate 90 westbound due to waves from Lake Erie crashing on the road.[132][133]

West Virginia Governor Tomblin declared a state of emergency ahead of storm on October 29.[134] Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6-0.9m) of snow forecast for mountainous areas of the state.[135]

Canada

The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement on Hurricane Sandy on October 25 from Southern Ontario to the Canadian Maritimes,[136] with the potential for rain and snow.[137] On October 29, Environment Canada issued severe wind warnings for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley corridor, from Southwestern Ontario as far as Quebec City.[138] On October 30, Environment Canada issued storm surge warnings along the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.[139] Rainfall warnings were issued for the Charlevoix region in Quebec, as well as for Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Yarmouth County, Shelburne County, and Queens County in Nova Scotia, as 50 to 70 millimetres of rain can be expected.[140][141][142] Freezing rain warnings were issued for parts of Northern Ontario.[143]

Impact

Casualties and damages by country
Country Fatalities Missing Damage (in USD) Sources
 United States 90 1 >$20 billion (estimated) [144][145]
 Haiti 54 21 Unknown [146][147]
 Cuba 11 0 $80 million [144][148]
 Bahamas 2 0 $300 million (estimated) [144][149]
 Canada 2 0 Unknown [150][151]
 Dominican Republic 2 0 Unknown [144]
 Jamaica 1 0 $16.5 million [144]
 Bermuda 0 0 Unknown [144]
Total 162 22 >$20.4 billion (estimated)

At least 162 people have been confirmed killed across the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the Bahamas, as a result of the storm.[144][146][150][152][153]

Caribbean

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in the Greater Antilles

Sandy was the first hurricane to directly hit Jamaica since Hurricane Gilbert, 24 years prior. Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged, both from the winds and flooding rains. More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica's southern coast.[154] Stones falling from a hillside crushed one man to death as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston.[155] The country's sole electricity provider, the Jamaica Public Service Company, reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power. More than 1,000 people went to shelters. Jamaican authorities closed the island's international airports, and police ordered 48-hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting.[156] Most buildings in the eastern portion of the island lost their roofs.[157] Damage totaled $16.5 million throughout the country.[144]

In Haiti, which was still recovering from both the 2010 earthquake and the ongoing cholera outbreak, at least 52 people have died,[158] and an estimated 200,000 were left homeless as of late Monday October 29, as a result of four days of ongoing rain from Hurricane Sandy.[159] Heavy damage occurred in Port-Salut after rivers overflowed their banks.[160] In the capital of Port-au-Prince, streets were flooded by the heavy rains, and it was reported that "the whole south of the country is underwater".[161] Most of the tents and buildings in the city's sprawling refugee camps and the Cité Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking, a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac.[157] Crops were also wiped out by the storm and the country would be making an appeal for emergency aid.[162] In the neighboring Dominican Republic, two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated.[144] An employee of CNN estimated 70% of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded.[163] One person was killed in Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river.[144]

Hurricane Sandy damage in Guantanamo Bay

At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy's arrival.[164] While moving ashore, the storm produced waves up to 29 feet (9 meters) and a 6 foot (2 meter) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding.[165] There was widespread damage, particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged, of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof.[148] Electricity and water services were knocked out, and most of the trees in the city were damaged. Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province reached CUP2.1 billion (US$80 million).[148] Sandy killed 11 people in the country – nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses.[166][167] This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005, when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people.[168]

Bahamas

A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph (74 km/h) and a wind gust of 63 mph (102 km/h).[169] One person died from falling off his roof while attempting to fix a window shutter in the Lyford Cay area on New Providence. Another died in the Queen's Cove area on Grand Bahama Island where he drowned after the sea surge trapped him in his apartment.[144] Portions of the Bahamas lost power or cellular service, including an islandwide power outage on Bimini. Five homes were severely damaged near Williams's Town.[170]

United States

Damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey

Over twenty states were in one way or another affected by Sandy in the United States. The hurricane caused billions of dollars in damage in the United States, destroyed thousands of homes, left millions without electric service, and killed dozens.

Due to flooding and other storm-related problems, Amtrak cancelled all Acela Express, Northeast Regional, Keystone Service and Shuttle services on October 29 and 30.[171][172] More than 13,000 flights were canceled across the U.S. on October 29, and more than 3,500 were called off October 30.[173] From October 27 through early November 1, airlines cancelled a total of 19,729 flights, according to FlightAware.[174]

As of early morning on November 1, just over 4.8 million customers remained without power in 15 states and the District of Columbia, according to a CNN tally. The states with the most customers without power are New Jersey with 1,983,694 customers; New York with 1,514,147; Pennsylvania with 526,934; and Connecticut with 352,286.[175]

Storm damage was projected to exceed $20 billion, meaning it could be one of the costliest natural disasters in recent U.S. history.[176][177]

The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two-day closure for storm.[178] More than 1,500 FEMA personnel are along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations, including search and rescue, situational awareness, communications and logistical support. In addition, 28 teams comprised of 294 FEMA Corps members are pre-staged to support Sandy responders. Three federal urban search and rescue task forces are positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed.[179]

Southeast

Florida

High winds and waves washed sand onto coastal roads in southeastern Florida. The storm left power outages across the region, which left many traffic lights out of order.[180] The Coast Guard rescued two sea men in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on the morning of October 26.[181] Brevard and Volusia Counties schools cancelled all extracurricular activities for October 26, including football.[182] In east-central Florida, damage was minor, though the storm left about 1,000 people without power.[183] Airlines at Miami International Airport canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or the Bahamas, while some airlines flying from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport cancelled a total of 13 flights to the islands.[60]

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission is looking for two juvenile panthers after a tree knocked over by Sandy's winds broke the enclosure housing the two cats at the White Oak Conservation Center in Yulee.[184]

North Carolina
The Bounty, a 180-foot sailing ship, is shown submerged in the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Sandy approximately 90 miles southeast of Hatteras, N.C., Monday, October 29, 2012.

On October 28, Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties due to snow and strong winds.[185]

North Carolina was spared from major damage through the late evening hours of October 28, though winds, rain, and inland snow could affect the state through October 30. Ocracoke and Highway 12 on Hatteras Island were flooded with up to 2 feet (0.6 m) of water, closing part of the highway, while 20 people on a fishing trip were stranded on Portsmouth Island.[186]

On October 29, the Coast Guard responded to a distress call from the Bounty, which was built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty. It was taking on water about 90 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras. Sixteen people were on board.[187] The Coast Guard said the 16 people abandoned ship and got into two lifeboats, wearing survival suits and life jackets.[188] The ship sank after the crew got off. As of mid-morning on October 29, the Coast Guard rescued 14. Another crew member was found hours later but was unresponsive and died later on. The only one still missing was the captain.[176][189] On November 1, the Coast Guard suspended its search for Robin Walbridge the captain of the Bounty. The search lasted more than 90 hours, covering approximately 12,000 square nautical miles in the Atlantic Ocean.[190]

Virginia

On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.[135] Gov McDonnell said on October 30 that Virginia was "spared a significant event," but cited concerns about rivers cresting as flood waters go into the major arteries. Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration, with Gov McDonnell saying he was "delighted" that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately. At Sandy's peak, 200,000 customers were without power, and in Northern Virginia where most of the outages occurred 92,000 customers were still without power on October 30; the local utility intended to restore full service by 1 November.[191]

Mid-Atlantic

Washington, D.C.

The Supreme Court did not convene on Tuesday, October 30.[192] For the second day in a row, the United States Government Office of Personnel Management closed federal offices in the Washington D.C. area to the public, also on October 30. Schools will be closed for a second day October 30.[193] MARC train and Virginia Railway Express are not running October 30, but on that day Metro rail and bus service will begin at 2 p.m., with all lines operating on a Sunday schedule until the system closes.[194]

Maryland

At least 100 feet of a fishing pier at the beach resort of Ocean City was destroyed. Governor Martin O'Malley said the pier is "half-gone."[195] Due to high winds, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was closed, and subsequently opened. The Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge on I-95 across the Susquehanna River was closed; it was unclear whether this is the first time the Tydings Bridge has been closed.[196]

Due to flooding, the Mayor of the City of Salisbury instituted a Civil Emergency and instituted a curfew beginning at 7pm on October 29 through 10am October 30.[197] I-68 in far western Maryland and northern West Virginia closed due to impassable roads from heavy snow. Multiple vehicles are stranded on the interstate and the National Guard was sent out to help.[198] Workers in Howard County, Maryland tried to stop a sewage overflow caused by a power outage October 30. Raw sewage spilled at a rate of 2 million gallons per hour. It was unclear how much sewage had flowed into the Little Patuxent River.[199] The Chesapeake Bay Bridge, which had been closed because of Sandy's high winds, reopened the morning of October 30.[194]

Delaware

Rainfall at Rehoboth Beach totaled 6.53 inches inches by early afternoon, with nearly 7 inches at Indian River Inlet and more than 4 inches in Dover and Bear. At 4 p.m., Delmarva Power reported on its website that more than 13,900 customers in Delaware and Maryland's Eastern Shore had lost electric service as high winds brought down trees and power lines. About 3,500 of those are in New Castle County, 2,900 in Sussex and more than a hundred in Kent County. The Delaware Electric Cooperative reported more than 1,800 customers out in Kent and Sussex, with the longest outage nearly 6 hours. The Delaware Memorial Bridge speed limit was reduced to 25 mph and the two outer lanes in each direction were closed. Officials plan to close the span entirely if sustained winds exceed 50 mph. President Obama declared Delaware a federal disaster area, providing money and agencies for disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. Delaware Route 1 is now closed by flooding from Dewey Beach to Fenwick Island. Water a foot or two deep is reported in Dewey. A wind gust of 64 mph was measured at Lewes just before 2:30 p.m.[200]

New Jersey
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New Jersey
Flooding and damage along Albany Avenue in Atlantic City

A 50-foot piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away. Half the city of Hoboken flooded; the city of 50,000 had to evacuate two of its fire stations and the city's Mayor asked for National Guard help.[176] In the early morning of October 30, authorities in Bergen County, New Jersey, evacuated residents after a berm overflowed and flooded several communities. Police Chief of Staff Jeanne Baratta said there were up to 5 feet of water in the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry. The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues were undertaken in Carlstadt.[201] Baratta said the three towns had been "devastated" by the flood of water.[202]

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter said the city will have no mass transit operations on any lines October 30.[179] All major highways in and around the city of Philadelphia were closed on October 29 during the Hurricane, including Interstate 95, the Blue Route portion of Interstate 476, the Vine Street Expressway, Schuylkill Expressway (I-76), and U.S. Route 1.[203] The highways reopened at 4 a.m. on October 30.[203] The Delaware River Port Authority also closed its major crossings over the Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey due to high winds, including the Commodore Barry Bridge, the Walt Whitman Bridge, the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge.[203] More than 1.2 million were reportedly left without power as a result of the storm.

New York
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York

Governor Cuomo has called up another 1,000 National Guard members to help in the state. One of the units at Indian Point nuclear power plant (Unit #3) was shut down around 10:45 p.m. October 29, because of external electrical grid issues according to plat operator Entergy.[204] Storm impacts in Upstate New York were much more limited than in New York City; there was some flooding and a few downed trees, but many fewer than during the Western and Northern NY Ice Storm of March 3–4, 1991.[205] Rochester area utilities reported slightly fewer than 19,000 customers without power, in seven counties.[206]

Large portions of the Manhattan borough of New York City were without electricity

Mayor Bloomberg announced New York City public schools will be closed Tuesday, October 30 and Wednesday, October 31.[207] CUNY and NYU have cancelled all classes and campus activities for October 30.[208] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days, the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985.[209] It was also the first two-day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888.[210]

The East River, shown from Manhattan's East River Park, had already swollen to its bank by 11 a.m. on October 29.

The East River overflowed its banks, flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan. Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft.[211] Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded as of October 30.[212] The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said early on October 30, that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108 year history of the New York City subway system.[213] Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site.[214]

New England

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New England
Destroyed billboard in Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts

Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer Cape Cod and Buzzards Bay.[215] Over 385,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts, and roads and buildings were flooded.[216] Over 100,000 customers lost power in Rhode Island.[217] Most of the damage was along the coastline, where some communities were flooded.[218] Mount Washington, New Hampshire saw the strongest measured wind gust from the storm at 140 mph.[219] Over 200,000 customers lost power in the state.[220][221][222]

Appalachia

West Virginia

Sandy's rain became snow in the Appalachian mountains when a dip in the polar jet stream sent a blast of Arctic air through the region. This would normally cause a Nor'easter, prompting some to dub Sandy a "nor'eastercane" or "Frankenstorm." [223] There were 1–3 feet of snowfall in 28 of the state's 52 counties with the highest snowfall reports from Sandy so far being 28 inches (as of 11 PM on October 30) at Davis, West Virginia and at Flat Top, West Virginia, 36 inches in Richwood, WV and 32 inches at Snowshoe.[224][225]

On October 30, President Obama approved a state of emergency declaration for the state.[226] On Wednesday morning, there were still 36 roads closed due to downed trees, powerlines, and snow in the road.[225] More than 200,000 customers lost power during the blizzard conditions.[227] A statement from the power company supplying the hardest hit region indicated that most West Virginians would have power restored by early the week after the storm, but it would be longer for customers in remote areas due to difficult terrain and heavy snow.[228]

John Rose, Sr., the Republican candidate for the state's 47th district in the state legislature, was killed in the aftermath of the storm by a falling tree limb broken off by the heavy snowfall.[229] There were six confirmed deaths as of the morning of November 1, including Mr. Rose. It is still difficult to assess the damage in the remote areas, accessible only by impassable back roads, that lost power and communications, but there are reports of collapsed buildings in several counties due to the sheer weight of the wet, heavy snow.[230]

Other Areas

Ohio

On October 30, at least 247,000 in northeast Ohio were without power, mostly in the Cleveland area. Many schools were closed or delayed as the hurricane brought high winds and the season's first snow to some parts of the state overnight.[231]

Michigan

DTE Energy said that more than 120,000 customers lost power, and Consumers Energy reported the same for 1,200 of its customers. The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet high were reported on southern Lake Huron.[232]

Kentucky

The greatest area impacted was the Eastern region of the state where more than a foot of snow fell as Sandy merged with an Arctic front.[233]

Bermuda

Owing to the sheer size of the storm, Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains. On October 28, an F1 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish, damaging homes and businesses.[234] During a three-day span, the storm produced 0.98 in (25 mm) of rain at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The strongest winds were recorded on October 29: sustained winds reached 37 mph (60 km/h) and gusts peaked at 58 mph (93 km/h).[235]

Canada

Main article: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in Canada

The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, where gusts were measured at 105 km/h (63 mph). A 121 km/h (72 mph) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge.[236] One woman was killed after being hit by a piece of flying debris in Toronto.[150] At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power as of the morning of October 30,[237] and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power.[238] Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm, with nearly 40,000 of those in the Laurentides region of the province, as well as more than 4,000 customers in the Eastern Townships and 1,700 customers in Montreal.[239] Hundreds of flights were canceled.[240] Around 14,000 customers in Nova Scotia lost power during the height of the storm.[241]

See also

Wikinews has related news:

References

  1. ^ "Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 36". College Park, MD: Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. October 31, 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  2. ^ "Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1". Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. October 22, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  3. ^ "Sandy Brings Hurricane-Force Gusts After New Jersey Landfall". Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  4. ^ "Sandy Becomes Largest Atlantic Storm on Path to Northeast". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  5. ^ "Roger Pielke: Hurricanes and Human Choice". WSJ. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  6. ^ "Eqecat sees Sandy insured losses up to $20 billion in U.S." Reuters. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  7. ^ "Hurricane Sandy storms through Bahamas, Central Florida on alert". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  8. ^ "HURRICANE SANDY DISCUSSION NUMBER 19". Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19. Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. 26 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012. (...) SANDY IS SHOWING CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYBRID CYCLONE THIS EVENING. (...)
  9. ^ "Post-Tropical Cyclone SANDY Update Statement". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  10. ^ "NOAA NHC Update". National Hurricane Center. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  11. ^ "Superstorm Sandy causes at least 9 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast", CNN
  12. ^ "Eli Manning deals with Superstorm Sandy flooding". National Football League. 2012-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  13. ^ a b Robbie Berg; Lixion Avila (2012-10-22). Tropica I LIKE HUGE CCAWQKl Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
  14. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-22). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
  15. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-24). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  16. ^ Michael Brennan (2012-10-24). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  17. ^ Todd Kimberlain; James Franklin (2002-10-24). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  18. ^ Stewart, Stacy (October 25, 2012). "October 25 12:30 a.m. EDT". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  19. ^ Stacy Stewart; Dave Roberts (October 25, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  20. ^ Michael Brennan (2012-10-25). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 14 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  21. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-26). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 15 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  22. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-27). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  23. ^ Jack Beven (2012-10-27). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  24. ^ Daniel Brown (2012-10-27). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 21 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  25. ^ Stacy Stewart (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 25 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  26. ^ Richard Pasch; John Cangialosi (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 28 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  27. ^ Stacy Stewart (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 29 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  28. ^ Richard Knabb; James Franklin (2012-10-29). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 30 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  29. ^ Daniel Brown; Dave Roberts (2012-10-29). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  30. ^ Daniel Brown; Dave Roberts (2012-10-30). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  31. ^ Daniel Brown (2012-10-30). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 31 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  32. ^ Daniel Petersen; Andrew Orrison; Bruce Terry (2012-10-31). Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 36 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  33. ^ Robbie Berg; Lixion Avila (2012-10-22). Tropical Depression Eighteen Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Daniel Brown (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  35. ^ a b c Richard Pasch (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  36. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-22). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  37. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 5A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  38. ^ a b Richard Pasch (2012-10-23). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  39. ^ John Beven II (2012-10-24). Tropical Storm Sandy Advisory Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  40. ^ Richard Pasch (2012-10-26). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  41. ^ "Trick, no treat: Forecasters predict pre-Halloween freak hurricane-winter storm mix for East". Newser. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  42. ^ Borenstein, Seth. "East Coast braces for monster 'Frankenstorm'". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  43. ^ "Hurricane Sandy: Five Reasons It's a Superstorm". Associated Press. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  44. ^ Day, Patrick (October 26, 2012). "No 'Frankenstorm' for CNN". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |middle= ignored (help)
  45. ^ "Cause for concern: the 7 most alarming Hurricane Sandy images". Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  46. ^ a b c "Eastern utilities brace for expected super storm". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  47. ^ "Closely Monitoring Hurricane Sandy". FEMA. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  48. ^ "It's watch and wait as Hurricane Sandy approaches". News.blogs.cnn.com. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  49. ^ "Amtrak begins to cancel some service in advance of Hurricane Sandy". Amtrak. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  50. ^ "Hurricane Sandy wreaks havoc on airline flights". The Wall St. Journal. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  51. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Flight Cancellations: Thousands Of Flights Canceled Due To Storm". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  52. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Barrels Northward, May Hit New Jersey". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  53. ^ Hurricane Sandy brings windy Friday to South Florida published 2012-10-26 by NBC 6 South Florida (www.nbcmiami.com). Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  54. ^ Hurricane Sandy shakes South Florida by the Miami Herald; retrieved 2012-10-30.
  55. ^ Hurricane Sandy forces cancellation of school athletic events in South Florida, by Christina Veiga, Miami Herald. Published 2012-10-25, retrieved 2012-10-30.
  56. ^ "UPDATED: Hurricane Sandy closings and cancellations". cbs12.com. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  57. ^ Ocean's wrath floods neighborhoods, rips up beaches by David Fleshler and Robert Nolin, South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Published 2012-10-28; retrieved 2012-10-30.
  58. ^ "Perdue declares state of emergency before Sandy arrives". WRAL.com. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  59. ^ "Perdue declares state of emergency for Western NC". WRAL.com. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  60. ^ a b c "Northeast in crosshairs of 'superstorm' Sandy". CNN.com. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  61. ^ "National Guard soldiers activated for Hurricane Sandy". Army Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  62. ^ "Hurricane Sandy scrambles campaign schedule, Romney cancels Virginia rallies". Fox News. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  63. ^ "Obama cancels stops in Virginia, Colorado because of storm". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  64. ^ "DC mayor declares state of emergency in anticipation of Hurricane Sandy". The Washington Post. October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  65. ^ "Federal Government Operating Status Washington D.C. Area". Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  66. ^ "Metro system to shut down on Monday". Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  67. ^ "President Obama signs state of emergency for nation's capital as Hurricane Sandy approaches". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  68. ^ a b c d "A state-by-state look at the East Coast superstorm". AP. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  69. ^ "Smith Island Evacuations Under Way". WBOC. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  70. ^ "Dorchester County Offering Shelter During Hurricane Sandy". WBOC. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  71. ^ "O.C. Implementing Phase I of Emergency Operations Plan". WBOC. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  72. ^ "Obama Signs Maryland Emergency Declaration". WBOC. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  73. ^ "Worcester County Issues Mandatory Evacuations". WMDT. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  74. ^ "Ocean City Declares Local State Of Emergency". WMDT. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  75. ^ Fears, Darryl (October 27, 2012). "Sandy poses environmental threat to Conowingo Dam". Washington Post.
  76. ^ "MTA Suspends Bus & Train Service On Monday; BWI Delaying & Canceling Flights Due To Hurricane Sandy". CBS News Baltimore. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  77. ^ "Insurance Commissioner Issues Emergency Regulation Regarding Prescriptions, Pharmacy Payments". Maryland Insurance Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  78. ^ "Chesapeake Bay Bridge Now Closed". WBOC TV. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  79. ^ "Sussex County Update on Hurricane Sandy". WBOC-TV. October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  80. ^ "Delaware roads closed to public after 5 a.m". 6 Action News. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  81. ^ "Tolls Waived on I-95 and Route One". State of Delaware. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  82. ^ Staff (October 27, 2012). "Ocean County towns issue voluntary evacuations". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  83. ^ "Shore towns issue voluntary evac orders". ABC7. October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  84. ^ Denise Di Stephan (October 26, 2012). "Bay Head and Mantoloking Advising Voluntary Evacuations. Mantoloking police department urging residents to leave ahead of Sandy". Point Pleasant Patch. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  85. ^ "Sandy makes landfall near Atlantic City; 348K N.J. homes without power". NewsWorks. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  86. ^ "Christie Declares State of Emergency; Orders Evacuations In Some Parts of N.J". CBS2. October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  87. ^ "President signs emergency declaration for NJ". Newsday. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  88. ^ "Hoboken mayor announces evacuation of all basements and street-level residences". NewJersey.com. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  89. ^ "Hurricane Sandy: Parts of Logan Township issued evacuation order".
  90. ^ "Sandy slams into NJ". 29 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Text "publisher:Washington Post" ignored (help)
  91. ^ "Philly Mayor Tells People in Flood-Prone Areas to Leave". NBC 10 Philadelphia. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  92. ^ "Phila. Airport flights to be suspended Monday". 6 Action News. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  93. ^ "Central Pennsylvania prepares for Hurricane Sandy". WITF TV. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  94. ^ VIDEO: Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant, DNA Info, October 29, 2012
  95. ^ a b "NYC shutting down transit, evacuating 375,000". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  96. ^ "Nassau County calls for evacuations in coastal areas". WABC TV. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  97. ^ "Evacuations on Long Island ahead of Sandy". WABC TV. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  98. ^ "Nassau Community, Molloy, Hofstra, Adelphi cancel classes". Valley Stream Herald. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  99. ^ "Obama Signs Emergency Declaration For State Of New York". CBS News New York. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  100. ^ a b "Hurricane Sandy forces mass transit closure, evacuations". MyFoxNY. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  101. ^ "3:15 p.m.: 'Tappan Zee Bridge to close at 4; 'Significant' storm surge expected to peak at midnight; Metro-North reports on tracks". lohud.com. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  102. ^ a b "New York City schools, transit close ahead of Sandy". WABC TV. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  103. ^ "NYC Evacuation Zones: Bloomberg Orders 'Zone A' Residents to Evacuate". AllMediaNY. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  104. ^ Mann, Ted. "New York City Subways to Shut Down". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  105. ^ a b "Transit Systems, Schools Plan Closings Ahead Of Sandy's Arrival". NY1. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  106. ^ October 29, 2012, 2:55 PM. "Sandy keeps financial markets closed Tuesday". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-10-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  107. ^ Superstorm Sandy Tests Hospital Preparedness by Katie Moisse and Sydney Lupkin, ABC News, October 30, 2012.
  108. ^ "Two key New York City tunnels closing; bridges open for now: A crane on the 75th floor of building 1 wtc on oct.29 2:30pm.governor". Reuters. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  109. ^ "Mass Transit, Schools Other Agencies Closed Ahead Of Sandy". CBS News New York. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  110. ^ "Governor Malloy to Partially Activate the State Emergency Operations Center at 8am Saturday". Hurricane Sandy News and Information. CT.gov. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  111. ^ "Gov. Malloy Signs Declaration of Emergency". Hurricane Sandy News and Information. CT.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  112. ^ "Obama approves pre-landfall emergency declaration for Connecticut". The Hour. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  113. ^ "All Connecticut highways closed as Sandy approaches". WABC TV. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  114. ^ "Town-By-Town Evacuations". October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  115. ^ "Mass. Braces For Hurricane Sandy". WBUR Radio. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  116. ^ "Boston's MBTA to shut down at 2 pm". Boston.com. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  117. ^ Goswami, Neal. "Vt. in state of emergency ahead of Sandy". The Bennington Banner. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  118. ^ Edwards, Holly. "Gov. LePage signs emergency declaration ahead of Sandy". penbaypilot.com. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  119. ^ "Sandy's Winds And Rain Cause Flood Warnings, Flight And Train Cancellations". CBS News Chicago. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  120. ^ "Shipping on Great Lakes, flights to East Coast stopped by storm | The Detroit News". detroitnews.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  121. ^ Greenwood, Tom (October 30, 2012). "Shipping on Great Lakes, flights to East Coast stopped by storm". The Detroit News. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  122. ^ Kuchera, Steve (October 30, 2012). "Storm slows shipping on Great Lakes". Duluth News Tribune. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  123. ^ "33,000 without power in SE Michigan, utilities on alert for wind-related outages". WXYZ. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  124. ^ Power still out for thousands, Port Huron Times Herald, October 30, 2012
  125. ^ a b "High winds knock out power in parts of Michigan". Clickondetroit.com. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  126. ^ "56K without power in SE Michigan, utilities on alert for wind-related outages". Wxyz.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  127. ^ Srubas, Paul (October 30, 2012). "Sandy's reach spreads to Wisconsin". Green Bay Press Gazette. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  128. ^ a b "Sandy brings high winds, snow to Ohio". Toledo Blade. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  129. ^ "Hurricane's winds, rain forcing local changes". WHIO-TV. October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  130. ^ "For travelers, superstorm Sandy's aggravation spans globe". Associated Press. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  131. ^ a b Buckingham, Lindsay (October 30, 2012). "Rock Hall Damaged by Superstorm". Fox 8 Cleveland. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  132. ^ "ODOT: I-90 from East 55th to Dead Man's Curve closed". WKYC. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  133. ^ "Outages, Road Closures, Weather Alerts". Fox 8 Cleveland. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  134. ^ "West Virginia Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin declares state of emergency ahead of storm's full brunt". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  135. ^ a b "Sandy brings snow to Virginia". Washington Post. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  136. ^ "Weather - Canadian Hurricane Information Statements". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
  137. ^ Thomson, Aly (October 28, 2012). "Heavy rain looms for Ontario and Quebec, plus snow possible early next week". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  138. ^ "Weather Warnings - Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. July 30, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  139. ^ "Southern Quebec - Weather Warnings - Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. July 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  140. ^ "Yarmouth County - Weather Warnings - Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  141. ^ "Shelburne County - Weather Warnings - Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  142. ^ "Queens County - Weather Warnings - Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  143. ^ "Weather Warnings - Environment Canada". Environment Canada. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  144. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "A look at Caribbean deaths and damage from Hurricane Sandy". The Washington Post. Associated Press. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  145. ^ "Storm's U.S. Death Toll Hits 90". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  146. ^ a b Watts, Jonathan (October 30, 2012). "Hurricane Sandy: Haiti in emergency aid plea as disaster piles upon disaster". The Guardian. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  147. ^ "Haiti storm death toll to 54; up to 71 for region". WAVY.com. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  148. ^ a b c Template:Es icon "'Sandy' deja daños por 2 mil 121 millones de pesos en Cuba". Notimex. El Universal. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  149. ^ "Haiti raises death toll from Hurricane Sandy to 54; regional deaths up to 71". Associated Press. Fox News. October 31, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  150. ^ a b c "Flying debris kills woman amid Toronto storm". Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  151. ^ "Sarnia, Ont., hydro worker dies repairing Sandy damage". Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  152. ^ "Sandy's death toll rises as Northeast begins recovery". USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  153. ^ "Sandy leaves many digging out, others drying out". RNN Staff. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  154. ^ "Weakened hurricane lashes Bahamas after 21 deaths". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  155. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Brings Heavy Flooding To Jamaica". Skynews. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  156. ^ "Hurricane Sandy pounds Jamaica, heads toward Cuba". Reuters. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  157. ^ a b "Soggy Jamaica cleaning up after Hurricane Sandy". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  158. ^ "A look at Caribbean deaths and damage from Hurricane Sandy". Washington Post. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  159. ^ Charles and Morgan, Jacqueline and Curtis. "Sandy's death toll climbs to 44 in Haiti". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  160. ^ "Hurricane Sandy pounds Jamaica, eyes U.S". CBS. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  161. ^ "65 dead as Hurricane Sandy crosses Caribbean; 'the whole south is under water,' says Haitian PM (with video)". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  162. ^ "Food Crisis, Cholera Feared in Haiti". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  163. ^ Castillo, Mariano; Almasy, Steve. "Sandy kills 11 in Cuba, then batters Bahamas". CNN. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  164. ^ "Hurricane Sandy growing stronger as it nears Cuba". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  165. ^ "Strengthening Hurricane Sandy slams into Cuba". Reuters. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  166. ^ "Cuban state media say 11 deaths in Hurricane Sandy". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  167. ^ "Hurricane Sandy leaves trail of destruction in Cuba". Trust.org. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  168. ^ "Hurricane Sandy rages through Bahamas, after killing 29 in the Caribbean, en route to US coast". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  169. ^ Richard Pasch. Hurricane Sandy Advisory Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  170. ^ "Btc Post Hurricane Update". The Tribune (Nassau). October 27, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  171. ^ "Amtrak Northeast Corridor Services Canceled on Monday, October 29". Amtrak. October 28, 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  172. ^ "Most Amtrak Service in the Northeast remains Suspended on Tuesday, October 30". Amtrak. October 29, 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  173. ^ "Catastrophic flooding hits Northeast as Sandy plows ashore". NBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  174. ^ "Sandy: Flight cancellations push 20,000, but start to ease". USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  175. ^ "Millions could face cold weekend from Sandy's power outages". CNN. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  176. ^ a b c "SUPERSTORM SANDY SLAMS INTO NEW JERSEY COAST". Associated Press. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  177. ^ "Sandy's Damage So Far: More than $20 Billion". The Atlantic. 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  178. ^ "Superstorm Sandy: 33 Dead and 8 Million Customers Without Power". ABC News. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  179. ^ a b "Vicious Superstorm Sandy Smashes U.S. Northeast Cities". newswire.com. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  180. ^ "South Florida cleans up after Sandy". WSVN-TV. October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  181. ^ "2 boaters rescued near New Smyrna Beach". Central Florida News 13. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  182. ^ "Hurricane Sandy cancels and postpones Brevard and Volusia County football on October 26. games". CFN13. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  183. ^ "Hurricane Sandy brings rain, strong winds to Central Florida". Click Orlando. October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  184. ^ "Panthers being tracked in Yulee after Sandy breaks enclosure". WJXX TV. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  185. ^ "Gov. Perdue Declares State of Emergency for 24 Western Counties". State of NC. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  186. ^ "Hatteras, Ocracoke get worst of Hurricane Sandy in NC". wral.com. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  187. ^ "Coast Guard Monitors Tall Ship in Distress off NC". ABC News. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  188. ^ "CREW OF TALL SHIP OFF NC ABANDONS SHIP". Associated Press. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  189. ^ "Hurricane Sandy sinks tall ship HMS Bounty". Yahoo News. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  190. ^ "Search halted for missing ship captain after 3 days scouring sea off NC; ship sank in Sandy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  191. ^ "Gov. McDonnell: Virginia 'Spared' in Hurricane Sandy Damage". Annandale Patch. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  192. ^ "Supreme Court won't convene on Tuesday due to storm: spokeswoman". Reuters. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  193. ^ "Federal Government Operating Status". United States Office of Personnel Management. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  194. ^ a b "Sandy leaves behind outages, flooded roads". WTOP FM. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  195. ^ "Sandy Damages Pier in Downtown Ocean City". Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  196. ^ "Md. governor: Bay Bridge closing to traffic". SFGate. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  197. ^ "Declaration of Civil Emergency" (PDF). City of Salisbury, Maryland. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  198. ^ "Sandy picks up speed, may make landfall in Delaware or southern NJ". Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  199. ^ "Sandy pummels West Virginia as grueling recovery begins on East Coast". CNN. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  200. ^ "Sandy picks up speed, may make landfall in Delaware or southern NJ".
  201. ^ "Thousands of people may need to be rescued from New Jersey dam break, Bergen County Police Chief of Staff says". CNN. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  202. ^ "Levee breaks in Northern New Jersey, floods three towns". Reuters. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  203. ^ a b c "Philadelphia area highways, bridges shut down". WPVI-TV. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  204. ^ "NUCLEAR PLANT SHUTS DOWN UNIT AS STORM HITS COAST". Associated Press. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  205. ^ "Storm takes a toll on area trees". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  206. ^ "Power outages in the Rochester area". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  207. ^ "Hurricane Sandy closures". New York Post. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  208. ^ "Follow live Hurricane Sandy updates from around the city". New York Post. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  209. ^ Andrew, Tangel (October 29, 2012). "Stock market to remain closed Tuesday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  210. ^ "Hurricane Sandy to keep stock markets shuttered Tuesday, Market Day". October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  211. ^ Long, Colleen (2012-10-29). "NEW YORK - Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstorm". TheState.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  212. ^ "TRACKING STORM In addition, an expensive Chelsea hotel's facade crumbled and collapsed leaving the interior on full display. However, no-one was hurt by the falling masonry. SANDY". Reuters. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  213. ^ "Worst disaster in NYC subway's history, says MTA chief". The Borneo Post. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  214. ^ "Superstorm Sandy: flood, wind damage and travel chaos in New York City". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  215. ^ "Highest Winds from Sandy in Massachusetts". WCVB.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  216. ^ "High winds, rain knock out power to thousands in Mass". Boston.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  217. ^ Armental, Maria. "More than 100,000 in RI without power, 600 without natural gas after Sandy | Breaking News | providencejournal.com | The Providence Journal". News.providencejournal.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  218. ^  . "Sandy pounds Southern New England; Thousands without power". Turn to 10. Retrieved 2012-10-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  219. ^ "Mount Washington Observatory October 2012 F6 Data" (PDF). MountWashington.org. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  220. ^ "Emergency declared as Sandy brings high winds, rain | Weather - WMUR Home". Wmur.com. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  221. ^ "Outage map". Unitil.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  222. ^ "Outage Details". Outage.psnh.com. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  223. ^ "How Sandy Became a Snowstorm". Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  224. ^ "Post-Tropical Cyclone SANDY Public Advisory". Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  225. ^ a b "Sandy's Snowy Side Turns Deadly". Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  226. ^ "Obama approves state of emergency declaration for West Virginia". Bluefield Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  227. ^ "Superstorm Sandy's West Virginia Weapon: Killer Snow". Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  228. ^ "FirstEnergy Storm Center". Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  229. ^ Cavaliere, Victoria (October 31, 2012). "West Virginia legislative candidate killed by tree that fell in storm". New York Daily News. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  230. ^ "W.Va. officials confirm 6th death related to Superstorm Sandy; electricity still out for many". Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  231. ^ "Thousands without power as effects of superstorm Sandy drench northeast Ohio". NewsNet 5. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  232. ^ "High winds knock out power in parts of Michigan". ClickOnDetroit.com. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  233. ^ "Power outages continue after Sandy dumps snow on eastern Kentucky". WKYT TV. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  234. ^ "Hurricane Sandy Spawns a tornado in Bermuda". Bermuda Weather. October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  235. ^ "Daily Climatology Written Summary: October 1, 2012 to October 30, 2012". Bermuda Weather Service. October 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  236. ^ "Ontario - Special Weather Statements - Environment Canada". Weatheroffice.gc.ca. July 30, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  237. ^ "Sandy leaves 145,000 Canadians without power, one dead". Reuters. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  238. ^ Hydro worker killed during Sandy repairs in Ontario
  239. ^ "32,000 still without power in Quebec because of Sandy". CTV Montreal. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  240. ^ "Hurricane Sandy grounds all Porter flights from Toronto's island airport". Metro. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  241. ^ "Superstorm Sandy's death toll climbs; millions without power across the East U.S." Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved October 31, 2012.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hurricane_Sandy&oldid=520995231"