2004 United States presidential election in Illinois
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County Results
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Elections in Illinois |
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The 2004 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Illinois was won by Democratic nominee John Kerry by a 10.3% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations considered this a state Kerry would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. A reliable blue state that no Republican has won since Bush's father George H. W. Bush in 1988, voted for Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004 with almost 55% of the vote.
Kerry's victory in Illinois was primarily due to carrying seventy percent of the vote in the Chicago area's Cook County, where about 43% of Illinois' population resides. Amongst the remaining 57% of the population, President George W. Bush won 54.6% (1,749,203 votes) to 45.3% (1,452,265 votes). President Bush was victorious in Chicago's collar counties, although the results in those counties were narrower than his victories downstate. As of the 2016 presidential election[update], this is the last presidential election that a Democrat failed to carry any of Chicago's collar counties.[1]
Election information
The primaries and general elections coincided with those for Senate and congress, as well as those for state offices.
Turnout
For the state-run primaries (Democratic and Republican), turnout was 25.23%, with 1,801,090 votes cast.[2][3] For the general election, turnout was 70.33%, with 5,274,322 votes cast.[2][3]
Primaries
Democratic
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186 Democratic National Convention delegates (156 pledged, 30 unpledged) The number of pledged delegates received is determined by the popular vote | |||||||||||||||||||
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The 2004 Illinois Democratic -presidential primary was held on March 16 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 2004 presidential election.
By the time of the Illinois primary, Kerry was seen as having all but formally secured the nomination.
Candidate | Votes | % | Delegates |
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John Kerry | 873,230 | 71.72 | 155 |
John Edwards (withdrawn) | 131,966 | 10.84 | 1 |
Carol Moseley Braun (withdrawn) | 53,249 | 4.37 | 0 |
Howard Dean (withdrawn) | 47,343 | 3.89 | 0 |
Al Sharpton (withdrawn) | 36,123 | 2.97 | 0 |
Dennis Kucinich | 28,083 | 2.31 | 0 |
Joe Lieberman (withdrawn) | 24,354 | 2.00 | 0 |
Wesley Clark (withdrawn) | 19,304 | 1.59 | 0 |
Lyndon LaRouche | 3,863 | 0.32 | 0 |
Total | 1,217,515 | 100% | 156 |
Republican
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73 Republican National Convention delegates (60 pledged, 13 unpledged) Pledged delegates directly-elected in vote separate from statewide presidential preference vote | |||||||||||||||||||
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George W. Bush |
Incumbent president George W. Bush won the Republican primary. Republican was running for reelection without a major opponents, and with no opponents on the ballot in Illinois.
Illinois assigned 60 directly-elected delegates (the state had another 13 delegates that were not directly elected by voters).[5] The Illinois primary was a so-called "Loophole" primary. This meant that the statewide presidential preference vote was a "beauty contest", from which no delegates would be assigned. Instead, the delegates were assigned by separate direct-votes on delegate candidates (whose proclaimed presidential preferences were listed beside their names on the ballot).[5] These delegates were noted voted on at-large by a state vote, but rather by congressional district votes.[5] The number of delegates each congressional district would be able to elect had been decided based upon the strength of that district's vote for the Republican nominee (Bush) in the previous 2000 election.[5] This meant that four delegates each were elected from Illinois's 6th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, and 19th congressional districts, three delegates each were elected from Illinois's 12th and 17th congressional districts, and two delegates each were elected from Illinois's 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 9th congressional districts [5]
Ten of the remaining delegates not directly elected by congressional district were selected at the Illinois Republican Party Convention, and were unpledged delegates.[5] The other three would be unplugged ex-officio delegates, roles filled by the states National Committeeman, the National Committeewoman, and the chairman of the Illinois's Republican Party.[5]
Illinois Republican primary, 2004[5][3] | |||
Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Delegates |
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George W. Bush | 583,575 | 100% | 60 |
Totals | 583,575 | 100% | 60 |
Campaign
Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.[6]
- D.C. Political Report: Solid Democrat
- Associated Press: Solid Kerry
- CNN: Kerry
- Cook Political Report: Solid Democrat
- Newsweek: Solid Kerry
- New York Times: Solid Kerry
- Rasmussen Reports: Kerry
- Research 2000: Solid Kerry
- Washington Post: Kerry
- Washington Times: Solid Kerry
- Zogby International: Kerry
- Washington Dispatch: Kerry
Polling
Kerry won every single pre-election poll. Out of the 12 polls taken, Kerry won 9 of them with 52% or higher. The final 3 polls averaged Kerry leading 54% to Bush with 41%.[7]
Fundraising
Bush raised $6,892,187.[8] Kerry raised $7,100,400.[9]
Advertising and visits
Neither campaign advertised or visited this state during the fall election season because it was expected not to be competitive and Kerry had a solid lead in the state.[10][11]
Analysis
Illinois has voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since 1992, all by fairly comfortable margins. The blue trend in the “Land of Lincoln” in presidential elections can be largely attributed to Cook County which contains heavily Democratic Chicago and makes up about 41.2% of the state's total population.[12] Additionally, the historically Republican "collar counties" near Chicago have become friendlier to Democrats at the national level. Kerry also performed well in St. Clair County home of East St. Louis. Kerry also performed well in Champaign, Aurora, and Carbondale.
As of the 2016 presidential election[update], this is the last election in which DeKalb County, Winnebago County, Will County, Kane County, DuPage County, and Lake County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.[1]
Results
2004 United States presidential election in Illinois[3] | |||||
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Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
Democratic | John Forbes Kerry | 2,891,550 | 54.82% | 21 | |
Republican | George Walker Bush (Incumbent) | 2,345,946 | 44.48% | 0 | |
Libertarian | Michael Badnarik | 32,442 | 0.62% | 0 | |
Independent | write-ins | 4,384 | 0.08% | 0 | |
Totals | 5,274,322 | 100.00% | 21 | ||
Voter turnout (Voting age population) | 56.0% |
Results by county
County | John Forbes Kerry Democratic |
George Walker Bush Republican |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||
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# | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
Adams | 10,511 | 33.39% | 20,834 | 66.19% | 132 | 0.42% | -10,323 | -32.80% | 31,477 |
Alexander | 2,016 | 52.05% | 1,831 | 47.28% | 26 | 0.67% | 185 | 4.78% | 3,873 |
Bond | 3,228 | 43.81% | 4,068 | 55.20% | 73 | 0.99% | -840 | -11.40% | 7,369 |
Boone | 8,286 | 42.40% | 11,132 | 56.97% | 123 | 0.63% | -2,846 | -14.56% | 19,541 |
Brown | 895 | 34.62% | 1,679 | 64.95% | 11 | 0.43% | -784 | -30.33% | 2,585 |
Bureau | 7,961 | 44.47% | 9,822 | 54.87% | 119 | 0.66% | -1,861 | -10.40% | 17,902 |
Calhoun | 1,367 | 50.52% | 1,317 | 48.67% | 22 | 0.81% | 50 | 1.85% | 2,706 |
Carroll | 3,537 | 43.48% | 4,534 | 55.73% | 64 | 0.79% | -997 | -12.26% | 8,135 |
Cass | 2,492 | 43.72% | 3,163 | 55.49% | 45 | 0.79% | -671 | -11.77% | 5,700 |
Champaign | 41,524 | 50.37% | 39,896 | 48.40% | 1,014 | 1.23% | 1,628 | 1.97% | 82,434 |
Christian | 6,112 | 40.03% | 9,044 | 59.24% | 111 | 0.73% | -2,932 | -19.20% | 15,267 |
Clark | 2,877 | 35.93% | 5,082 | 63.47% | 48 | 0.60% | -2,205 | -27.54% | 8,007 |
Clay | 2,101 | 32.06% | 4,416 | 67.38% | 37 | 0.56% | -2,315 | -35.32% | 6,554 |
Clinton | 6,797 | 39.68% | 10,219 | 59.65% | 115 | 0.67% | -3,422 | -19.98% | 17,131 |
Coles | 9,566 | 41.99% | 13,015 | 57.13% | 199 | 0.87% | -3,449 | -15.14% | 22,780 |
Cook | 1,439,724 | 70.25% | 597,405 | 29.15% | 12,305 | 0.60% | 842,319 | 41.10% | 2,049,434 |
Crawford | 3,194 | 34.23% | 6,083 | 65.18% | 55 | 0.59% | -2,889 | -30.96% | 9,332 |
Cumberland | 1,862 | 34.38% | 3,497 | 64.57% | 57 | 1.05% | -1,635 | -30.19% | 5,416 |
DeKalb | 19,263 | 47.25% | 21,095 | 51.74% | 410 | 1.01% | -1,832 | -4.49% | 40,768 |
DeWitt | 2,836 | 36.37% | 4,920 | 63.09% | 42 | 0.54% | -2,084 | -26.72% | 7,798 |
Douglas | 2,767 | 32.40% | 5,702 | 66.77% | 71 | 0.83% | -2,935 | -34.37% | 8,540 |
DuPage | 180,097 | 44.75% | 218,902 | 54.39% | 3,447 | 0.86% | -38,805 | -9.64% | 402,446 |
Edgar | 3,093 | 36.69% | 5,258 | 62.38% | 78 | 0.93% | -2,165 | -25.69% | 8,429 |
Edwards | 930 | 27.65% | 2,412 | 71.70% | 22 | 0.65% | -1,482 | -44.05% | 3,364 |
Effingham | 4,388 | 26.96% | 11,774 | 72.33% | 116 | 0.71% | -7,386 | -45.37% | 16,278 |
Fayette | 3,571 | 37.40% | 5,880 | 61.58% | 98 | 1.03% | -2,309 | -24.18% | 9,549 |
Ford | 1,912 | 29.51% | 4,511 | 69.62% | 56 | 0.86% | -2,599 | -40.11% | 6,479 |
Franklin | 8,816 | 45.56% | 10,388 | 53.68% | 148 | 0.76% | -1,572 | -8.12% | 19,352 |
Fulton | 9,080 | 53.30% | 7,818 | 45.89% | 137 | 0.80% | 1,262 | 7.41% | 17,035 |
Gallatin | 1,573 | 48.78% | 1,619 | 50.20% | 33 | 1.02% | -46 | -1.43% | 3,225 |
Greene | 2,457 | 40.49% | 3,559 | 58.65% | 52 | 0.86% | -1,102 | -18.16% | 6,068 |
Grundy | 8,463 | 42.68% | 11,198 | 56.47% | 170 | 0.86% | -2,735 | -13.79% | 19,831 |
Hamilton | 1,814 | 40.19% | 2,653 | 58.77% | 47 | 1.04% | -839 | -18.59% | 4,514 |
Hancock | 3,975 | 40.16% | 5,837 | 58.97% | 87 | 0.88% | -1,862 | -18.81% | 9,899 |
Hardin | 923 | 37.87% | 1,501 | 61.59% | 13 | 0.53% | -578 | -23.72% | 2,437 |
Henderson | 2,269 | 54.64% | 1,857 | 44.71% | 27 | 0.65% | 412 | 9.92% | 4,153 |
Henry | 11,877 | 47.05% | 13,212 | 52.34% | 152 | 0.60% | -1,335 | -5.29% | 25,241 |
Iroquois | 3,832 | 27.70% | 9,914 | 71.66% | 89 | 0.64% | -6,082 | -43.96% | 13,835 |
Jackson | 14,300 | 55.37% | 11,190 | 43.33% | 336 | 1.30% | 3,110 | 12.04% | 25,826 |
Jasper | 1,781 | 33.38% | 3,529 | 66.14% | 26 | 0.49% | -1,748 | -32.76% | 5,336 |
Jefferson | 6,713 | 39.61% | 10,160 | 59.95% | 75 | 0.44% | -3,447 | -20.34% | 16,948 |
Jersey | 4,597 | 45.35% | 5,435 | 53.62% | 105 | 1.04% | -838 | -8.27% | 10,137 |
Jo Daviess | 5,311 | 45.85% | 6,174 | 53.30% | 99 | 0.85% | -863 | -7.45% | 11,584 |
Johnson | 1,813 | 30.91% | 3,997 | 68.15% | 55 | 0.94% | -2,184 | -37.24% | 5,865 |
Kane | 75,922 | 44.21% | 94,359 | 54.95% | 1,434 | 0.84% | -18,437 | -10.74% | 171,715 |
Kankakee | 20,003 | 44.42% | 24,739 | 54.93% | 294 | 0.65% | -4,736 | -10.52% | 45,036 |
Kendall | 12,374 | 38.19% | 19,774 | 61.03% | 254 | 0.78% | -7,400 | -22.84% | 32,402 |
Knox | 13,403 | 54.25% | 11,111 | 44.97% | 194 | 0.79% | 2,292 | 9.28% | 24,708 |
Lake | 134,352 | 48.80% | 139,081 | 50.52% | 1,862 | 0.68% | -4,729 | -1.72% | 275,295 |
LaSalle | 24,263 | 47.83% | 26,101 | 51.45% | 365 | 0.72% | -1,838 | -3.62% | 50,729 |
Lawrence | 2,518 | 37.42% | 4,162 | 61.85% | 49 | 0.73% | -1,644 | -24.43% | 6,729 |
Lee | 6,416 | 40.41% | 9,307 | 58.62% | 153 | 0.96% | -2,891 | -18.21% | 15,876 |
Livingston | 5,632 | 35.11% | 10,316 | 64.32% | 91 | 0.57% | -4,684 | -29.20% | 16,039 |
Logan | 4,273 | 31.73% | 9,112 | 67.66% | 82 | 0.61% | -4,839 | -35.93% | 13,467 |
Macon | 23,341 | 45.11% | 28,118 | 54.34% | 287 | 0.55% | -4,777 | -9.23% | 51,746 |
Macoupin | 11,193 | 49.12% | 11,413 | 50.09% | 179 | 0.79% | -220 | -0.97% | 22,785 |
Madison | 63,399 | 51.26% | 59,384 | 48.02% | 895 | 0.72% | 4,015 | 3.25% | 123,678 |
Marion | 7,694 | 44.67% | 9,413 | 54.65% | 117 | 0.68% | -1,719 | -9.98% | 17,224 |
Marshall | 2,806 | 42.62% | 3,734 | 56.71% | 44 | 0.67% | -928 | -14.09% | 6,584 |
Mason | 3,215 | 44.76% | 3,907 | 54.39% | 61 | 0.85% | -692 | -9.63% | 7,183 |
Massac | 2,805 | 37.78% | 4,578 | 61.66% | 41 | 0.55% | -1,773 | -23.88% | 7,424 |
McDonough | 7,119 | 47.69% | 7,656 | 51.28% | 154 | 1.03% | -537 | -3.60% | 14,929 |
McHenry | 50,330 | 39.34% | 76,412 | 59.72% | 1,206 | 0.94% | -26,082 | -20.38% | 127,948 |
McLean | 29,877 | 41.72% | 41,276 | 57.63% | 467 | 0.65% | -11,399 | -15.92% | 71,620 |
Menard | 2,137 | 32.51% | 4,408 | 67.05% | 29 | 0.44% | -2,271 | -34.55% | 6,574 |
Mercer | 4,512 | 50.28% | 4,405 | 49.09% | 57 | 0.64% | 107 | 1.19% | 8,974 |
Monroe | 6,788 | 41.47% | 9,468 | 57.84% | 114 | 0.70% | -2,680 | -16.37% | 16,370 |
Montgomery | 5,979 | 46.24% | 6,851 | 52.99% | 100 | 0.77% | -872 | -6.74% | 12,930 |
Morgan | 5,650 | 37.22% | 9,392 | 61.87% | 138 | 0.91% | -3,742 | -24.65% | 15,180 |
Moultrie | 2,388 | 36.93% | 4,028 | 62.30% | 50 | 0.77% | -1,640 | -25.36% | 6,466 |
Ogle | 9,018 | 37.43% | 14,918 | 61.92% | 155 | 0.64% | -5,900 | -24.49% | 24,091 |
Peoria | 41,121 | 49.68% | 41,051 | 49.60% | 599 | 0.72% | 70 | 0.08% | 82,771 |
Perry | 4,770 | 45.76% | 5,589 | 53.61% | 66 | 0.63% | -819 | -7.86% | 10,425 |
Piatt | 3,124 | 36.38% | 5,392 | 62.80% | 70 | 0.82% | -2,268 | -26.42% | 8,586 |
Pike | 2,849 | 35.70% | 5,032 | 63.06% | 99 | 1.24% | -2,183 | -27.36% | 7,980 |
Pope | 918 | 37.68% | 1,500 | 61.58% | 18 | 0.74% | -582 | -23.89% | 2,436 |
Pulaski | 1,372 | 44.14% | 1,720 | 55.34% | 16 | 0.51% | -348 | -11.20% | 3,108 |
Putnam | 1,704 | 50.84% | 1,623 | 48.42% | 25 | 0.75% | 81 | 2.42% | 3,352 |
Randolph | 6,771 | 45.27% | 8,076 | 54.00% | 109 | 0.73% | -1,305 | -8.73% | 14,956 |
Richland | 2,529 | 32.64% | 5,153 | 66.50% | 67 | 0.86% | -2,624 | -33.86% | 7,749 |
Rock Island | 39,880 | 56.99% | 29,663 | 42.39% | 429 | 0.61% | 10,217 | 14.60% | 69,972 |
Saline | 4,697 | 39.76% | 7,057 | 59.73% | 60 | 0.51% | -2,360 | -19.98% | 11,814 |
Sangamon | 38,630 | 40.50% | 55,904 | 58.61% | 841 | 0.88% | -17,274 | -18.11% | 95,375 |
Schuyler | 1,594 | 39.54% | 2,403 | 59.61% | 34 | 0.84% | -809 | -20.07% | 4,031 |
Scott | 927 | 35.17% | 1,696 | 64.34% | 13 | 0.49% | -769 | -29.17% | 2,636 |
Shelby | 3,744 | 35.40% | 6,753 | 63.85% | 80 | 0.76% | -3,009 | -28.45% | 10,577 |
St. Clair | 62,410 | 55.14% | 50,203 | 44.35% | 576 | 0.51% | 12,207 | 10.78% | 113,189 |
Stark | 1,189 | 38.84% | 1,841 | 60.14% | 31 | 1.01% | -652 | -21.30% | 3,061 |
Stephenson | 8,913 | 41.81% | 12,212 | 57.28% | 195 | 0.91% | -3,299 | -15.47% | 21,320 |
Tazewell | 25,814 | 41.41% | 36,058 | 57.84% | 466 | 0.75% | -10,244 | -16.43% | 62,338 |
Union | 3,735 | 40.96% | 5,333 | 58.48% | 51 | 0.56% | -1,598 | -17.52% | 9,119 |
Vermilion | 14,726 | 43.68% | 18,731 | 55.56% | 257 | 0.76% | -4,005 | -11.88% | 33,714 |
Wabash | 1,752 | 29.17% | 4,212 | 70.13% | 42 | 0.70% | -2,460 | -40.96% | 6,006 |
Warren | 3,938 | 46.56% | 4,474 | 52.90% | 45 | 0.53% | -536 | -6.34% | 8,457 |
Washington | 2,986 | 36.85% | 5,072 | 62.59% | 46 | 0.57% | -2,086 | -25.74% | 8,104 |
Wayne | 2,139 | 25.81% | 6,102 | 73.63% | 46 | 0.56% | -3,963 | -47.82% | 8,287 |
White | 3,071 | 37.00% | 5,180 | 62.40% | 50 | 0.60% | -2,109 | -25.41% | 8,301 |
Whiteside | 13,723 | 51.07% | 12,959 | 48.22% | 191 | 0.71% | 764 | 2.84% | 26,873 |
Will | 115,625 | 46.92% | 129,098 | 52.39% | 1,686 | 0.68% | -13,473 | -5.47% | 246,409 |
Williamson | 11,685 | 39.00% | 18,086 | 60.37% | 189 | 0.63% | -6,401 | -21.37% | 29,960 |
Winnebago | 59,740 | 49.20% | 60,782 | 50.06% | 903 | 0.74% | -1,042 | -0.86% | 121,425 |
Woodford | 6,005 | 31.94% | 12,698 | 67.54% | 99 | 0.53% | -6,693 | -35.60% | 18,802 |
Totals | 2,891,989 | 54.82% | 2,346,608 | 44.48% | 36,818 | 0.70% | 545,381 | 10.34% | 5,275,415 |
By congressional district
Kerry won ten of nineteen congressional districts.[13]
District | Kerry | Bush | Representative |
---|---|---|---|
1st | 83% | 17% | Bobby Rush |
2nd | 84% | 16% | Jesse Jackson Jr. |
3rd | 59% | 41% | Bill Lipinski |
Dan Lipinski | |||
4th | 79% | 21% | Luis Gutierrez |
5th | 67% | 33% | Rahm Emanuel |
6th | 47% | 53% | Henry Hyde |
7th | 83% | 17% | Danny K. Davis |
8th | 44% | 56% | Phil Crane |
Melissa Bean | |||
9th | 68% | 32% | Jan Schakowsky |
10th | 53% | 47% | Mark Kirk |
11th | 46% | 53% | Jerry Weller |
12th | 52% | 48% | Jerry Costello |
13th | 45% | 55% | Judy Biggert |
14th | 44% | 55% | Dennis Hastert |
15th | 41% | 59% | Timothy V. Johnson |
16th | 44% | 55% | Donald Manzullo |
17th | 51% | 48% | Lane Evans |
18th | 42% | 58% | Ray LaHood |
19th | 39% | 61% | John Shimkus |
Electors
Technically the voters of Illinois cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Illinois is allocated 21 electors because it has 19 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 21 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 21 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.
The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.
The following were the members of the Electoral College from Illinois. All were pledged to and voted for Kerry and Edwards:[14]
- Constance A. Howard
- Carrie Austin
- Shirley R. Madigan
- Tony Munoz
- James DeLeo
- Joan Brennan
- Vera Davis
- Linda Pasternak
- William Marovitz
- Dan Pierce
- Debbie Halvorson
- Molly McKenzie
- Beth Ann May
- Mary Lou Kearns
- Lynn Foster
- John Nelson
- Mary Boland
- Shirley McCombs
- Jerry Sinclair
- Barbara Flynn Currie
- John Daley
References
- ^ a b Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ a b "Voter Turnout". www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Election Results". www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "Illinois Democratic Delegation 2004". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Illinois Republican Delegation 2004". www.thegreenpapers.com. The Green Papers. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ^ http://www.dcpoliticalreport.com/members/2004/Pred2.htm#NW[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/CAMPAIGN/2004/polls.php?fips=17
- ^ http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/campaigns/george_w_bush.asp?cycle=04
- ^ http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/campaigns/john_f_kerry.asp?cycle=04
- ^ "CNN.com Specials". CNN.
- ^ "CNN.com Specials". CNN.
- ^ "Cook County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
- ^ http://www.swingstateproject.com/diary/4161/
- ^ https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2004_certificates/