Jump to content

Sabarimala Temple

Coordinates: 9°26′15″N 77°04′50″E / 9.4375°N 77.0805°E / 9.4375; 77.0805
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by BlackcurrantTea (talk | contribs) at 07:13, 3 August 2020 (cleanup & copy editing, inc fixing section formatting; reduced MOS:REPEATLINK & MOS:OVERLINK; rm links used in text from see also; rm unused parameters & 'language=en': not visible to readers & clutters wikicode). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about Sabarimala Sree Dharma Sastha Temple. For Sabarimala Hills, see Sabarimala (place).

Sabarimala Temple
Sabarimala Temple Shreekovil
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DistrictPathanamthitta
DeityAyyappa
FestivalsMakaravilakku, Mandalapooja
Location
LocationPerunad
StateKerala
CountryIndia
Sabarimala Temple is located in Kerala
Sabarimala Temple
Location in Kerala
Geographic coordinates9°26′15″N 77°04′50″E / 9.4375°N 77.0805°E / 9.4375; 77.0805
Architecture
TypeKerala Temple architecture
CompletedBefore 12th century
Specifications
Temple(s)4
Elevation1,260 m (4,134 ft)
Website
www.sabarimala.kerala.gov.in

The Śabarimala Temple is a temple complex located at Sabarimala inside the Periyar Tiger Reserve in the Perinad Village, Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India.[1][2] It is one of the largest annual pilgrimage sites in the world with an estimate of over 40 to 50 million devotees visiting every year.[3][4][5][6] The temple is dedicated to a Hindu celibate deity Ayyappan also known as Dharma Shasta, who according to belief is the son of Shiva and Mohini, the feminine incarnation of Vishnu.[7] The traditions of Sabarimala are a confluence of Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, and other Śramaṇa traditions.[8]

The temple is situated on a hilltop amidst eighteen hills at an altitude of 1260 m (4,134 ft) above sea level, and is surrounded by mountains and dense forests. The dense forest, part of the Periyar Tiger Reserve, around the temple is known as Poongavanam. Temples exist in each of the hills surrounding Sabarimala. While functional and intact temples exist at many places in the surrounding areas like Nilakkal, Kalaketty, and Karimala, remnants of old temples survive to this day on remaining hills.

In response to a PIL filed in 1991, the Kerala High Court had judged that the restriction of entry of women ages 10–50 to the temple was in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial, and it directed the Devaswom Board to uphold the customary traditions of the temple and also concluded that "since there is no restriction between one section and another section or between one class and another class among the Hindus in the matter of entry to a temple (Sabarimala) whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class."[9]
However, On 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India, in a 4-1 majority decision (4 men and 1 women judicial panel), overturned the ban on the entry of women. But the lone women judge, Indu Malhotra noted in her dissenting judgement that "what constitutes an essential religious practice is for the religious community to decide" and not a matter that should be decided by the courts. She added that "notions of rationality cannot be invoked in matters of religion by courts".[10][11] The Chief Justice, Dipak Misra, stated that the selective ban on women was not an "essential part" of Hinduism, and instead a form of "religious patriarchy". Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud stated that the ban "stigamatises" and "stereotypes" women, while "placing the burden of men's celibacy" on them. After supreme court verdict, the southern state of Kerala had witnessed huge peaceful protest and mass rally's by devotees. Devotees have filed around 65 review petition against 28 September 2018 order. Normally Supreme Court of India will never accept review petition against it own order. However considering the facts and circumstance of the matter, Supreme Court has accepted the review petition and decided to hear the proceeding in an open court. After Completion of the hearing in February 2019, the Court ordered under the new Chief Justice Mr. Ranjan Gagoi, to refer the matter to big bench comprising 7 judges to re-consider the decision of 28 September 2018.

The temple is open for worship only during the days of Mandalapooja (approximately 15 November to 26 December),[12] Makaravilakku or "Makara Sankranti" (14 January) and Maha Vishuva Sankranti (14 April), and the first five days of each Malayalam month.

Origins

Aiyyanar with Poorna and Pushkala. From Historical Museum of Rajendra Chola, Gangaikondacholapuram, Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India.

The worship of Shasta forms part of the very ancient history of south India.[13] At Sabarimala, the deity is worshiped as Ayyappan and as Dharmashasta. The shrine of Sabarimala is an ancient temple. It is believed that the prince of Pandalam dynasty, an avatar of Ayyappan, meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. The place where the prince meditated is the Manimandapam.

There are many Shasta temples in South India and across the globe.[14] As per the temple history, the Shasta temple at Sabarimala is one of the five Shasta temples founded by Lord Parasurama, an avatar of Lord Vishnu. The other Shasta temples in this group of five includes the Ayyappan Temples:[15][unreliable source?] at Kulathupuzha, where the Shasta appears as a Balaka or child; at Aryankavu where the lord appears as a Brahmachari or young man; at Achankovil Shastha Temple, where the lord leads the Grihastha Ashrama life here and depicted along with his two wives – Purna and Pushkala[citation needed] at Sabarimala, where the lord is depicted in the Vanaprastha or form of renunciation; at Ponnambala Medu the lord appears as a "makaravilaku".[16][unreliable source?]

After the installation of the temple, it was mostly unreachable for about three centuries. In the 9th century, a prince of Pandalam Dynasty, called Manikandan, rediscovered the original path to reach Sabarimala. He had many followers with him, including the descendants of the Vavar (a Muslim warrior whom Manikandan defeated) family. This prince is considered an avatar of Ayyappa, and is believed to have led a pack of tigers to his palace with Vavar and then later disappeared to the Sabarimala temple. The temple was then renovated.[17][unreliable source?]

In 1821, the kingdom of Pandalam was added to Travancore. 48 major temples including the Sabarimala temple were also added to Travancore.

The temple

See also: Pathinettampadi
Sabarimala Picture gallery
Thirusannidhanam
Sabaripeedam
Pathinettampadi
Garba Gudi

The Sannidhanam (main temple) is built on a plateau about 40 feet high.[18][unreliable source?][19][unreliable source?]

The temple was rebuilt after arson and vandalism in 1950.[20] No charges were brought[21] and the earlier stone image of the deity was replaced by a panchaloha(an alloy from five metals) idol, about 1 and half feet.

The temple consists of a sanctum sanctorum with a gold-plated roof and four golden finials at the top, two mandapams, the balikalpura which houses the altar. In 1969, the flag staff (dhwajam) was installed.[22]

The shrine of Kannimoola ganapathi prathishta is south-west to The Sreekovil of the Sannidhanam. Devotees offer part of the broken coconut (Neythenga) to the fireplace (Azhi). Ganapathi homam is the main offering.[19][unreliable source?]

The Pathinettu thripadikal or the 18 sacred steps is the main stairway to the temple. As per the custom followed, no pilgrim without "Irumudikkettu" can ascend the 18 sacred steps. In 1985, the 18 steps were covered by Panchaloha. The northern gate is open for those who do not carry an "Irumudikkettu", as observed in the Kerala High Court judgment of 1991.[23]

The temples of Lord Ayyappan's trusted lieutenants Karuppu Sami and Kadutha Sami are positioned as his guards (kaval) at the foot of the holy 18 sacred steps.

The temple of Maalikapurathamma, whose importance is almost in par with Lord Ayyappa,[citation needed] is located few yards from Sannidhanam. It is believed that the Lord Ayyapan had specific instructions that he wanted Malikappurath Amma, on his left side. Prior to the fire disaster, there was only a Peeda Prathishta (holy seat) at Malikappuram. The idol of Malikappurath Amma was installed by Brahmasree Kandararu Maheswararu Thanthri. The Devi at Malikappuram holds a Sankh, Chakram and Varada Abhya Mudra. Now the idol is covered with a gold Golaka. The temple also was reconstructed in the last decade and now the conical roof and sopanam is covered with gold.[24][unreliable source?]

Nagarajav Shrine at Sabarimala

The shrine of the Lord of snakes, Nagarajav is placed adjacent to the malikappuram temple. Pilgrims after the Darsan of Ayyappa and Kannimoola Ganapathi, make their darsan and give offerings to Nagarajav.

Manimandapam, is the place where Ayyappan Jeeva samadhi[Arya kerala jeevasamadhi].[24][unreliable source?]

The Sabarimala temple complex include Pampa Ganapathi temple, Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple. The Nilakal Mahadeva temple and Palliyara Bhagavathi temple is as old as the Shasta temple and the deities are worshiped as the parents of Lord Ayyappa. Ganapathi temple at Pampa has Pampa Maha Ganapathi and Athi Ganapathi (lit. old ganapathy), sreekovil where the idol from the first Ganapathy temple is worshiped. Sabari Peedam has a temple of Rama and Hanuman also.[citation needed]

Worship

Mandala kaalam

The pilgrimage to Sabarimala starts from the first day of Vrischika month of Malayalam year (month of Scorpio) and ends on the 11th day of Dhanu month (the Month of Sagittarius). This season of 41-days pilgrimage is known as Mandala kalam (season) . The season is in the months of December and January.[25]

Prasadam

The prasadam at Sabarimala temple is Aravana payasam and Appam. These are prepared by using rice, ghee, sugar, jaggery etc. The rice needed to prepare the prasadam at Sabarimala temple is supplied by Chettikulangara Devi Temple, the second largest temple under the Travancore Devaswom Board situated at Mavelikkara. The Chief Commissioner, Travancore Devaswom Board said that the board has appointed Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore as a consultant for providing technical guidance to ensure the quality of Aravana, Appam and other prasadam preparations at Sabarimala temple.[26]

Harivarasanam

Harivarasanam is recited before closing the temple door every night. The Harivarasanam prayer, which is sung at Sabarimala is a Urakkupattu. It is composed by Kambangudi Kulathur Srinivasa Iyer in Sanskrit. It is said that Srinivasa Iyer used to recite the composition after the Athazha Puja, standing in front of the shrine of Ayyappa in the main temple. With the efforts of Swami Vimochanananda, it came to be accepted as the lullaby by the Tantri and Melshanthi. The composition has 352 letters, 108 words in 32 lines in 8 stanzas.[27][unreliable source?]

Though there have been many versions of this song sung by many renowned vocalists, the temple plays the rendition by K. J. Yesudas, composed by the renowned music director G. Devarajan, which is in the Madhyamavathi raga of Indian Carnatic music.[28][unreliable source?]

Neyyabhishekam

This significant ritual involves pouring sacred ghee brought by pilgrims in their Pallikettu or Irumudi (a two compartment bag made of handwoven cotton cloth used to carry the offerings for Sabarimala Temple carried on their heads) on the idol of Lord Ayyappa. It symbolically means the merging of Jeevatma with the Paramatma. While a red-colored irumudi is used by a pilgrim on his first journey as a Kanni Ayyappan to Sabarimala, others use navy blue till third year and thereafter saffron colored irumudi.

Makara Vilakku

Main article: Makaravilakku

Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana met Sabari, a tribal devotee, at Sabarimala. Sabari offered the Lord fruits after tasting them. But the Lord accepted them gladly and whole-heartedly. The Lord then saw a divine person doing tapasya. He asked Sabari who it was. Sabari said it was Shasta. Rama walked towards him. Shasta stood up and welcomed the Prince of Ayodhya. The anniversary of this incident is celebrated on Makara Vilakku day. It is believed that on Makara Vilakku day, Lord Dharmashasta stops his tapasya to bless his devotees. The day is also called Makara Shankranthi.[citation needed]

Aham Brahmasmi and Tattvamasi

The most important message written at the temple facade is one of the four Mahāvākyas of Advaita or the non-dualistic school of philosophy. Tat Tvam Asi, the 3rd of four Mahavakyas which in sanskrit translates to "Thou Art That" is the principle philosophy that governs the temple and pilgrimage. As the pilgrimage is symbolic for the journey to self-realization that all living beings possess the essence of Brahman, pilgrims refer to each other as Swami, acknowledging their divinity.[citation needed]

It means, in short, you are part of the Paramatma which is the quintessence of Advaita philosophy.[citation needed]

Aravana Payasam
Aravana Payasam

The history behind the worshipping methods

The customs of the pilgrims to Sabarimala are based on five worshipping methods; those of Shaivites, Shaktists and Vaishnavites. At first, there were three sections of devotees – the devotees of Shakti who used meet to worship their deity[citation needed], the devotees of Vishnu who followed the strict penance and continence, and the devotees of Shiva who partly followed these two methods. Another name of Ayyappa is Shasta. All these can be seen merged into the beliefs of pilgrims to Sabarimala. The chain the pilgrims wear comes from the Rudraksha chain of the Shaivites. The strict fasting, penance and continence is taken out of the beliefs of the Vaishnavites. The offering of tobacco to Kaduthaswamy can be considered to be taken from the Shaktists.[citation needed]

Pilgrimage

A sign-board that indicates the direction to Sabarimala. The multilingual board is written in Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and English (in that order, from top to bottom)
Crowd management of pilgrims

The devotees are expected to follow a Vratham (41-day austerity period) prior to the pilgrimage.[29][30][31] This begins with wearing of a special Mala (a chain made of Rudraksha or Tulasi beads is commonly used, though still other types of chains are available.). During the 41 days of Vratham, the devotee who has taken the vow, is required to strictly follow the rules that include follow only a lacto-vegetarian diet (In India, vegetarianism is synonymous with lacto-vegetarianism), follow celibacy, follow teetotalism, not use any profanity and have to control the anger, allow the hair and nails to grow without cutting.[31] They must try their maximum to help others, and see everything around them as lord Ayyappa. They are expected to bath twice in a day and visit the local temples regularly and only wear plain black or blue coloured traditional clothing.[citation needed]

Millions of devotees still follow the traditional mountainous forest path (approximately 61 km) from Erumely, 12.8 km from Vandiperiyar and 8 km from Chalakayam, believed to be taken by Ayyappa himself. The Erumely route starts from Erumely to Aludha river, then crosses the Aludha mountain to reach Karivilam thodu. Now comes the sacred Karimala crossing, from there to Cheriyanavattom, Valliyanavattom and finally Pamba River. Then they have to climb Neelimala and enter into the Ganesha-Bettam, Shreerama-Betta Padam. Then comes the Aranmula kottaram, which is one of the stops of holy journey Thiruvabharana Ghoshayatra (the grand procession of the divine jewelry).[citation needed]

These days people use vehicles to reach the Pamba River by an alternate route. From Pamba, all the pilgrims begin trekking the steep mountain path of Neeli Mala till Sabari Mala. This route is now highly developed, with emergency shops and medical aid by the sides, and supporting aid is provided to the pilgrims while climbing the steep slope, which used to be a mere trail through dense jungle. The elderly pilgrims are lifted by men on bamboo chairs till the top, on being paid.[citation needed]

Women

Main article: Entry of women to Sabarimala

Temple management puts religious restriction against entry of women of menstruating age. This is based on tradition of the temple to respect the deity, similar restrictions are present against entry of men in other Hindu temples, for example Brahma Temple, Pushkar,[32][33][34] Kamakhya Temple.[35]

According to the Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin States, published in two volumes by the Madras government in the 19th century, women of menstruating age were denied entry into the Sabarimala temple two centuries ago. Though the authors, lieutenants of the Madras Infantry, completed the survey by the end of the year 1820 after nearly five years of research, it was published in two volumes only in 1893 and 1901. "Old women and young girls may approach the temple, but those who have attained the age of puberty and to a certain time of life are forbidden to approach as all sexual intercourse in that vicinity is averse to this deity (Lord Ayyappa)," the report said [36] Up to 1991, women visited the temple even though in small numbers. Women pilgrims below the age of 50 would visit the temple to conduct the first rice-feeding ceremony of their children (Chorroonu) in the temple premises.[37]

In 1991, Justices K. Paripoornan and K. Balanarayana Marar of the Kerala High Court, in their ruling against the Travancore Devaswom Board, restricted the entry of women between ages 10 and 50 from offering worship at the temple, stating that such a restriction was in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial.[23] In addition, the judges directed the Government of Kerala, to use the police force to ensure that restriction was complied with.[23] High court also stated that "since there is no restriction between one section and another section or between one class and another class among the Hindus in the matter of entry to a temple (Sabarimala) whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class."[9]

On 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India, in a 4-1 majority decision (4 men and 1 women judicial panel), overturned the ban on the entry of women.[38][39] The Chief Justice, Dipak Misra, stated that the selective ban on women was not an "essential part" of Hinduism, and instead a form of "religious patriarchy".[38] Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud stated that the ban "stigamatises" and "stereotypes" women, while "placing the burden of men's celibacy" on them.[38][40] The lone women judge, Indu Malhotra noted in her dissenting judgement that "what constitutes an essential religious practice is for the religious community to decide" and not a matter that should be decided by the courts. She added that "notions of rationality cannot be invoked in matters of religion by courts".[38][41][42]

This led to protests at Nilakkal and Pamba base camps on 17 October 2018, when the temple was opened for the first time after the Supreme Court verdict. Protesters assaulted women journalists, stole their camera equipment, and damaged a vehicle. The police were also attacked. A number of women were among the protesters, checking cars to see if they contained women of menstruating age and helping with the road blocks.[43][44] There were also reports of police damaging protesters' motor bikes.[45] However Lord Ayyappa devotees in a large scale all over Kerala and also in other southern state of India namely Tamil Nadu, Andra pradesh and Karnataka, protested against entry of women in 10-50 age group in Sabarimala. large number of people participated in the protest mainly women devotees.[46] On 26 December 2018 Devotees conducted 'Ayyappa Jyothi' lighting diya or lamp all across the state of Kerala, Karnataka covering a distance of about 765 km from 6 pm to 6-30 pm against young women's entry to temple. Thousands joined in the event.[47][48] The protestors were physically attacked in Kannur and the state government filed cases against 1400 unidentified participants.[49][47]

Even other religious groups supported the cause of devotees. Prominent Jain Acharya Yugbhushan Suri Maharaj, also known as Pandit Maharaj, has said that sanctity was a religious issue and that it was connected to fundamental religious rights.[50] Commenting on the Sabarimala temple row, Pandit Maharaj told IndiaToday.in, "Whether it is Sabarimala or Jharkhand's Shikharji, the agitations are for sanctity," adding, "Religion talks about inner belief and sanctity. This should be respected. I am not against the judiciary or the Supreme Court, but they should not overlook the belief of the people." Also, Art of Living founder Ravi Shankar batted for the rules that have been traditionally followed at the sanctum sanctorum of the Ayyappa Temple in Sabarimala.[51]

Two women of menstruating age attempted to enter the temple on 19 October 2018 but were blocked by protesters about 100 m away. After the Thantri threatened to close the sanctum sanctorum if the women attempted to ascend the 18 sacred steps, they turned back.[52][53]

On 2 January 2019 at 3:45 AM, for the first time after the Supreme Court verdict, two women in their early 40s were escorted by police into the Sabarimala temple, allegedly through a back gate meant for staff. The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, confirmed their entry. Thereafter, priests closed the temple for one hour to ritually purify it.[54][55][56][57]

Administration

Administration and legal duties is managed by Travancore Devasvom Board, an affiliate authority of Government of Kerala. Thazhamon Madom is the traditional priest family who has powers over the religious matters to be decided in Sabarimala Temple. Tantri is the highest priest and is the head of the temple. It's the duty of the family to decide on religious matters relating to Sabarimala shrine. Tantris are to be present in all ceremonial Poojas and functions to be held at temple premises and functions associated with temple. The installation of idols of the temple was also done by Tantri of this family.

Currently, Kandararu Rajeevararu and Kandararu Mahesh Mohanaru from Thazhamon Madom are the thantris of Sabarimala, taking yearly turns and A K Sudheer Namboodiri is the elected melshanti of Sabarimala, from November 2019 to November 2020.

Environmental efforts

An information signage near Nadappanthal, Sabarimala, inviting all to join hands in making Sabarimala free from plastic and other wastes.

The waste disposed by the devotees to Sabarimala is threatening the wildlife of the region[58][59][60] and the evergreen forests.[61] Efforts are on to make Sabarimala free from pollution and waste. High Court of Kerala has directed that 'Irumudikkettu' should not contain plastic materials.[62] Projects like "Punyam Poonkavanam" has been initiated under the aegis of governmental departments.[63] Hindu organisations such as Art of Living and Mata Amritanandamayi Math has been regularly contributing to keep Sabarimala and its precincts clean.[64][65][66] While cleaning Pamba river Sabarimala Sanndidhaanam clean is their primary objective,[67] the broader vision is to spread the message of greenness and cleanliness beyond Sabarimala.

Some of the salient aspects of "Punyam Poonkavanam" project includes:[68]

  1. Not using soap and oil while bathing in the holy Pamba River. No throwing any material, including clothes in the holy river.
  2. To prepare irumudikkettu without using any plastic and using only bio-degradable materials.
  3. To devote at least one hour in cleanliness activities at Sabarimala Sannidhaanam, River Pamba and surroundings as part of the pilgrimage.

Transport

Doli service in Sabarimala

The nearest airports are Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (170 kilometres (110 mi)) and Cochin International Airport (160 kilometres (99 mi)). A heliport is situated in Perunad about (40 kilometres (25 mi)) from Pamba, which is also known as Sabarimala helipad. tiruvalla (87 kilometres (54 mi) Chengannur (82 kilometres (51 mi)), Kottayam (92 kilometres (57 mi)) , Kayamkulam Junction (102 kilometres (63 mi)), Sasthamkotta (100 kilometres (62 mi)), Punalur (100 kilometres (62 mi)) and Kollam Junction (129 kilometres (80 mi)) are some of the closest accessible railway stations from Sabarimala.

The main trunk road of about 70 kilometres (43 mi) to Sabarimala is Pathanamthitta-Pamba, which passes through, Mannarakulanji, Vadasserikara, Perunad, Lahai & Nilakkal. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation operates regular daily bus services from Pandalam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam and Kumili. Direct Bus services to Pathanamthitta, Erumeli and Pamba are operated from Chengannur railway station and Kottayam railway station.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sabarimala". pathanamthitta.nic.in. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  2. ^ "SABARIMALA SREE DHARMA SASTHA TEMPLE". travancoredevaswomboard.org. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  3. ^ "Why millions throng Sabarimala shrine". DailyBhaskar. 15 January 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  4. ^ "Indo-Americans shocked at Sabarimala tragedy". Sify. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  5. ^ "Record collection at Sabarimala". The Hindu. 27 December 2014.
  6. ^ "Women to enter Sabarimala temple today: Weird laws against women from all over the world". India Today. 28 September 2018.
  7. ^ "Legend of Sabarimala: Love story that kept women from Lord Ayyappa". India Today. 28 September 2018.
  8. ^ "The Buddhist Connection: Sabarimala and the Tibetans". Rediff. 31 December 1997.
  9. ^ a b https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1915943/
  10. ^ Gilles Tarabout (2015). "Religious Uncertainty, Astrology and the Courts in South India". In Berti, Daniella; Good, Anthony; Tarabout, Gilles (eds.). Of Doubt and Proof. Legal and Ritual Practices of Judgmen. Ashgate. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4724-3451-7. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  11. ^ https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sabarimala-verdict-justice-indu-malhotra-dissents-cant-invoke-rationality-in-religion-5378873
  12. ^ "Sabarimala Temple Opening Dates 2018 to 2019 – Chennaivision". Chennaivision. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  13. ^ Asian Mythologies|Yves Bonnefoy|University of Chicago Press, 15 May 1993
  14. ^ "Shrines for Sastha, in eight forms". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  15. ^ "Ayyappa Samaaj of San Francisco Bay Area". www.ayyappasamaaj.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  16. ^ "The Six Sastha Temples and the Shat Chakras". shanmatha.blogspot.hk. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Sabarimala Sree Dharma Sastha Temple". Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  18. ^ "Sannidhanam sabarimala meaning | Brief on sabarimala sannidhanam". lordayyappa.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  19. ^ a b "Sabarimala-The pilgrimage is a symbol of love, equality, and devotion". www.sabarimala.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  20. ^ Menon, K Kesava (1950). Sabarimala Temple Arson Case (PDF). Trivandrum: Government Press. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  21. ^ Jeffrey, Robin (1980). "What the Statues Tell: The Politics of Choosing Symbols in Trivandrum". Pacific Affairs. 53 (3): 494. doi:10.2307/2757305. JSTOR 2757305.
  22. ^ "My 'choroonu' was in Sabarimala on my mother's lap: TKA Nair". Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  23. ^ a b c Kerala High Court (5 April 1991) Bench: K Paripoornan, K B Marar; Source: [1] (accessed Sunday 1 May 2016)
  24. ^ a b "Malikappurathamma Malikappuram Temple Sabarimala". www.vaikhari.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  25. ^ nedunal (14 February 2017). "Sabarimala Opening Dates 2020". nedunal. Retrieved 2 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "CFTRI to monitor quality of Sabarimala prasadom". 6 August 2012.
  27. ^ Harivarasanam History and meaning of harivarasanam.
  28. ^ "Download Harivarasanam Songs & Lyrics, KJ Yesudas Harivarasanam Song Lyrics". www.ayyappatemple.in. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  29. ^ http://www.haindavakeralam.com/HKPage.aspx?PageID=12948&SKIN=D
  30. ^ "Sabarimala Temple Opening Dates 2018 to 2019". Dheivegam.
  31. ^ a b Singh, Ram Kinkar (15 October 2018). "Sabarimala temple: Here is why devotees of Lord Ayyappa are protesting in Delhi". India Today. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  32. ^ Sultania, Devyani (29 November 2016). "Here's a list of 8 temples in India where men are not allowed to enter!". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  33. ^ "Indian temples where men can't enter on certain days". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  34. ^ "NO ENTRY: 6 Temples In India Where MEN Are Not Allowed To Enter Or Worship". dailybhaskar. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  35. ^ https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/sep/28/indian-temples-where-men-cant-enter-on-certain-days-1878292.html
  36. ^ https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/11/22/british-era-survey-report-says-sabarimala-ban-existed-200-years-ago.html
  37. ^ Gilles Tarabout (2015). "Religious Uncertainty, Astrology and the Courts in South India". In Berti, Daniella; Good, Anthony; Tarabout, Gilles (eds.). Of Doubt and Proof. Legal and Ritual Practices of Judgmen. Ashgate. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4724-3451-7. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  38. ^ a b c d The Registrar, SCI. "Writ petition (civil) no. 373 of 2006" (PDF). Supreme Court of India. Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  39. ^ "Women Of All Ages Can Enter Sabarimala Temple, Says Top Court, Ending Ban". NDTV.com. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  40. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sabarimala-temple-entry-live-updates/article25066336.ece
  41. ^ "Sabarimala verdict: Justice Indu Malhotra dissents — Can't invoke rationality in religion". The Indian Express. 29 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  42. ^ "Sabarimala verdict: 5 key reasons why Justice Indu Malhotra differed with majority view - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  43. ^ "Sabarimala row: Devotees attack journalists, stop women from approaching temple". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  44. ^ "Sabarimala: Mobs attack women near India Hindu temple". BBC. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  45. ^ "Watch: Kerala Cops Vandalise Parked Vehicles Near Sabarimala". NDTV.com. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  46. ^ "'Peaceful' protests against Supreme Court judgment". Deccan Chronicle. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  47. ^ a b "To counter Women's Wall, Ayyappa Jyothi volunteers line up with lamps across Kerala". www.thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  48. ^ "Massive participation of women in 765-km Ayyappa Jyothi". OnManorama. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  49. ^ "Cases filed against 1400 people who took part in Ayyappa Jyothi event in Kerala". www.thenewsminute.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  50. ^ PuneOctober 18, Pankaj P. Khelkar; October 18, 2018UPDATED; Ist, 2018 01:08. "Women should not enter Sabarimala: Jain acharya Pandit Maharaj". India Today. Retrieved 4 March 2019. {{cite web}}: |first3= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "Tradition must be followed: Sri Sri Ravi Shankar on Sabarimala row". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  52. ^ "Sabarimala protests: Women descend the hill without darshan following protests". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  53. ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Pokharel, Sugam; Suri, Manveena (2 January 2019). "Two Indian women become first to enter temple after centuries-old ban overturned". CNN. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  54. ^ "Two women below 50 claim they entered Kerala's Sabarimala temple - Times of India ►". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  55. ^ "2 Women Below 50 Enter Sabarimala, Temple Reopens After "Purification"". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  56. ^ P, Chennabasaveshwar (28 September 2018). "Sabarimala Temple entry case: Jayamala's bold claim that stoked controversy in 2006". OneIndia. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  57. ^ M.G, Radhakrishnan. "Ban on women of prohibited age group visiting Sabarimala shrine comes under scrutiny". India Today. India Today. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  58. ^ "ശബരിമലയില്‍ ചത്ത മ്ലാവിന്റെ വയറ്റില്‍ കിലോക്കണക്കിന് പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക്ക്". mathrubhuminews.in. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  59. ^ "Going green? Kerala's Sabarimala temple rules against the use of plastics – Firstpost". Firstpost. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  60. ^ "Kerala High Court seeks probe into deer death". Deccan Chronicle. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  61. ^ "Sabarimala and Periyar eternal yet threatened". Times Of India Blogs. 22 June 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  62. ^ "'Irumudikkettu' should not contain plastic materials: HC". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  63. ^ Vijayan, P. "'Punyam Poonkavanam' to cleanse Sabarimala". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  64. ^ "sabarimala | Amala Bharatam അമലഭാരതം". e.amritapuri.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  65. ^ "Sabarimala clean-up: 35,000 bags of garbage collected". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  66. ^ Kuttoor, Radhakrishnan. "200 foreigners take part in cleaning drive at Sabarimala". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  67. ^ Correspondent, Special. "Pampa to be included in Punyam Poonkavanam". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2016. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  68. ^ "Welcome to Official Site of Punyam Poonkavanam". www.punyampoonkavanam.org. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sabarimala.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sabarimala Temple.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabarimala_Temple&oldid=970934905"