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Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib

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For one of his titles, see Lion of Allah.
For the Islamic name, see Asadullah (disambiguation).
Lion of God ([أسد الله] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help))
Lion of His Messenger (أسد رسوله)
Master of the Martyrsʾ (سيد الشهداء)
Ḥamza
حَمْزَة
Military Commander to Muhammad
In office
623–625
Succeeded byZubayr ibn al-Awwam
Personal details
Born568 >CE
Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day KSA)
Died23 March 625 (7 Shawwal, 3 AH) (aged 56–57)
Mount Uhud, Medina, Hejaz, Arabia
Resting placeUhud, Medina
Spouses
Relations
full-siblings:
half-brothers:
half-sisters:
Children
Parents
OccupationMilitary general
Known forPaternal Uncle and Companion of the Prophet
TribeQuraysh (Banu Hashim)
ReligionIslam
Military service
AllegianceMuhammad (623–625)
Years of service623–625
Rank Military Commander
Battles/wars

Ḥamza ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib (Template:Lang-ar; c. 568–625)[1][2] was a foster brother, paternal uncle, maternal second-cousin, and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

He was martyred in the Battle of Uhud on 23 March 625 (7 Shawwal 3 hijri). His kunyas were "Abū ʿUmāra"[2]: 2  (أبو عمارة) and "Abū Yaʿlā"[2]: 3  (أبو يعلى). He had the by-names Asad Allāh[2]: 2  (أَسَد ٱللَّٰه, "Lion of God") and "Asad of His Messenger" (وأسد رسوله), and Muhammad gave him the posthumous title Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ ([سيد الشهداء] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help), "Master of Martyrs").[3]

Early life

Ibn Sa'd basing his claim on al-Waqidi states that Hamza was reportedly four years older than Muhammad.[2] He could also be two years older as said in other hadith.[4][page needed] This is disputed by Ibn Sayyid, who argues: "Zubayr narrated that Hamza was four years older than the Prophet.[5] But this does not seem correct, because reliable hadith state that Thuwayba nursed both Hamza and the Prophet."[citation needed] Ibn Sayyid concludes that Hamza was only two years older than Muhammad۔[citation needed] Ibn Hajar writes as a conclusion of Ibn Sayyid's hadiths: "Hamza was born two to four years before Muhammad".[6][page needed] Hamzah was born after 'Abd Allah's death.[7]

Ibn Kathir in Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya cites Abu Nu`aym who traces a hadith to Ibn Abbas, that after Abdul Mutallib went to Yemen, he stayed with a Jewish priest. A monk prophesied that he will have both power and prophethood and advised him to marry a woman of the Banu Zuhra. After returning to Mecca, he did so by marrying Hala, a woman of the tribe, and she birthed Hamza. Later, Abdullah married Amina and the Quraysh said he had won out in terms of marriage.[citation needed]

Hamza was very competent in wrestling, archery and fighting;[3][page needed] and he trained Muhammad in these skills during their youth.[8] He was fond of hunting lions, and he is described as "the strongest man of the Quraysh, and the most unyielding".[9][page needed]

Ancestry

Parents

Hamza's father was Abdulmutalib from the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca.[2]: 2  His mother was Hala bint Wuhayb from the Zuhra clan of Quraysh.[2]: 2  Tabari cites two different traditions. In one, Al-Waqidi states that his parents met when Abd al-Muttalib went with his son Abdullah to the house of Wahb ibn Abd Manaf to seek the hand of Wahb's daughter Amina. While they were there, Abd al-Muttalib noticed Wahb's niece, Hala bint Wuhayb, and he asked for her hand as well. Wahb agreed, and Muhammad's father Abdullah and his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib were both married on the same day, in a double-marriage ceremony.[10] Hence, Hamza was the younger brother of Muhammad's family.

Marriages and children

Hamza married three times and had six children.[2]: 3 

  1. Salma bint Umays ibn Ma'd, the half-sister of Maymuna bint al-Harith.
    1. Umama bint Hamza, wife of Salama ibn Abi Salama.
  2. Zaynab bint Al-Milla ibn Malik of the Aws tribe in Medina.
    1. Amir ibn Hamza.
    2. Bakr ibn Hamza, who died in childhood.
  3. Khawla bint Qays ibn Amir of the An-Najjar clan. He had issue, but their descendants had died out by the time of Ibn Sa'd.
    1. Umar ibn Hamza.
    2. Atika bint Hamza.[11]
    3. Barra bint Hamza.

Conversion to Islam

Hamza took little notice of Islam for the first few years. He reverted in late 616 AD.[2]: 3  Upon returning to Mecca after a hunting trip in the desert, he heard that Amr ibn Hishām (referred in Islamic scriptures as "Abu Jahl" Father of Ignorance) had "attacked the Prophet and abused and insulted him,"[2]: 3  "speaking spitefully of his religion and trying to bring him into disrepute". Muhammad had not replied to him.[9]: 131  "Filled with rage," Hamza "went out at a run ... meaning to punish Abu Hishām when he met him". He entered the Kaaba, where Abu Hishām was sitting with the elders, stood over him and "struck him a violent blow" with his bow. He said, "Will you insult him, when I am of his religion and say what he says? Hit me back if you can!"[9]: 132  He "struck Abu Jahl's head with a blow that cut open his head".[2]: 3  Some of Abu Hishām's relatives approached to help him, but he told them, "Leave Abu Umara [Hamza] alone, for, by God, I insulted his nephew deeply".[9]: 132 

After that incident, Hamza entered the House of Al-Arqam and declared Islam.[2]: 3  "Hamza’s Islam was complete, and he followed the Apostle's commands. When he became a Muslim, the Quraysh recognised that the Apostle had become strong, and had found a protector in Hamza, and so they abandoned some of their ways of harassing him".[9]: 132  Instead, they tried to strike bargains with him; but he did not accept their offers.[9]: 132–133 

Hamza once asked Muhammad to show him the angel Jibreel in his true form. Muhammad told Hamza that he would not be able to see him. Hamza retorted that he would see the angel, so Muhammad told him to sit where he was. They claimed that Jibreel descended before them and that Hamza saw that Jibreel's feet were like emeralds, before falling down unconscious.[2]: 6 

Hamza joined the emigration to Medina in 622 and lodged with Kulthum ibn al-Hidm[9]: 218  or Saad ibn Khaythama. Muhammad made him the brother in Islam of Zayd ibn Haritha.[2]: 3 [9]: 324 

Military expeditions

First expedition

Main article: Expedition of Hamza ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib

Muhammad sent Hamza on his first raid against Quraysh. Hamza led an expedition of thirty riders to the coast in Juhayna territory to intercept a merchant-caravan returning from Syria. Hamza met Abu Hishām at the head of the caravan with three hundred riders at the seashore. Majdi ibn Amr al-Juhani intervened between them, "for he was at peace with both parties," and the two parties separated without any fighting.[2]: 4 [9]: 283 

There is dispute as to whether Hamza or his nephew Ubayda ibn al-Harith was the first Muslim to whom Muhammad gave a flag.[9]: 283 

Battle of Badr

Hamza fought at the Battle of Badr, where he shared a camel with Zayd ibn Haritha[9]: 293  and where his distinctive ostrich feather made him highly visible.[2]: 4 [9]: 303  The Muslims blocked the wells at Badr.[9]: 297 

Al-Aaswad ibn Abdalasad al-Makhzumi, who was a quarrelsome ill-natured man, stepped forth and said, "I swear to God that I will drink from their cistern or destroy it or die before reaching it". Hamza came forth against him, and when the two met, Hamza smote him and sent his foot and half his shank flying as he was near the cistern. He fell on his back and lay there, blood streaming from his foot towards his comrades. Then he crawled to the cistern and threw himself into it with the purpose of fulfilling his oath, but Hamza followed him and smote him and killed him in the cistern".[9]: 299 

He then killed Utba ibn Rabi'a in single combat and helped Ali to kill Utba's brother Shayba.[9]: 299  It is disputed whether it was Hamza or Ali who killed Tuwayma ibn Adiy.[9]: 337 

Later Hamza carried Muhammad's banner in the expedition against the Banu Qaynuqa.[2]: 4 

Death

Grave of Hamza near Mount Uhud

Hamza was killed in the Battle of Uhud on Saturday 23 March 625 (7 Shawwal 3 hijri) when he was 57–59 years old. He was standing in front of Muhammad, fighting with two swords and then Abyssinian slave Wahshi ibn Harb with a promise of manumission from Hind bint Utba, if he killed Hamza. This was to revenge her father, Utba ibn Rabi'a, whom Hamza had killed in Badr. Hamza, running back and forth, stumbled and fell on his back; and Wahshi said, "who could throw a javelin as the Abyssinians do and seldom missed the mark," threw it into Hamza's abdomen, killing him.[9][12]

Family tree


Kilab ibn MurraFatima bint Sa'd
Zuhra ibn Kilab
(progenitor of Banu Zuhra)
maternal great-great-grandfather		Qusayy ibn Kilab
paternal great-great-great-grandfather		Hubba bint Hulail
paternal great-great-great-grandmother
Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra
maternal great-grandfather		Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy
paternal great-great-grandfather		Atika bint Murra
paternal great-great-grandmother
Wahb ibn `Abd Manaf
maternal grandfather		Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf
(progenitor of Banu Hashim)
paternal great-grandfather		Salma bint `Amr
paternal great-grandmother
Fatima bint Amr
paternal grandmother		`Abd al-Muttalib
paternal grandfather		Hala bint Wuhayb
paternal step-grandmother
Amina
mother		Abd Allah
father		al-Zubayr
paternal uncle		al-Harith
paternal half-uncle		Hamza
paternal half-uncle
Thuwayba
first nurse		Halima
second nurse		Abu Talib
paternal uncle		`Abbas
paternal half-uncle		Abu Lahab
paternal half-uncle		6 other sons
and 6 daughters
MuhammadKhadija
first wife		Abd Allah ibn Abbas
paternal cousin
Fatima
daughter		Ali
paternal cousin and son-in-law
family tree, descendants		Qasim
son		Abd Allah
son
Zainab
daughter		Ruqayya
daughter		Uthman
second cousin and son-in-law
family tree		Umm Kulthum
daughter		Zayd
adopted son
Ali ibn Zainab
grandson		Umama bint Zaynab
granddaughter		`Abd Allah ibn Uthman
grandson		Rayhana bint Zayd
wife		Usama ibn Zayd
adoptive grandson
Muhsin ibn Ali
grandson		Hasan ibn Ali
grandson		Husayn ibn Ali
grandson
family tree		Umm Kulthum bint Ali
granddaughter		Zaynab bint Ali
granddaughter		Safiyya
tenth wife
Abu Bakr
father-in-law
family tree		Sawda
third wife		Umar
father-in-law
family tree		Umm Salama
sixth wife		Juwayriya
eighth wife		Maymuna
eleventh wife
Aisha
third wife
Family tree		Zaynab
fifth wife		Hafsa
fourth wife		Zaynab
seventh wife		Umm Habiba
ninth wife		Maria al-Qibtiyya
twelfth wife
Ibrahim
son
  • * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
  • Note that direct lineage is marked in bold.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Companions of The Prophet", Vol.1, By: Abdul Wahid Hamid
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  3. ^ a b "Prophetmuhammadforall.org" (PDF). www.prophetmuhammadforall.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  4. ^ "Hazrat Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib (ra)". Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  5. ^ Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥajr al-ʿAsqalānī, al-Iṣāba fī Tamyīz al-Ṣaḥāba. 8 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1995), 2:105
  6. ^ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Finding the Truth in Judging the Companions.
  7. ^ Ibn sa'd/Haq p- 98.
  8. ^ Armstrong, Karen (2006). Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time. HarperCollins. p. 35. ISBN 9780062316837.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  10. ^ However, this in McDonald, M. V. (1988). Volume VI: Muhammad at Mecca, pp. 5-8. New York: State University of New York Press.
  11. ^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina, p. 288. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  12. ^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. page- 2-11
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