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This article is about the Italian football league. For other uses, see Serie A (disambiguation).
Serie A
File:Serie A logo (2019).svg
New logo from 2019–20 season
Organising bodyLega Serie A
Founded1898; 126 years ago (1898)
1929 (as round-robin)
CountryItaly
ConfederationUEFA
Number of teams20
Level on pyramid1
Relegation toSerie B
Domestic cup(s)Coppa Italia
Supercoppa Italiana
International cup(s)UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
Current championsJuventus (36th title)
(2019–20)
Most championshipsJuventus (36 titles)
Most appearances
Top goalscorerSilvio Piola (274)
TV partnersList of broadcasters
Websitelegaseriea.it
Current: 2020–21 Serie A

Serie A (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈa]), also called Serie A TIM due to sponsorship by TIM,[1] is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the Italian football league system and the winner is awarded the Scudetto and the Coppa Campioni d'Italia. It has been operating as a round-robin tournament for over ninety years since the 1929–30 season. It had been organized by the Direttorio Divisioni Superiori until 1943 and the Lega Calcio until 2010, when the Lega Serie A was created for the 2010–11 season. Serie A is regarded as one of the best football leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical and defensively sound national league.[2] Serie A was the world's second-strongest national league in 2014 according to IFFHS.[3] Serie A is ranked fourth among European leagues according to UEFA's league coefficient, behind La Liga, the Premier League and the Bundesliga, and ahead of Ligue 1, which is based on the performance of Italian clubs in the Champions League and the Europa League during the last five years.[4] Serie A led the UEFA ranking from 1986 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1999.[5]

In its current format, the Italian Football Championship was revised from having regional and interregional rounds, to a single-tier league from the 1929–30 season onwards. The championship titles won prior to 1929 are officially recognised by FIGC with the same weighting as titles that were subsequently awarded. Similarly, the 1945–46 season, when the round-robin was suspended and the league was played over two geographical groups due to the ravages of WWII, is not statistically considered, even if its title is fully official.[6] All the winning teams are recognised with the title of Campione d'Italia ("Champion of Italy"), which is ratified by the Lega Serie A before the start of the next edition of the championship.

The league hosts three of the world's most famous clubs as Juventus, Milan and Internazionale, all founding members of the G-14, a group which represented the largest and most prestigious European football clubs from 2000 to 2008,[7] with the first two also being founding members of its successive organisation, European Club Association (ECA). More players have won the coveted Ballon d'Or award while playing at a Serie A club than any league in the world other than Spain's La Liga,[8] although Spain's La Liga has the highest total number of Ballon d'Or winners. Juventus, Italy's most successful club of the 20th century[9] and the most successful Italian team,[10] is tied for fifth in Europe and eleventh in the world with the most official international titles.[11] The club is also the only one in the world to have won all possible official confederation competitions.[12] Milan is joint third club for official international titles won in the world, with 18.[13] Internazionale, following their achievements in the 2009–10 season, became the first Italian team to have achieved a treble. Inter are also the only team in Italian football history to have never been relegated.[14][15] Juventus, Milan and Inter, along with Lazio, Fiorentina, Roma and Napoli, are known as the Seven Sisters of Italian football.[16][17][18][19][20][note 1]

Serie A is one of the most storied football leagues in the world. Of the 100 greatest footballers in history chosen by FourFourTwo magazine in 2017, 42 players have played in Serie A, more than any other league in the world.[21] Juventus is the team that has produced the most World Cup champions (25), with Inter (19), Roma (15) and Milan (10), being respectively third, fourth and ninth in that ranking.[22]

History

Serie A, as it is structured today, began during the 1929–30 season. From 1898 to 1922, the competition was organised into regional groups. Because of ever growing teams attending regional championships, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) split the CCI (Italian Football Confederation) in 1921. When CCI teams rejoined the FIGC created two interregional divisions renaming Categories into Divisions and splitting FIGC sections into two north–south leagues. In 1926, due to internal crises and fascist pressures, the FIGC changed internal settings, adding southern teams to the national division, ultimately leading to the 1929–30 final settlement. Torino were declared champions in the 1948–49 season following a plane crash near the end of the season in which the entire team was killed.

The Serie A Championship title is often referred to as the scudetto ("small shield") because since the 1923–24 season, the winning team will bear a small coat of arms with the Italian tricolour on their strip in the following season. The most successful club is Juventus with 36 championships, followed by both Milan and Internazionale, with 18 championships apiece. From the 2004–05 season onwards, an actual trophy was awarded to club on the pitch after the last turn of the championship. The trophy, called the Coppa Campioni d'Italia, has officially been used since the 1960–61 season, but between 1961 and 2004 was consigned to the winning clubs at the head office of the Lega Nazionale Professionisti.

In April 2009, Serie A announced a split from Serie B. Nineteen of the twenty clubs voted in favour of the move in an argument over television rights; the relegation-threatened Lecce had voted against the decision. Maurizio Beretta, the former head of Italy's employers' association, became president of the new league.[23][24][25][26]

In April 2016, it was announced that Serie A was selected by the International Football Association Board to test video replays, which were initially private for the 2016–17 season, allowing them to become a live pilot phase, with replay assistance implemented in the 2017–18 season.[27] On the decision, FIGC President Carlo Tavecchio said, "We were among the first supporters of using technology on the pitch and we believe we have everything required to offer our contribution to this important experiment."[28]

Format

For most of Serie A's history, there were 16 or 18 clubs competing at the top level. Since 2004–05, however, there have been 20 clubs altogether. One season (1947–48) was played with 21 teams for political reasons. Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league's history;

  • 18 clubs: 1929–1934
  • 16 clubs: 1934–1943
  • 20 clubs: 1946–1947
  • 21 clubs: 1947–1948
  • 20 clubs: 1948–1952
  • 18 clubs: 1952–1967
  • 16 clubs: 1967–1988
  • 18 clubs: 1988–2004
  • 20 clubs: 2004–present
Scudetto patch

During the season, which runs from August to May, each club plays each of the other teams twice; once at home and once away, totalling 38 games for each team by the end of the season. Thus, in Italian football a true round-robin format is used. In the first half of the season, called the andata, each team plays once against each league opponent, for a total of 19 games. In the second half of the season, called the ritorno, the teams play in exactly the same order that they did in the first half of the season, the only difference being that home and away situations are switched. Since the 1994–95 season, teams are awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and no points for a loss.

The top four teams in the Serie A qualify straight to the UEFA Champions League group stages (from the 2017–18 season). Teams finishing fifth and sixth qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament. A third UEFA Europa League spot is reserved for the winner of the Coppa Italia. If the Coppa Italia champion already qualified for European football by finishing among the top six teams in Serie A, the seventh-ranked team in Serie A is awarded the UEFA Europa League spot. The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B.

From 2005–06 season, if two or more teams are tied in points (for any place), the deciding tie-breakers are as follows:

  1. Head-to-head records (results and points)
  2. Goal difference of head-to-head games
  3. Goal difference overall
  4. Higher number of goals scored
  5. Draw

Until 2004–05 season, a playoff would be used to determine the champions, European spots or relegation, if the two teams were tied on points. Any play-off was held after the end of regular season. The last championship playoff occurred in the 1963–64 season when Bologna and Inter both finished on 54 points. Bologna won the play-off 2–0.

Clubs

Further information: List of Italian Football Championship clubs

Prior to 1929, many clubs competed in the top level of Italian football as the earlier rounds were competed up to 1922 on a regional basis then interregional up to 1929. Below is a list of Serie A clubs who have competed in the competition when it has been a league format (66 in total).

2019–20 members

class=notpageimage|
Locations of the 2019–20 Serie A teams
Team Home city Stadium Capacity 2018–19 season
Atalanta Bergamo Gewiss Stadium 21,300 3rd in Serie A
Bologna Bologna Stadio Renato Dall'Ara 38,279 10th in Serie A
Brescia Brescia Stadio Mario Rigamonti 16,743 Serie B champions
Cagliari Cagliari Sardegna Arena 16,233 15th in Serie A
Fiorentina Florence Stadio Artemio Franchi 43,147 16th in Serie A
Genoa Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 36,685 17th in Serie A
Hellas Verona Verona Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi 39,211 Serie B Playoff champions
Internazionale Milan San Siro 80,018 4th in Serie A
Juventus Turin Allianz Stadium 41,507 Serie A champions
Lazio Rome Stadio Olimpico 72,698 8th in Serie A
Lecce Lecce Stadio Via del Mare 33,876 2nd in Serie B
Milan Milan San Siro 80,018 5th in Serie A
Napoli Naples Stadio San Paolo 60,240 2nd in Serie A
Parma Parma Stadio Ennio Tardini 27,906 14th in Serie A
Roma Rome Stadio Olimpico 72,698 6th in Serie A
Sampdoria Genoa Stadio Luigi Ferraris 36,685 9th in Serie A
Sassuolo Sassuolo Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore 23,717 11th in Serie A
SPAL Ferrara Stadio Paolo Mazza 16,164 13th in Serie A
Torino Turin Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino 27,994 7th in Serie A
Udinese Udine Stadio Friuli 25,132 12th in Serie A

Seasons in Serie A

There are 67 teams that have taken part in 89 Serie A championships in a single round that was played from the 1929–30 season until the 2020–21 season. The teams in bold compete in Serie A currently. Internazionale is the only team that has played Serie A football in every season.

Logos

Serie A had logos that featured its sponsor Telecom Italia (TIM). The logo that was introduced in 2010, had minor change in 2016 due to the change of the logo of Telecom Italia itself.[29][30] In August 2018, a new logo was announced.[31]

Television rights

Main article: List of Serie A broadcasters

In the past, individual clubs competing in the league had the rights to sell their broadcast rights to specific channels throughout Italy, unlike in most other European countries. Currently, the two broadcasters in Italy are the satellite broadcaster Sky Italia and streaming platform DAZN for its own pay television networks; RAI is allowed to broadcast only highlights (in exclusive from 13:30 to 22:30 CET). This is a list of television rights in Italy (since 2018–19):

  • Sky Italia (7 matches per week)
  • DAZN (3 matches per week)
  • RAI (highlights)

Since the 2010–11 season, Serie A clubs have negotiated television rights collectively rather than on an individual club basis, having previously abandoned collective negotiation at the end of the 1998–99 season.[32]

In the 1990s, Serie A was at its most popular in the United Kingdom when it was shown on Football Italia on Channel 4, although it has actually appeared on more UK channels than any other league, rarely staying in one place for long since 2002. Serie A has appeared in the UK on BSB's The Sports Channel (1990–91), Sky Sports (1991–92), Channel 4 (1992–2002), Eurosport (2002–04), Setanta Sports and Bravo (2004–07), Channel 5 (2007–08), ESPN (2009–13), BT Sport (2013–2018), Eleven Sports Network (2018), Premier and FreeSports (2019–present).[33]

Champions

Main article: List of Italian football champions
Club Winners Runners-up Championship seasons
Juventus 36 21 1905, 1925–26, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1957–58, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1966–67, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1994–95, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05,[nb 1] 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
Milan 18 15 1901, 1906, 1907, 1950–51, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2010–11
Internazionale 18 15 1909–10, 1919–20, 1929–30, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71, 1979–80, 1988–89, 2005–06,[nb 2] 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
Genoa 9 4 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1914–15, 1922–23, 1923–24
Torino 7 7 1926–27,[nb 3] 1927–28, 1942–43, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1975–76
Bologna 7 4 1924–25, 1928–29, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1963–64
Pro Vercelli 7 1 1908, 1909, 1910–11, 1911–12, 1912–13, 1920–21, 1921–22 (CCI)
Roma 3 14 1941–42, 1982–83, 2000–01
Napoli 2 8 1986–87, 1989–90
Lazio 2 6 1973–74, 1999–2000
Fiorentina 2 5 1955–56, 1968–69
Cagliari 1 1 1969–70
Casale 1 — 1913–14
Novese 1 — 1921–22 (FIGC)
Hellas Verona 1 — 1984–85
Sampdoria 1 — 1990–91

Bold indicates clubs which play in the 2019–20 Serie A.

  • A decoration was awarded to Spezia in 2002 by the FIGC for the 1944 wartime championship. However, the FIGC has stated that it cannot be considered as a scudetto.

By city

City Championships Clubs
Turin 43 Juventus (36), Torino (7)
Milan 36 Milan (18), Internazionale (18)
Genoa 10 Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Bologna 7 Bologna (7)
Vercelli 7 Pro Vercelli (7)
Rome 5 Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Florence 2 Fiorentina (2)
Naples 2 Napoli (2)
Cagliari 1 Cagliari (1)
Casale Monferrato 1 Casale (1)
Novi Ligure 1 Novese (1)
Verona 1 Verona (1)

By region

Region Championships Clubs
Piedmont 52 Juventus (36), Torino (7), Pro Vercelli (7), Casale (1), Novese (1)
Lombardy 36 Milan (18), Internazionale (18)
Liguria 10 Genoa (9), Sampdoria (1)
Emilia-Romagna 7 Bologna (7)
Lazio 5 Roma (3), Lazio (2)
Campania 2 Napoli (2)
Tuscany 2 Fiorentina (2)
Sardinia 1 Cagliari (1)
Veneto 1 Verona (1)

Records

Further information: Football records and statistics in Italy

Boldface indicates a player still active in Serie A. Italics indicates a player active outside Serie A.

Most appearances

See also: List of Serie A players
As of 29 July 2020
Rank Player Club(s) Years active Apps Goals
1 Italy Gianluigi Buffon Parma, Juventus 1995–2006
2007–2018
2019–		 649 0
2 Italy Paolo Maldini Milan 1984–2009 647 29
3 Italy Francesco Totti Roma 1992–2017 619 250
4 Argentina Javier Zanetti Internazionale 1995–2014 615 12
5 Italy Gianluca Pagliuca Sampdoria, Internazionale, Bologna, Ascoli 1987–2005
2006–2007		 592 0
6 Italy Dino Zoff Udinese, Mantova, Napoli, Juventus 1961–1983 570 0
7 Italy Pietro Vierchowod Como, Fiorentina, Roma, Sampdoria, Juventus, Milan, Piacenza 1980–2000 562 38
8 Italy Roberto Mancini Bologna, Sampdoria, Lazio 1981–2000 541 156
9 Italy Silvio Piola Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara 1929–1943
1946–1947
1948–1954		 537 274
10 Italy Enrico Albertosi Fiorentina, Cagliari, Milan 1958−1980 532 0
Silvio Piola is the highest goalscorer in Serie A history with 274 goals

Most goals

See also: List of Serie A players with 100 or more goals
As of 8 February 2020
Rank Player Club(s) Years active Goals Apps Ratio
1 Italy Silvio Piola Pro Vercelli, Lazio, Juventus, Novara 1929–1943
1946–1947
1948–1954		 274 537 0.51
2 Italy Francesco Totti Roma 1992–2017 250 618 0.4
3 Sweden Gunnar Nordahl Milan, Roma 1949–1958 225 291 0.77
4 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Internazionale, Milan, Juventus 1929–1943
1946–1947		 216 367 0.59
Brazil Italy José Altafini Milan, Napoli, Juventus 1958–1976 216 459 0.47
6 Italy Antonio Di Natale Empoli, Udinese 2002–2016 209 445 0.47
7 Italy Roberto Baggio Fiorentina, Juventus, Milan, Bologna, Internazionale, Brescia 1985–2004 205 452 0.45
8 Sweden Kurt Hamrin Juventus, Padova, Fiorentina, Milan, Napoli 1956–1971 190 400 0.48
9 Italy Giuseppe Signori Foggia, Lazio, Sampdoria, Bologna 1991–2004 188 344 0.55
Italy Alessandro Del Piero Juventus 1993–2006
2007–2012		 188 478 0.39
Italy Alberto Gilardino Piacenza, Hellas Verona, Parma, Milan, Fiorentina, Genoa, Bologna 1999–2017 188 502 0.37

Players

Non-EU players

Unlike La Liga, which imposed a quota on the number of non-EU players on each club, Serie A clubs could sign as many non-EU players as available on domestic transfer.

During the 1980s and 1990s, most Serie A clubs signed a large number of players from foreign nations (both EU and non-EU members). Notable foreign players to play in Serie A during this era included Irish international Liam Brady, England internationals Paul Gascoigne and David Platt, France's Michel Platini and Laurent Blanc, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann from Germany, Dutchmen Ruud Gullit and Dennis Bergkamp, and Argentina's Diego Maradona.

But since the 2003–04 season, a quota has been imposed on each of the clubs limiting the number of non-EU, non-EFTA and non-Swiss players who may be signed from abroad each season,[34] following provisional measures[35] introduced in the 2002–03 season, which allowed Serie A and B clubs to sign only one non-EU player in the 2002 summer transfer window.

In the middle of the 2000–01 season, the old quota system was abolished, which no longer limited each team to having more than five non-EU players and using no more than three in each match.[35][36] Concurrent with the abolishment of the quota, the FIGC had investigated footballers that used fake passports. Alberto and Warley, Alejandro Da Silva and Jorginho Paulista of Udinese;[37] Fábio Júnior and Gustavo Bartelt of Roma;[38] Dida of Milan; Álvaro Recoba of Inter; Thomas Job, Francis Zé, Jean Ondoa of Sampdoria; and Jeda and Dede of Vicenza were all banned in July 2001 for lengths ranging from six months to one year.[39] However, most of the bans were subsequently reduced.

The number of non-EU players was reduced from 265 in 2002–03 season to 166 in 2006–07 season.[40] It also included players who received EU status after their respective countries joined the EU (see 2004 and 2007 enlargement), which made players such as Adrian Mutu, Valeri Bojinov, Marek Jankulovski and Marius Stankevičius EU players.

The rule underwent minor changes in August 2004,[41] June 2005,[42] June 2006.[43][44] and June 2007.[45]

Since the 2008–09 season, three quotas have been awarded to clubs that do not have non-EU players in their squad (previously only newly promoted clubs could have three quotas); clubs that have one non-EU player have two quotas. Those clubs that have two non-EU players, are awarded one quota and one conditional quota, which is awarded after: 1) Transferred 1 non-EU player abroad, or 2) Release 1 non-EU player as free agent, or 3) A non-EU player received EU nationality. Clubs with three or more non-EU players, have two conditional quotas, but releasing two non-EU players as free agent, will only have one quota instead of two.[46] Serie B and Lega Pro clubs cannot sign non-EU player from abroad, except those followed the club promoted from Serie D.

Large clubs with many foreigners usually borrow quotas from other clubs that have few foreigners or no foreigners in order to sign more non-EU players. For example, Adrian Mutu joined Juventus via Livorno in 2005, as at the time Romania was not a member of the EU. Other examples include Júlio César, Victor Obinna and Maxwell, who joined Internazionale from Chievo (first two) and Empoli respectively.

On 2 July 2010, the above conditional quota reduced back to one, though if a team did not have any non-EU players, that team could still sign up to three non-EU players.[47][48][49] In 2011 the signing quota reverted to two.[50]

Homegrown players

Serie A also imposed Homegrown players rule, a modification of Homegrown Player Rule (UEFA). Unlike UEFA, Serie A at first did not cap the number of players in first team squad at 25, meaning the club could employ more foreigners by increasing the size of the squad.[51] However, a cap of 25 (under-21 players were excluded) was introduced to 2015–16 season (in 2015–16 season, squad simply require 8 homegrown players but not require 4 of them from their own youth team).[52] In the 2016–17 season, the FIGC sanctioned Sassuolo for fielding ineligible player, Antonino Ragusa.[53] Although the club did not exceed the capacity of 21 players that were not from their own youth team (only Domenico Berardi was eligible as youth product of their own) as well as under 21 of age (born 1995 or after, of which four players were eligible) in their 24-men call-up,[54] It was reported that on Lega Serie A side the squad list was not updated.[55]

In 2015–16 season, the following quota was announced.

Size of first team squad Local + club youth product
← 25 min. 8 (max. 4 not from own youth team)

FIFA World Players of the Year

Main article: FIFA World Player of the Year

See also

References

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  50. ^ "C.U. N°6/A (2011–12): Tesseramento extracomunitari" (PDF). The Federal Council (in Italian). FIGC. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  51. ^ "Incentivazione e promozione calciatori locali di Serie A" (PDF). Segreteria Federale. Comunicato Ufficiale (in Italian). 2011–12 (7/A). Italian Football Federation. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-29. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  52. ^ "C.U. N°83/A (2014–15)" (PDF). Consiglio Federale (in Italian). FIGC. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  53. ^ "C.U. N°24 (2016–17)" (PDF) (in Italian). Lega Serie A. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  54. ^ "SASSUOLO-PESCARA: sono 24 i convocati neroverdi" (in Italian). U.S. Sassuolo Calcio. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  55. ^ "Comunicato Ufficiale" (in Italian). U.S. Sassuolo Calcio. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  1. ^ In the 1990s, when the term originated, Parma was seen as one the Seven Sisters and Napoli was not included.
  1. ^ Title was revoked and left unassigned through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
  2. ^ Title was put sub judice, then assigned to Internazionale, through the courts following the Calciopoli Scandal.
  3. ^ Title was revoked and left unassigned due to the Allemandi match fixing scandal.
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