Jump to content

2021 Myanmar coup d'état

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 31yrs (talk | contribs) at 17:11, 23 March 2021 (→Legal basis). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

2021 Myanmar coup d'état
Part of the internal conflict and political crisis in Myanmar

Deposed State Counsellor of Myanmar Aung San Suu Kyi (left), and Senior General Min Aung Hlaing (right)
Date1 February 2021 – present
Location
Myanmar
Result

Military coup d'état successful

Belligerents

Government of Myanmar

 Tatmadaw
Commanders and leaders
Win Myint
(President of Myanmar)
Aung San Suu Kyi
(State Counsellor of Myanmar)		 Min Aung Hlaing
(Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services)
Myint Swe
(Vice-President of Myanmar)
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

A coup d'état in Myanmar began on the morning of 1 February 2021, when democratically elected members of Myanmar's ruling party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), were deposed by the Tatmadaw—Myanmar's military—which vested power in a stratocracy. The Tatmadaw proclaimed a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been vested in Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing. It declared the results of the November 2020 general election invalid and stated its intent to hold a new election at the end of the state of emergency even though most of Myanmar's people are satisfied with the results of the election.[2][3] The coup d'état occurred the day before the Parliament of Myanmar was due to swear in the members elected at the 2020 election, thereby preventing this coup from occurring.[4][5][6] President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers, their deputies and members of Parliament.[7][8]

On 3 February 2021, Win Myint was charged with breaching campaign guidelines and COVID-19 pandemic restrictions under section 25 of the Natural Disaster Management Law. Aung San Suu Kyi was charged with breaching emergency COVID-19 laws and for illegally importing and using radio and communication devices, specifically six ICOM devices from her security team and a walkie-talkie, which are restricted in Myanmar and need clearance from military-related agencies before acquisition.[9] Both were remanded in custody for two weeks.[10][11][12] Aung San Suu Kyi received an additional criminal charge for violating the National Disaster Act on 16 February, [13] and two additional charges for violating communications laws and an intent to incite public unrest on 1 March.[14]

As of 16 March, at least 184 people have been killed in subsequent protests against the coup,[15] and at least 1,700 have been arbitrarily detained.[16][17] Three prominent NLD members also died while in police custody in March 2021.[18][19]

Background

The National League for Democracy won a landslide victory in the 2020 Myanmar general election.

Myanmar, also known as Burma, has been beset with political instability since it declared independence from Britain in 1948. Between 1958 and 1960, the military formed a temporary caretaker government at the behest of U Nu, the country's democratically-elected prime minister, to resolve political infighting.[20] The military voluntarily restored civilian government after holding the 1960 Burmese general election.[21] Less than two years later, the military seized power in the 1962 coup, which under the leadership of Ne Win, precipitated 26 years of military rule.[22]

In 1988, nationwide protests broke out in the country. Dubbed the 8888 Uprising, the civil unrest was sparked by economic mismanagement, leading Ne Win to step down.[23] In September 1988, the military's top leaders formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), which then seized power.[23] Aung San Suu Kyi, the daughter of the country's modern founder Aung San, became a notable pro-democracy activist during this period. In 1990, free elections were allowed by the military, under the assumption that the military enjoyed popular support. Ultimately, the elections resulted in a landslide victory for Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy. However, the military refused to cede power and placed her under house arrest.[24][25][26]

The military remained in power for another 22 years until 2011,[27] following the military's roadmap to democracy, during which the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar was drafted. Between 2011 and 2015, a tentative democratic transition began, and elections held in 2015 resulted in a victory for Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the National League for Democracy (NLD). However, the military retained substantial power, including the right to appoint 1⁄4 of all parliament members.[7][28]

The 2021 coup occurred in the aftermath of the general election on 8 November 2020, in which the NLD won 396 out of 476 seats in parliament, an even larger margin of victory than in the 2015 election. The military's proxy party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party, won only 33 seats.[7]

The army disputed the results, claiming that the vote was fraudulent. The coup attempt had been rumoured for several days, prompting statements of concern from Western nations such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States,[7] and Australia.[29]

Events

NLD spokesman Myo Nyunt said that Aung San Suu Kyi, Win Myint, Han Tha Myint, and other party leaders had been "taken" in an early morning raid. Nyunt added that he expected to be also detained shortly.[30] Numerous communications channels stopped working – phone lines to the capital, Naypyidaw, were interrupted, state-run MRTV said it was unable to broadcast due to "technical issues",[30] and widespread Internet disruptions were reported beginning around 3 a.m.[31] The military disrupted cellular services throughout the country, mirroring "kill switch" tactics previously employed in combat zones in Chin and Rakhine States.[32] All the member banks under the Myanmar Banking Association suspended their financial services.[33]

Around 400 elected members of parliament (MPs) were placed under house arrest, confined to a government housing complex in Naypyidaw.[34] Following the coup, the NLD arranged for the MPs to remain housed in the complex until 6 February.[35] Social media users began calling on MPs to convene a parliamentary session within a government guesthouse, since the group met the Constitution's quorum requirements.[35] In response, the military issued another order giving MPs 24 hours to leave the guesthouse premises.[35] On 4 February 70 NLD MPs took an oath of office, in clear defiance of the coup.[36]

During the coup, soldiers also detained several Buddhist monks who had led the 2007 Saffron Revolution, including the Myawaddy Sayadaw and Shwe Nyar War Sayadaw, outspoken critics of the military.[37][38] 8888 Uprising activist leaders, including Mya Aye, were also arrested.[39] As of 4 February, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners had identified 133 officials and lawmakers and 14 civil society activists in detention by the military as a result of the coup.[37]

Soldiers were seen in Naypyidaw and the largest city, Yangon.[40] The military subsequently announced on military-controlled Myawaddy TV that it had taken control of the country for one year.[41] A statement signed by acting president Myint Swe declared that responsibility for "legislation, administration and judiciary" had been transferred to Min Aung Hlaing.[42] The National Defence and Security Council – chaired by acting president Myint Swe and attended by top military officers – was convened, following which a statement was issued by the military declaring that fresh elections would be held, and that power would only be transferred after they had concluded.[43] The military also announced the removal of 24 ministers and deputies, for whom 11 replacements were named.[1]

A military blockade of the road leading to the Mandalay Region Government Office.
File:Thunder armoured vehicle of Myanmar Army.jpg
Licence-built Thunder armoured personnel carrier of Myanmar Army patroling after the coup.

On 2 February 2021, Min Aung Hlaing established the State Administration Council, with 11 members, as the executive governing body.[44][45]

On 3 February 2021, Myanmar police filed criminal charges against Aung San Suu Kyi, accusing her of violating the Export and Import Law, for allegedly importing unlicensed communications devices used by her security detail, after conducting a raid on her home in the capital.[46][47][48][49] The Export and Import Law carries a potential prison term of 3 years and/or a fine, and was previously used in 2017 to prosecute journalists for flying a drone above the Assembly of the Union.[46][50] Meanwhile, Win Myint was charged with violating the Natural Disaster Management Law, specifically for waving at a passing NLD convoy in September 2020, thereby violating rules against election campaigning during the COVID-19 pandemic.[46]

On 6 February 2021, Sean Turnell, the Australian economic advisor to the civilian government, was arrested.[51]

On 8 February 2021 and 9 February 2021, the military government issued orders to impose curfew from 8:00 pm to 4:00 am in Yangon and other major cities and restrict gatherings of 5 or more people in the public spaces.[52][53][54]

On 9 February 2021, the NLD's headquarters in Yangon was raided by Myanmar police.[55] Myanmar military regime distributed a draft for the controversial Cyber Security Law to internet service providers, asking them to provide comments by 15 February 2021. The law was widely criticized by IT communities as it violates human rights by putting citizens under digital surveillance and severely restricting freedom of speech.[56] News of China's involvement in building the firewall were widely circulated among Myanmar social media users, which prompts protestors to demonstrate outside the Chinese Embassy. China denied the news as rumors.[57]

On 10 February 2021, civil servants at Kayah State protested against the coup, which also included police officers stationed there when they refused orders from their superior to return back to work.[58]

On 12 February 2021, at midnight, members of Myanmar's military and police arrested government ministers, election officials, senior members of the NLD, activists, and a former general.[59]

On 13 February 2021, a viral post online showed that the military-run Ministry of Information (MOI) pressured the press not to use the words "junta" and "regime" in the media in the military's first attempt to restrict the freedom-of-press.[60] The military regime issued an arrest warrant for seven well-known activists and influencers including Min Ko Naing for using their fame to spread writing and speaking on the social media that would disturb the nation's peace process.[61]

On 15 February 2021, the military deployed armoured vehicles across the cities, in an attempt to silence the demonstrations in the country. Thousands of protestors in different cities across Myanmar had been calling for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi.[62] On 16 February, as protests continued, Aung San Suu Kyi was given a new criminal charge on allegations of violating the country's National Disaster Law.[63]

On 17 February 2021, the military issued arrest warrants on six more celebrities for urging civil servants to join the civil disobedience movement.[64]

On 26 February 2021, the Myanmar ambassador to the UN, Kyaw Moe Tun, condemned the coup by the Tatmadaw.[65] He was sacked from his post the next day.[66] On the same day, a Japanese freelance journalist named Yuki Kitazumi was detained by Myanmar officers at the Sanchaung township police station, but he was released hours later after Kitazumi explained that he clearly identified himself as a reporter.[67]

On 8 March 2021, state-controlled channel MRTV announced that the Ministry of Information revoked the licenses for five local media outlets: Mizzima, Myanmar Now, DVB, 7 Day News, and Khit Thit Media. The announcement stated that the outlets were prohibited from publishing and broadcasting in any type of media and by using any sort of technology.[68]

On 9 March 2021, Kyaw Swar Min, the Burmese ambassador to the UK, was being recalled after he condemned that Tatmadaw for the coup.[69]

Motives

The military's motives for the coup remain unclear. Ostensibly, the military has posited that alleged voter fraud threatened national sovereignty.[70] A few days before the coup, the civilian-appointed Union Election Commission had categorically rejected the military's claims of voter fraud, citing the lack of evidence to support the military's claims of 8.6 million irregularities in voter lists across Myanmar's 314 townships.[71]

The coup may have been driven by the military's goal to preserve its central role in Burmese politics.[72][73] The Defence Services Act imposes a mandatory retirement age of 65 for the Armed Forces' Commander-in-Chief.[74] Min Aung Hlaing, the incumbent, would have been forced to retire on his 65th birthday in July 2021.[74] Further, the Constitution empowers solely the President, in consultation with the National Defence and Security Council, with the authority to appoint Min Aung Hlaing's successor, which could have provided an opportunity for the civilian arm of the government to appoint a more reform-minded military officer as Commander-in-Chief.[74] Hlaing's lack of power would have exposed him to potential prosecution and accountability for alleged war crimes during the Rohingya conflict in various international courts.[75][76] Min Aung Hlaing had also hinted a potential entry into politics as a civilian, after his retirement.[76]

The activist group Justice for Myanmar has also noted the significant financial and business interests of Min Aung Hlaing and his family, as a potential motivating factor for the coup.[77] Min Aung Hlaing oversees two military conglomerates, the Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) and Myanma Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL),[78] while his daughter, son, and daughter-in-law have substantial business holdings in the country.[77]

A few days before the coup, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had released $350 million of cash to the Central Bank of Myanmar, as part of an emergency aid package, to address the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[79] The funds came with no conditions, and without any precedent for refunds.[79] In response to potential concerns regarding proper use of the funds by the military regime, an IMF spokesperson stated “It would be in the interests of the government, and certainly the people of Myanmar that those funds are indeed used accordingly.”[80] The IMF did not directly address any concerns regarding the independence of the Central Bank, given the military's appointment of Than Nyein, an ally, as governor.[80][81]

A lobbyist for the military junta reported that the junta would like to improve relations with the United States and distance Myanmar from China, believing Myanmar had grown too close to China under Aung San Suu Kyi.[82]

The legality of the coup has been questioned by legal scholars, including Melissa Crouch.[83] The International Commission of Jurists found that, by staging a coup, the military had violated Myanmar's constitution, since the alleged election irregularities did not justify the declaration of a state of emergency in comport with the Constitution. Further, the jurists found that the military's actions had violated the fundamental rule of law principle.[84] The NLD has also rejected the legal basis for the military takeover.[85][86]

During its announcement of the coup, the military invoked Articles 417 and 418 of the 2008 Constitution as the legal basis for the military takeover.[87] However, Article 417 of the Constitution authorises only a sitting president to declare a state of emergency, following consultation with the National Defence and Security Council (NDSC).[88] The incumbent civilian president Win Myint had not voluntarily ceded his role; instead, the state of emergency was unconstitutionally declared by vice president Myint Swe.[84]

The declaration of a state of emergency then transfers legislative, executive, and judicial authority to the Commander-in-Chief per Article 418.[88] Half of the NDSC's members at the time of the coup were civilians, including the president, the civilian-elected second vice-president, and the speakers of the upper and lower houses,[89] all of whom had been arrested by the military. The military claims that the NDSC was convened, chaired by Min Aung Hlaing, to invoke Articles 417 and 418.[90] However, this session was held in the absence of the civilian members of the NDSC, and it is unclear whether the military had the constitutional authority to reconstitute a session of the NDSC, or to unilaterally declare a state of emergency through a vice president,[88] since the Constitution grants the president, who at the time had not voluntarily vacated his role, the sole authority to declare a state of emergency.[91][83]

On 23 March 2021, during a news conference in Naypyitaw, the Tatmadaw defended the reimposition of the junta and claimed that ousted national leader Aung San Suu Kyi was corrupt, tantamount to graft. No supporting evidence for these allegations was offered outside of the taped testimony of a former colleague of Kyi, Phyo Min Thein, who has been detained by the military since the coup began.[92]

Reactions

Domestic

Protests

Main article: 2021 Myanmar protests
Thousands of protesters participate in an anti-military rally in Yangon.

Civil resistance efforts have emerged within the country, in opposition to the coup, in numerous forms, including acts of civil disobedience, labour strikes, a military boycott campaign, a pot-banging movement, a red ribbon campaign, public protests, and formal recognition of the election results by elected representatives. The three-finger salute has been widely adopted as a protest symbol,[93] while netizens joined the Milk Tea Alliance, an online democratic solidarity movement in Asia.[94] "Kabar Makyay Bu" (ကမ္ဘာမကျေဘူး), a song that was first popularised as the anthem of the 8888 Uprising, has been revitalised by the civil disobedience movement as a protest song.[95]

Since the onset of the coup, residents in urban centres such as Yangon staged cacerolazos, striking pots and pans in unison every evening as a symbolic act to drive away evil, as a method of expressing their opposition to the coup.[96][97][98]

On 2 February, healthcare workers and civil servants across the country launched a national civil disobedience campaign, in opposition to the coup, with workers from from dozens of state-run hospitals and institutions initiating a labour strike.[86][99][100][101] A Facebook campaign group dubbed the "Civil Disobedience Movement" has attracted 150,000 followers, within 24 hours of its launch on 2 February.[102][103] As of 3 February, healthcare workers in over 110 government hospitals and healthcare agencies[104] have participated in the movement.[102] The labour strikes have spread to other parts of the civil service, including union-level ministries and universities, as well as to private firms, such as factories and copper mines, students, and youth groups.[105]

On 3 February, healthcare workers launched the red ribbon campaign (ဖဲကြိုးနီလှုပ်ရှားမှု), the colour red being associated with the NLD.[106][107] The red ribbon has been adopted by civil servants and workers across Myanmar as a symbol of opposition to the military regime.[108]

Teachers are protesting in Hpa-An, capital city of Kayin State (9 February 2021)

On 3 February, a domestic boycott movement called the "Stop Buying Junta Business" campaign also emerged, calling for the boycott of products and services linked to the Myanmar military.[109] Among the targeted goods and services in the Burmese military's significant business portfolio include Mytel, a national telecoms carrier, Myanmar, Mandalay, and Dagon Beer, several coffee and tea brands, 7th Sense Creation, which was co-founded by Min Aung Hlaing's daughter,[110] and bus lines.[109]

Public protests have also emerged in the wake of the coup. On 2 February, some Yangonites staged a brief 15-minute protest rally at 8 pm, calling for the overthrow of the dictatorship and Aung San Suu Kyi's release.[111] On 4 February 30 citizens protested against the coup, in front of the University of Medicine in Mandalay, an act that led to four arrests.[112][113] On 6 February, 20,000 protestors took part in a street protest in Yangon against the coup, calling for Aung San Suu Kyi to be released.[114] Workers from 14 trade unions participated in the protests. Protests spread to Mandalay and to the Pyinmana township of Naypyidaw on the afternoon of 6 February. The Mandalay marches started at 1 pm. Protestors continued on motorbikes at 4:00 pm in reaction to police restrictions. Police were in control by 6 pm.[115] On 9 February 2021, the military used violence to crackdown on peaceful protests, injuring six protestors, including a 20-year old woman who was shot in the head.[116] About 100 demonstrators were arrested in Mandalay.[117] On 10 February 2021, most of the arrested demonstrators from Mandalay were released.[118]

Youth groups protested on the roads by wearing cosplay costumes, skirts, wedding dresses, and other unusual clothing for daily life while holding signboards and vinyl banners that break with the country's more traditional protest messages for the purpose of grabbing attention from both domestic and international press media.[119][120]

On 12 February, the Union Day in Myanmar, junta's crackdown in Mawlamyine became more intense as shots were fired.[121] Gunfire was heard in Myitkyina, Kachin State, when security forces clashed with protesters on 14 February. Five journalists were arrested afterwards.[122] Troops joined police in forcefully dispersing marchers using rubber bullets and slingshots in the city of Mandalay.[123]

Activities on social media and internet blackout

Facebook had been used to organise the civil disobedience campaign's labour strikes and the emerging boycott movement. [124] On 4 February, telecom operators and internet providers across Myanmar were ordered to block Facebook until 7 February, to ensure the "country's stability." [124] MPT, a state-owned carrier, also blocked Facebook Messenger, Instagram and WhatsApp services, while Telenor Myanmar blocked only Facebook.[125][124] Following the Facebook ban, Burmese users had begun flocking to Twitter, popularising hashtags like #RespectOurVotes, #HearTheVoiceofMyanmar, and #SaveMyanmar.[126] On 5 February, the government extended the social media access ban to include Instagram and Twitter.[127][128] On the morning of 6 February, the military authorities initiated an internet outage nationwide.[129] Internet access was restricted by the government again since 14 February 2021 for 20 days, from 1:00 am to 9:00 am.[130][131][132] [133] People use social media Facebook and Twitter to reach their voices to international communities and also to share photo and video evidences of brutality of military forces on the protestors. [133]

Religious response

Various Buddhist monasteries and educational institutions have denounced the coup,[134] among them the Masoyein and Mahāgandhārāma monasteries.[135][136] Sitagu International Buddhist Academy also released a statement imploring against actions that run counter to the Dhamma.[137] Aside from the Buddhist saṅgha, local clergy and monastics of the Catholic Church have similarly voiced their opposition to the military takeover.[138]

As the military response to the ensuing protests started taking a violent turn, the Shwekyin Nikāya, Burma's second largest monastic order, urged Min Aung Hlaing to immediately cease the assaults on unarmed civilians and to refrain from engaging in theft and property destruction.[139] Its leading monks, including Ñāṇissara Bhikkhu, who is known for his amicable relationship with the military, reminded the general to be a good Buddhist,[139] which entailed keeping to the Five Precepts required for at least a human rebirth.

Commercial reactions

Thailand's largest industrial estate developer, Amata, halted a $1 billion industrial zone development project in Yangon in response to the coup, after commencing construction in December 2020.[140][141] Suzuki Motor, Myanmar's largest automaker, and several manufacturers halted domestic operations in the wake of the coup.[140] The Yangon Stock Exchange has also suspended trading since 1 February.[140] Myanmar's real estate market crashed as a result of the coup, with sales and purchase transactions dropping by almost 100%.[142] On 4 February, French oil multinational Total SE announced it was reviewing the impact of the coup on its domestic operations and projects.[143]

On 5 February, Kirin Company ended its joint venture with the military-owned Myanma Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL).[144][145][146] The joint venture, Myanmar Brewery, produces several brands of beer, including Myanmar Beer, and has an 80% market share in the country.[146] Kirin's stake had been valued at US$1.7 billion.[146]

On 8 February, Lim Kaling, co-founder of Razer announced he was divesting his stake in a joint venture with a Singaporean tobacco company that owns a 49% stake in Virginia Tobacco, whose majority stake is owned by MEHL.[147] Virginia Tobacco, Myanmar's largest cigarette maker, owns the Red Ruby and Premium Gold brands.[148] That evening, Min Aung Hlaing made a televised address, aiming to ease concerns about Myanmar's foreign investment climate.[149]

US President Joe Biden announced his administration will impose sanctions on the military leaders of the coup in Myanmar and freeze 1 billion dollars in government assets held in the United States on 11 February.[150]

After several protesters were shot dead by the military during the protests on February, Facebook responded by suspending several accounts belonging to governments including Tatmadaw and its news website, Tatmadaw True News, and MRTV, due to these pages linked to promoting violence.[151][152] On 25 February, Facebook banned all accounts of the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw), along with its related commercial entities. The tech giant also implemented the move on Instagram.[153] Other tech companies follow suit, with YouTube terminated several channels belonging to governments including MRTV and Myawaddy TV, and TikTok restricts several violence contents from being available in their platform.[154]

Defections

As the protests have started, there has been reported defections from the Myanmar Police Force. On 5 March 2021, 11 officers have crossed the Indian-Myanma land border to Mizoram state[155] with their families[156][157][158] due to refusing orders to engage protestors by using lethal force.[159] Myanmar officials have reached out to India to repatriate the defecting police officers located in Mizoram, with the reply that the Indian government will make a final decision.[160] The Assam Rifles were given orders to tighten security along the Indian-Myanma border.[161] From 10 March, the border is closed after 48 Myanma nationals have crossed it.[162]

International

Governmental responses

  Myanmar
  Condemns the coup
  Deeply concerned
  Neutral position
  No public position
3,000 protesters asking for Aung San Suu Kyi's release in Kasumigaseki, Tokyo, Japan.[163]

Many countries, including Bangladesh,[164] China,[165] India,[166] Indonesia,[167] Malaysia,[168] Pakistan,[169] the Philippines,[170] South Korea,[171] and Singapore,[172] expressed concern in response to the coup, many of which encouraged dialogue between the government and the military in order to resolve the issue. Australia,[173][174] Canada,[175] France,[176] Germany,[177] Japan,[178] Nepal,[179] New Zealand,[180] South Korea,[181] Spain,[182] Sweden,[183] Turkey,[184] the United Kingdom,[185] and the United States[186] on their part condemned the coup and called for the release of detained officials; the White House also threatened to impose sanctions on coup perpetrators.[187][188][189] Subsequently, President Biden approved an Executive Order for new sanctions on the coup perpetrators which would enable his administration to affect the perpetrator's business interests and close family members.”[190] President Biden also stated that he would freeze $1 billion US assets belonged to the Myanmar's government while maintaining support for health care, civil society groups, and other areas that benefit the people of Burma directly.” [191]

In response of the coup, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that the country had suspended its diplomatic ties with Myanmar a week after the coup; the New Zealand government also banned some high ranking elites in military government.[192] Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam explicitly refused to support a side, characterising the coup as an internal matter.[193][194][195] On 9 February 2021, New Zealand suspended all high-level contact with Myanmar and imposed a travel ban on its military leaders because of the coup.[196] On 25 February 2021, Tokyo considered halting projects in Myanmar in response to the coup.[197] On 24 February, the new Myanmar foreign minister visited Thailand, marking the first high official visit since the coup.[198] Malaysian Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and Indonesian President Joko Widodo also called a special meeting of ASEAN foreign ministers to discuss the issue during Muhyiddin's visit to Jakarta.[199] In March, the Thai military was accused of supplying aid to the Myanmar military, which it denied.[200]

Intergovernmental organisations, including the United Nations,[201] ASEAN,[202][203] and the European Union expressed concern and called for dialogue from both sides. In addition to concern, the European Union also condemned the coup and urged the release of detainees.[204]

In response to the coup, the UN Security Council held an emergency meeting, where a British-drafted resolution urging the "restoration of democracy" in Myanmar, condemning the Myanmar military's action, and calling for the release of detainees was proposed. The statement was not issued because of failure to garner support from all 15 council members; the diplomats of China and Russia reportedly have to relay the draft to their respective governments for review.[205][206][207][208] China and Russia, as permanent members of the council and therefore having the power of veto, refused to back the statement.[209] India and Vietnam, two non-permanent members, also "voiced reservations" about the resolution.[210]

On 26 February 2021, the South Korean National Assembly passed a resolution condemning the coup.[211] On 5 March 2021, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Katsunobu Kato warned the SAC-led government to stop using lethal force to disperse protests.[212] Singaporean foreign minister Vivian Balakrishnan also called the military to stop using lethal force.[213]

South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced on 12 March 2021 that South Korea will suspend defence exchanges with Myanmar and ban arms exports, and would limit exports of other strategic items, reconsider development aid and grant humanitarian exemptions for Myanmar nationals to allow them to stay in South Korea until the situation improves.[214]

Protests outside Myanmar

Main article: 2021 Myanmar protests § Protests outside Myanmar

A group of about 200 Burmese expatriates and some Thai pro-democracy activists including Parit Chiwarak and Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul protested the coup at the Burmese embassy on Sathon Nuea Road in Bangkok, Thailand. Some protesters reportedly showed the three-finger salute, the symbol used in the protests calling for democracy in Thailand.[215] Popularized by the film The Hunger Games, the salute also has roots in the Boy/Girl scouts.[216] The protest ended with a police crackdown; two protestors were injured and hospitalised, and two others were arrested.[217] Burmese citizens in Tokyo, Japan gathered in front of the United Nations University, also to protest against the coup.[218] On 3 February, more than 150 Burmese Americans protested in front of the Embassy of Myanmar in Washington, D.C.[219]

The Singapore Police Force issued warnings on 5 February 2021 against foreigners planning to participate in anti-coup protests in Singapore.[220][221] On 14 February 2021, SPF officers arrested three foreigners for protesting at the outskirts of the Myanmar embassy without permits to participate in a public assembly.[222] In March 2021, the Public Security Police Force of Macau has warned Myanmar residents that they are not allowed to conduct anti-coup protests as Article 27 of the Macau Basic Law only allows Macanese residents the right to do so.[223]

Evacuations

On 4 February 2021, Japanese expats living/working in Myanmar were evacuated from Yangon International Airport to Narita International Airport after the coup on 1 February.[224] On 21 February, Taiwanese government started the evacuation process of Taiwanese expatriates in Myanmar, Taiwanese government also urged Taiwanese expatriates who wished to go back to get in touch with China Airlines.[225] On 7 March, the South Korean government ordered a chartered Korean Air flight from Yangon to Seoul to return South Korean expatriates from Myanmar.[226] On the same day, Indonesian and Singaporean government urged their citizens to leave Myanmar as soon as possible due to safety reasons.[227] The British government also urged British citizens who stayed in Myanmar to immediately leave the country due to rising violence.[228]

Warnings

On 4 March 2021, the Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs has urged Singaporeans living or working in Myanmar to immediately leave while they still can due to growing clashes between the protestors and police.[229] It also warned Singaporeans to avoid all travel to Myanmar.[229]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control". BBC News. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  2. ^ a b Chappell, Bill; Diaz, Jaclyn (1 February 2021). "Myanmar Coup: With Aung San Suu Kyi Detained, Military Takes Over Government". NPR. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b Strangio, Sebastian (8 February 2021). "Protests, Anger Spreading Rapidly in the Wake of Myanmar Coup". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  4. ^ "Myanmar military seizes power, detains elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi". news.trust.org. Reuters. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  5. ^ huaxia, ed. (1 February 2021). "Myanmar gov't declares 1-year state of emergency: President's Office". xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Myanmar Leader Aung San Suu Kyi, Others Detained by Military". voanews.com. VOA (Voice of America). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Beech, Hannah (31 January 2021). "Myanmar's Leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Is Detained Amid Coup". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  8. ^ Mahtani, Shibani; Kyaw Ye Lynn (1 February 2021). "Myanmar military seizes power in coup after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  9. ^ Myat Thura; Min Wathan (3 February 2021). "Myanmar State Counsellor and President charged, detained for 2 more weeks". Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  10. ^ Adange, Christy (4 February 2021). "Myanmar Coup: Aung San Suu Kyi charged with military for "transceiver and handshake"". Eminetra. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  11. ^ Quint, The (4 February 2021). "Days After Coup, Aung San Suu Kyi Charged for Breaching Import Law". The Quint. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  12. ^ Solomon, Feliz (3 February 2021). "After Myanmar Coup, Aung San Suu Kyi Accused of Illegally Importing Walkie Talkies". Eminetra. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  13. ^ "Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi faces new charge amid protests". BBC News. 16 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  14. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi hit with two new criminal charges". Frontier Myanmar. 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  15. ^ "Myanmar families hold funerals for loved ones as activists defy security crackdown". Reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Myanmar sees deadliest day as 38 protesters killed". BBC. 3 March 2021. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Stop murdering and jailing protestors, UN human rights chief tells Myanmar military". UN News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  18. ^ "Myanmar coup: Party official dies in custody after security raids". Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Second Myanmar official dies after arrest, junta steps up media crackdown". 9 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  20. ^ "On This Day | The Day Myanmar's Elected Prime Minister Handed Over Power". The Irrawaddy. 26 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  21. ^ Butwell, Richard; von der Mehden, Fred (1960). "The 1960 Election in Burma". Pacific Affairs. 33 (2). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia: 144–157. doi:10.2307/2752941. JSTOR 2752941.
  22. ^ Taylor, Robert (25 May 2015). General Ne Win. ISEAS Publishing. doi:10.1355/9789814620147. ISBN 978-981-4620-14-7. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b "How A Failed Uprising Set The Stage For Myanmar's Future". Time. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  24. ^ "Burma: 20 Years After 1990 Elections, Democracy Still Denied". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  25. ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof. Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I. Oxford University Press. pp. 599, 611. ISBN 0-19-924958-X.
  26. ^ Yan Aung, Wei (7 October 2020). "Myanmar's 1990 Election: Born of a Democratic Uprising, Ignored by the Military". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  27. ^ "How Myanmar's Fragile Push for Democracy Collapsed in a Military Coup". Time. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  28. ^ Hajari, Nisid (12 September 2017). "As Myanmar opens to the world, the mess inside becomes more apparent". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  29. ^ ABC; Reuters (30 January 2021). "Australia joins list of countries warning Myanmar military against staging coup amid fraud claims". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021. {{cite web}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  30. ^ a b Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "Aung San Suu Kyi and other leaders arrested, party spokesman says". news.trust.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  31. ^ "Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising". NetBlocks. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  32. ^ "Myanmar Military Blocks Internet During Coup". Human Rights Watch. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  33. ^ "Telecommunications disruptions shut down Myanmar banks". The Myanmar Times. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  34. ^ "Hundreds of Myanmar MPs under house arrest". The News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  35. ^ a b c "Myanmar Military Give MPs 24 Hours to Leave Naypyitaw". The Irrawaddy. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  36. ^ "NLD lawmakers in Nay Pyi Taw defy military, take oath of office". Frontier Myanmar. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  37. ^ a b "Statement on Recent Detainees in Relation to the Military Coup". AAPP | Assistance Association for Political Prisoners. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  38. ^ "Three Saffron Revolution monks among those detained in February 1 raids". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  39. ^ "Coup plunges Myanmar further into a climate of religious nationalism – UCA News". ucanews.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  40. ^ "Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi 'detained by military', NLD party says". BBC News. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  41. ^ "Myanmar military says it is taking control of the country". Associated Press. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  42. ^ "Myanmar military stages coup, declares state of emergency for a year". Deccan Herald. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  43. ^ "Myanmar to clarify voter fraud, hold new round of elections". The Myanmar Times. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  44. ^ "ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် တပ်မတော်ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်ရုံး အမိန့်အမှတ်(၉/၂၀၂၁) ၁၃၈၂ ခုနှစ်၊ ပြာသိုလပြည့်ကျော် ၆ ရက် ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ ၂ ရက်". Tatmadaw Information Team (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  45. ^ "Myanmar military announces new State Administrative Council". The Myanmar Times. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  46. ^ a b c "Aung San Suu Kyi, Win Myint to face charges as NLD calls for 'unconditional' release". Frontier Myanmar. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  47. ^ Stephen Coates; Grant McCool; Matthew Tostevin (3 February 2021). "Myanmar police file charges against Aung San Suu Kyi after coup". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  48. ^ Agencies/rw (3 February 2021). "Myanmar police file charges against ousted leader Aung San Suu Kyi under import-export law". ChannelNewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  49. ^ AFP; Reuters (3 February 2021). "Myanmar police charge ousted leader Aung San Suu Kyi, days after military coup". SBS. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. {{cite web}}: |author2= has generic name (help)
  50. ^ "Myanmar Detained a Team of Journalists for Flying a Drone". Time. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  51. ^ Agencies/kg (6 February 2021). "Myanmar detains Australian adviser to Aung San Suu Kyi; first known arrest of foreign national since coup". ChannelNewsAsia. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  52. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  53. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  54. ^ "Myanmar Military Govt Bans Gatherings of Five or More in Yangon, Other Areas". The Irrawaddy. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  55. ^ "Myanmar anti-coup protests resume despite bloodshed". The Japan Times. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  56. ^ "Civil society, businesses condemn junta's draft Cyber Security Law". Frontier Myanmar. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  57. ^ "China Denies Helping Myanmar Military Regime Build Internet Firewall". The Irrawaddy. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  58. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. ^ "Military casts a wide net with a series of late-night raids". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  60. ^ "Myanmar Military Bans Use of 'Regime', 'Junta' by Media". The Irrawaddy. 13 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  61. ^ "ကိုမင်းကိုနိုင်၊ ကိုဂျင်မီ၊ အဆိုတော်လင်းလင်း ၊ အင်းစိန်အောင်စိုး၊ ကိုမျိုးရန်နောင်သိမ်း၊ ပန်ဆယ်လို နှင့် မောင်မောင်အေး တို့အား ရာဇသတ်ကြီး ပုဒ်မ ၅၀၅(ခ)ဖြင့် တရားစွဲထားပြီး ဖမ်းဝရမ်းထုတ်ထားကြောင်း တပ်မတော် ကြေညာ". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  62. ^ "Myanmar coup: Armoured vehicles deployed to cities amid protests as junta extends Aung San Suu Kyi detention". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  63. ^ "New charge filed on Suu Kyi as Myanmar crackdown intensifies". Associated Press. 17 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  64. ^ "Six More Myanmar Celebrities to Face Arrest for Support of Civil Disobedience Movement". The Irrawaddy. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  65. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  66. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  67. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  68. ^ "အာဏာသိမ်းစစ်ကောင်စီ သတင်းဌာန ၅ ခုကို ထုတ်‌ဝေခွင့်ပိတ် - ဘီဘီစီ မြန်မာ | အထူးသတင်း | နောက်ဆုံးရ သတင်း | နောက်ဆုံးရခေါင်းစဉ် သတင်း |မြန်မာသတင်း". BBC News မြန်မာ (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  69. ^ "Myanmar recalls ambassador in UK after he called for release of detained leader Aung San Suu Kyi". Sky News. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Tatmadaw seizes power under state of emergency, to rule for a year". Frontier Myanmar. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  71. ^ "Myanmar election commission rejects military's fraud claims". AP NEWS. 29 January 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  72. ^ "Min Aung Hlaing: the heir to Myanmar's military junta". France 24. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  73. ^ "Myanmar military appoints ministers after ousting Suu Kyi in coup". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  74. ^ a b c "Could Min Aung Hlaing's retirement break the political deadlock?". Frontier Myanmar. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  75. ^ Parry, Richard Lloyd (2 February 2021). "Senior General Min Aung Hlaing's secret motive for Burma coup". ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  76. ^ a b "General Min Aung Hlaing is the ambitious army chief and international pariah who seized power in Myanmar". SBS News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  77. ^ a b "Who profits from a coup? The power and greed of Senior General Min Aung Hlaing". Justice for Myanmar. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  78. ^ Pierson, David (2 February 2021). "Myanmar's military upended its comfortable status quo by staging a coup. Why?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  79. ^ a b Lawder, David (3 February 2021). "Days before coup, IMF sent Myanmar $350 million in emergency aid; no precedent for refund". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  80. ^ a b Lawder, David (5 February 2021). "IMF says members to guide decision on whether to recognize Myanmar's military leaders". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  81. ^ "Transcript of IMF Press Briefing". IMF. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  82. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  83. ^ a b Crouch, Melissa (2 February 2021). "The power and ambition behind Myanmar's coup". The Age. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  84. ^ a b "Myanmar: Military Coup d'état violates principles of rule of law, international law and Myanmar's Constitution". International Commission of Jurists. 8 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  85. ^ "'The constitution is invalid now': NLD patron fires back at military". Frontier Myanmar. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  86. ^ a b "After coup, medical workers spearhead civil disobedience campaign". Frontier Myanmar. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  87. ^ "Statement from Myanmar military on state of emergency". Reuters. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  88. ^ a b c "Emergency Powers in Myanmar". Melissa Crouch. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  89. ^ "Myanmar coup has no constitutional basis". East Asia Forum. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  90. ^ "Myanmar latest: NLD calls for Suu Kyi's release". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  91. ^ "Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control". BBC News. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  92. ^ "Myanmar junta defends crackdown, accuses Suu Kyi of graft". AP News. 23 March 2021.
  93. ^ AP; ABC News (Australia) (5 February 2021). "Myanmar blocks Facebook as resistance grows to military coup". ABC News (Australia). Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  94. ^ "#MilkTeaAlliance has a new target brewing: Myanmar's military". South China Morning Post. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  95. ^ "Songwriter Who Provided 'Theme Song' to 8888 Uprising Finally Honored". The Irrawaddy. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  96. ^ "Myanmar coup: army blocks Facebook access as civil disobedience grows". the Guardian. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  97. ^ Reuters Staff (2 February 2021). "Anti-coup protests ring out in Myanmar's main city". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. {{cite web}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  98. ^ "Myanmar coup latest: UN Security Council stops short of issuing statement". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  99. ^ Matthew Tostevin; Grant McCool; Stephen Coates (3 February 2021). "Myanmar doctors stop work to protest coup as UN considers response". Financial Review. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  100. ^ "Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay healthcare staff to join 'Civil Disobedience Campaign'". The Myanmar Times. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  101. ^ "Myanmar Medics Prepare Civil Disobedience Against Military Rule". The Irrawaddy. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  102. ^ a b "Teachers, students join anti-coup campaign as hospital staff stop work". Frontier Myanmar. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  103. ^ "Myanmar's Suu Kyi charged as calls to oppose coup grow". 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  104. ^ "Myanmar's Medics Launch Civil Disobedience Campaign Against Coup". The Irrawaddy. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  105. ^ "UN Security Council calls for release of Myanmar's Suu Kyi, Biden tells generals to go". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
  106. ^ "Myanmar medics lead sprouting civil disobedience calls after coup". CNA. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  107. ^ ""ဖဲကြိုးနီ လှုပ်ရှားမှု"ကို ထောက်ခံကြောင်း ပြသခဲ့တဲ့ နီနီခင်ဇော်". ဧရာဝတီ (in Burmese). 3 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  108. ^ "NLD backs anti-coup campaign as civil servants rally in Nay Pyi Taw". Frontier Myanmar. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  109. ^ a b "Myanmar calls for boycott of Tatmadaw linked products and services". The Myanmar Times. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  110. ^ "Military Chief's Family Members Spend Big on Blockbuster Movies, Beauty Pageants". Myanmar NOW. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  111. ^ "စစ်အာဏာသိမ်းမှုကို အနုနည်းအာဏာဖီဆန်မှု တချို့ရှိလာခြင်း". ဗွီအိုအေ (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  112. ^ "Mandalay citizens protest against Tatmadaw rule". The Myanmar Times. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  113. ^ "Four arrested in Mandalay after street protest against military coup". Myanmar NOW. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  114. ^ "Thousands of Myanmar protesters in standoff with police in Yangon". Al Jazeera English. 6 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  115. ^ "Thousands Take to Streets of Myanmar to Protest Military Takeover". The Irrawaddy. 6 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  116. ^ "Six Protesters Injured After Myanmar Police Fire on Protest". The Irrawaddy. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  117. ^ "Protest crackdown begins in Myanmar, over 100 nabbed in Mandalay". The Myanmar Times. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  118. ^ "Arrested protesters released in Mandalay". The Myanmar Times. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  119. ^ "Myanmar coup: 'My ex is bad but military is worse'". BBC News. 8 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  120. ^ "Princesses and bodybuilders: The new generation of Myanmar protesters". The Independent. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  121. ^ Limited, Bangkok Post Public Company. "Protesters defy Myanmar junta, shots fired in Mawlamyine". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 12 February 2021. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  122. ^ "Myanmar coup: Troops on the streets as internet cut off". BBC News. 14 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  123. ^ "Myanmar: troops and police forcefully disperse marchers in Mandalay". the Guardian. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  124. ^ a b c Reuters Staff (3 February 2021). "Myanmar internet providers block Facebook services after government order". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2021. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  125. ^ "Directive to block social media service". Telenor Group. 3 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  126. ^ Potkin, Fanny (5 February 2021). "After Facebook ban, thousands in Myanmar take to Twitter to plead #RespectOurVotes". Reuters. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  127. ^ "Myanmar's new military government is now blocking Twitter and Instagram". TechCrunch. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  128. ^ "Directive to block social media services Twitter and Instagram in Myanmar". Telenor Group. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  129. ^ "Myanmar junta blocks internet access as coup protests expand". AP NEWS. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  130. ^ "Myanmar: tanks roll into cities as internet shut down". the Guardian. 14 February 2021. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  131. ^ Beech, Hannah (14 February 2021). "Military Imposes Full Grip on Myanmar in Overnight Crackdown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  132. ^ "Hackers target Myanmar government websites in coup protest". Frontier Myanmar. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  133. ^ a b Cole, Freya Post BBC. "Young people in Myanmar are using social media to raise their voice". Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  134. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  135. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  136. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  137. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  138. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  139. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  140. ^ a b c "Thailand's Amata halts $1bn Myanmar property project after coup". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  141. ^ "Thai developer invests $1bn to put Myanmar industry on global map". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  142. ^ "Myanmar's real estate sector crashes". The Myanmar Times. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  143. ^ Reuters Staff (4 February 2021). "Total assessing impact of Myanmar coup on its projects". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  144. ^ Erin Handley (5 February 2021). "Kirin, parent company of Australian beer company Lion, cuts ties with Myanmar military after coup". ABC (Australian Broadcasting Network). Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  145. ^ Ben Doherty; Ben Butler (5 February 2021). "Kirin beer company cuts brewery ties with Myanmar military over coup". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  146. ^ a b c "Japan's Kirin ends Myanmar beer tie-up with army-owned partner after coup". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  147. ^ Tan, Angela (9 February 2021). "Razer co-founder and director Lim Kaling pulls out of Myanmar joint venture". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  148. ^ "Businesses start to rethink Myanmar as coup ignites protests". AP NEWS. 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  149. ^ "Myanmar junta chief Min Aung Hlaing says this coup is 'different'". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  150. ^ Times, The New York. "Video: Biden Imposes New Sanctions on Leaders of Myanmar Military Coup". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  151. ^ "Facebook removes main page of Myanmar military for 'incitement of violence'". ABC. 22 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  152. ^ "Myanmar anti-coup protesters defy military junta warning, go on strike". ABC. 23 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  153. ^ "Facebook bans Myanmar military accounts from its platforms, citing coup". France 24. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  154. ^ Toh, Michelle; Walsh, Carly; Yuan, Carol (6 March 2021). "YouTube removes channels run by Myanmar's military as violence escalates". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  155. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  156. ^ "Myanmar coup: India asked to return police officers who crossed border". 7 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021 – via www.bbc.com.
  157. ^ "Myanmar protest: '19 Myanmar cops take shelter in Mizoram' | World News - Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  158. ^ Ghoshal, Devjyot (10 March 2021). "'Shoot till they are dead': Some Myanmar police flee to India after refusing orders". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  159. ^ "Myanmar coup: 'We were told to shoot protesters', say police who fled". 10 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021 – via www.bbc.com.
  160. ^ India, Press Trust of (8 March 2021). "Mizoram is waiting for govt's direction on Myanmar refugees: state minister". Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021 – via Business Standard.
  161. ^ IANS. "India orders Assam Rifles to prevent influx from Myanmar". Telangana Today. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  162. ^ User, Super (7 March 2021). "India in diplomatic spot as Myanmar urges return of cops who fled". The Federal. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  163. ^ "3,000 Myanmar protesters rally in Tokyo for Suu Kyi's release". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  164. ^ "Bangladesh wants democratic process upheld in Myanmar". Dhaka Tribune. 2A Media Limited. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  165. ^ "China 'notes' Myanmar coup, hopes for stability". REUTERS. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  166. ^ "Deeply concerned by developments in Myanmar, says India". The Times of India. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  167. ^ "Indonesia Urges All Parties in Myanmar to Exercise Self-Restraint". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  168. ^ "Press Release: Latest Situation in Myanmar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  169. ^ "Pakistan hopes from all sides in Myanmar to be restraint, work for peace: Zahid Hafeez". www.radio.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  170. ^ Lee-Brago, Pia (3 February 2021). "Philippines following Myanmar situation with deep concern". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  171. ^ "S. Korea expresses concerns over Myanmar coup". Yonhap News Agency. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  172. ^ "MFA Spokesperson's Comments in Response to Media Queries on the Detention of Myanmar Leaders and Officials". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  173. ^ Tillett, Andrew (1 February 2021). "Australia joins global condemnation of Myanmar generals". Financial Review. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  174. ^ "Statement on Myanmar". Minister for Foreign Affairs – Minister for Women – Senator the Hon Marise Payne. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021.
  175. ^ "Justin Trudeau on Myanmar: "The democratic process must be respected"". Cult MTL. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  176. ^ "France calls on Myanmar military to release Suu Kyi, respect election results". uk.sports.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  177. ^ "Germany condemns Myanmar coup 'in strongest terms'". Aa.com.tr. 8 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  178. ^ "Japan urges Myanmar military to free Suu Kyi, restore democracy". Manila Bulletin. Agence France-Presse. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  179. ^ "Press Release regarding the recent developments in Myanmar - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA". mofa.gov.np. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  180. ^ Mahuta, Nanaia (1 February 2021). "New Zealand statement on Myanmar". via beehive.gov.nz. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  181. ^ "South Korea condemns Myanmar violence, urges release of Aung San Suu Kyi". The Straits Times. Bloomberg. 6 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  182. ^ "Sánchez condena el golpe de Estado en Myanmar y pide vuelta a la democracia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  183. ^ "Foreign Minister condemns military coup in Myanmar". sverigesradio.se. Sveriges Radio. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  184. ^ Bir, Burak (1 February 2021). "Turkey condemns, 'deeply concerned' by coup in Myanmar". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  185. ^ "UK condemns military coup in Myanmar". Anadolu Agency. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  186. ^ "Statement by White House Spokesperson Jen Psaki on Burma". The White House. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  187. ^ Patrick Wintour; Julian Borger (2 February 2021). "Myanmar coup: Joe Biden threatens to resume sanctions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  188. ^ "'Serious blow to democracy': World condemns Myanmar military coup". Al Jazeera. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  189. ^ Cherni, Hajer (1 February 2021). "La Maison Blanche menace les auteurs du coup d'État militaire du Myanmar de sanctions" [White House threatens perpetrators of Myanmar military coup with sanctions]. Anadolu Agency (in French). Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  190. ^ Reuters Staff (11 February 2021). "Biden approves order for sanctions on Myanmar generals, businesses". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  191. ^ "Biden orders sanctions against Myanmar after military coup". AP NEWS. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  192. ^ "New Zealand suspends ties with Myanmar; to ban visits from military leaders". CNA. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  193. ^ "West condemns Myanmar coup but Thailand, Cambodia shrug". Bangkok Post. Bangkok Post Public Company Ltd. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  194. ^ "Myanmar's army seizes power, detains Aung San Suu Kyi". National Post. Reuters. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  195. ^ "Myanmar military coup: Nordic and Asian reactions". ScandAsia. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  196. ^ "New Zealand suspends ties with Myanmar; to ban visits from military leaders". 9 February 2021. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  197. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  198. ^ "Myanmar foreign minister visits Thailand, first trip since coup". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  199. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  200. ^ "Army denies supplying rice to Myanmar troops". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  201. ^ "Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary General – on Myanmar". United Nations Secretary-General. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  202. ^ "ASEAN calls for "return to normalcy" in Myanmar after coup". Reuters. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  203. ^ Christiastuti, Novi (1 February 2021). "Negara-negara ASEAN Bahas Kudeta Militer di Myanmar" [Intergovernmental Organization ASEAN Discusses Military Coup in Myanmar] (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  204. ^ Adkins, William (1 February 2021). "EU leaders condemn military coup in Myanmar". Politico. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  205. ^ "UNSC takes no action on coup in Myanmar". Gulf Today. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  206. ^ AFP; jt (2 February 2021). "UN Security Council searches for unity on Myanmar". CNA. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  207. ^ AL JAZEERA AND NEWS AGENCIES (3 February 2021). "Security Council fails to agree statement condemning Myanmar coup". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. The UN Security Council has failed to agree on a joint statement condemning Monday's coup in Myanmar, after a two hour long emergency meeting failed to secure the support of China, a key Myanmar ally and a veto-holding permanent member of the council.
  208. ^ AP (3 February 2021). "UN Security Council takes no action on Myanmar coup". Euronews. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  209. ^ "Myanmar coup: China blocks UN condemnation as protest grows". BBC News. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  210. ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi could face two years in jail over 'illegal' walkie-talkies". The Guardian. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  211. ^ Jung, Da-min (26 February 2021). "National Assembly passes resolution condemning Myanmar military coup". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  212. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  213. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  214. ^ Smith, Josh; Cha, Sangmi (12 March 2021). "UPDATE 1-S.Korea to suspend defence exchanges with Myanmar, reconsider aid". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  215. ^ "ด่วน! ชาว 'เมียนมา' ชู 3 นิ้วบุกประท้วงหน้าสถานทูต ต้านรัฐประหารในประเทศ". Bangkok Biz News (in Thai). 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  216. ^ "Hunger Games salute: The symbol of protest against Asia's military regimes". 7 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  217. ^ Pietromarchi, Virginia; Gadzo, Mersiha. "Myanmar's military stages coup d'etat: Live news". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  218. ^ "Myanmar workers in Japan protest against Tatmadaw's actions". The Myanmar Times. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  219. ^ "ဝါရှင်တန်ဒီစီက မြန်မာစစ်သံရုံးရှေ့မှာ အမေရိကန်ရောက် မြန်မာတွေဆန္ဒပြ". Radio Free Asia (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  220. ^ Netto, Stephen (5 February 2021). "Police issues warning against plans to protest in Singapore over current situation in Myanmar". The Online Citizen. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  221. ^ "Police warn against plans to protest in Singapore over situation in Myanmar". CNA. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  222. ^ "3 men being investigated by police for allegedly protesting outside Myanmar embassy in Singapore". Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  223. ^ https://macaonews.org/only-residents-have-the-right-to-protest-psp/[permanent dead link‍]
  224. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  225. ^ Teng, Sylvia (17 February 2021). "First evacuation flight from Myanmar to Taipei scheduled for Feb. 21". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  226. ^ Woo, Yi Hwan (5 March 2021). "Gov't to run chartered flight Saturday to bring home Koreans in Myanmar". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  227. ^ Permana, Erric; Gozali Idrus, Pizaro. "Indonesia, Singapore urge citizens in Myanmar to return". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  228. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  229. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27état&oldid=1013824082"