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Bashkir language

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Bashkir
башҡорт теле, başqort tele
Native toBashkortostan, Russia, Kazakhstan
EthnicityBashkirs
Native speakers
1.2 million (2010 census)[1]
Turkic
Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in
Bashkortostan (Russia)
Language codes
ISO 639-1ba
ISO 639-2bak
ISO 639-3bak
Glottologbash1264
Geographic distribution of Bashkir language in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Bashkir language (Башҡорт теле başqort tele, pronounced Template:IPA-ba) is part of the Kipchak group of the Turkic languages. It is co-official with Russian in the Republic of Bashkortostan and has approximately 1.2 million speakers in Russia. Bashkir has three dialects: Eastern, Southern, and Northwestern.

Speakers

Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. Many speakers also live in Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Samara and Kurgan Oblasts, Khanty–Mansia, Tatarstan, and Udmurtia. Minor Bashkir minority groups also live in Kazakhstan.

Orthography

Bashkirs formerly used Chagatai as a written language. In the late 19th century it was replaced with a regional variety of Turki, a literary Turkic language, which was in use until 1923. Both Chagatai and Turki were written in a variant of the Arabic script.

In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, a Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic alphabet. In 1930 it was replaced with a Latin-based alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in the winter of 1938.

  • Old Turkic alphabet used by Bashkirs in the pre-Islamic period
    Old Turkic alphabet used by Bashkirs in the pre-Islamic period
  • Genealogy (Shezhere) of the Bashkir genus Yurmaty, second half of XVI centure. An example of the Bashkir alphabet based on the Arabic script
    Genealogy (Shezhere) of the Bashkir genus Yurmaty, second half of XVI centure. An example of the Bashkir alphabet based on the Arabic script
  • Bashkir book on Latin script for primary school, 1934 year
    Bashkir book on Latin script for primary school, 1934 year
  • Bilingual sign in Bashkortostan in Bashkir (on the top) and Russian
    Bilingual sign in Bashkortostan in Bashkir (on the top) and Russian
  • Inscription in the Ufa Airport in Bashkir, Russian and English languages
    Inscription in the Ufa Airport in Bashkir, Russian and English languages

The alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Cyrillic script, with the addition of the following letters: [[Ә|Ә ә [æ]]], [[Ө|Ө ө [œ]]], [[Ү|Ү ү [y]]], [[Ғ|Ғ ғ [ɣ]]], [[Ҡ|Ҡ ҡ [q]]], [[Ң|Ң ң [ŋ]]], [[Ҙ|Ҙ ҙ [ð]]], [[Ҫ|Ҫ ҫ [θ]]], [[Һ|Һ һ [h]]].

Phonology

Vowels

Bashkir vowel phonemes
Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open æ a
  • /a/ is phonologically back, but phonetically central [ä].

Vowel harmony

Consonants

Bashkir consonant phonemes
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k (q)
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative sibilant voiceless s ʂ ɕ
voiced z ʐ
non-sibilant voiceless f θ χ h
voiced v ð ʁ
Trill r
Approximant l j w
  • /m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
  • /θ, ð/ are dental [θ̪, ð̪], whereas /r/ is apical alveolar [r̺]. The exact place of articulation of the other dental/alveolar consonants is unclear.
  • /j/ varies phonetically from a glide [j] to a laxer non-syllabic vowel [ɪ̯].
  • /w/ is labialized velar.

Grammar

A member of the Turkic language family, Bashkir is an agglutinative, SOV language.[2] A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from Russian, Arabic and Persian sources.

Declension of nouns

Case father mother child dog cat
Singular Nominative ата әсәй бала эт бесәй
Genitive атаның әсәйҙең баланың эттең бесәйҙең
Dative атаға әсәйгә балаға эткә бесәйгә
Accusative атаны әсәйҙе баланы этте бесәйҙе
Locative атала әсәйҙә балала эттә бесәйҙә
Ablative атанан әсәйҙән баланан эттән бесәйҙән
Plural Nominative аталар әсәйҙәр балалар эттәр бесәйҙәр
Genitive аталарҙың әсәйҙәрҙең балаларҙың эттәрҙең бесәйҙәрҙең
Dative аталарға әсәйҙәргә балаларға эттәргә бесәйҙәргә
Accusative аталарҙы әсәйҙәрҙе балаларҙы эттәрҙе бесәйҙәрҙе
Locative аталарҙа әсәйҙәрҙә балаларҙа эттәрҙә бесәйҙәрҙә
Ablative аталарҙан әсәйҙәрҙән балаларҙан эттәрҙән бесәйҙәрҙән

Declension of pronouns

Interrogative pronouns Personal pronouns
Case who what Singular Plural
1st you (thou) he, she, it we you they
Nominative кем нимә мин һин ул беҙ һеҙ улар
Genitive кемдең нимәнең минең һинең уның беҙҙең һеҙҙең уларҙың
Dative кемгә нимәгә миңә һиңә уға беҙгә һеҙгә уларға
Accusative кемде нимәне мине һине уны беҙҙе һеҙҙе уларҙы
Locative кемдә нимәлә миндә һиндә унда беҙҙә һеҙҙә уларҙа
Ablative кемдән нимәнән минән һинән унан беҙҙән һеҙҙән уларҙан
Demonstrative pronouns
Case Singular Plural
this that these those
Nominative был ошо шул теге былар ошолар шулар тегеләр
Genitive бының ошоноң шуның тегенең быларҙың ошоларҙың шуларҙың тегеләрҙең
Dative быға ошоға шуға тегегә быларға ошоларға шуларға тегеләргә
Accusative быны ошоно шуны тегене быларҙы ошоларҙы шуларҙы тегеләрҙе
Locative бында ошонда шунда тегендә быларҙа ошоларҙа шуларҙа тегеләрҙә
Ablative бынан ошонан шунан тегенән быларҙан ошоларҙан шуларҙан тегеләрҙән

References

  1. ^ Bashkir at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Overview of the Bashkir Language". Learn the Bashkir Language & Culture. Transparent Language. Retrieved 4 Nov 2011.

Further reading

Bashkir edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bashkir phrasebook.
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