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Charles G. Dawes

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Charles Dawes
30th Vice President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
PresidentCalvin Coolidge
Preceded byCalvin Coolidge
Succeeded byCharles Curtis
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office
June 15, 1929 – December 30, 1931
PresidentHerbert Hoover
Preceded byAlanson B. Houghton
Succeeded byAndrew Mellon
Director of the Bureau of the Budget
In office
June 23, 1921 – June 30, 1922
PresidentWarren G. Harding
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byHerbert Lord
10th Comptroller of the Currency
In office
January 1, 1898 – September 30, 1901
PresidentWilliam McKinley
Preceded byJames H. Eckels
Succeeded byWilliam Ridgely
Personal details
Born(1865-08-27)August 27, 1865
Marietta, Ohio, U.S.
DiedApril 23, 1951(1951-04-23) (aged 85)
Evanston, Illinois, U.S.
Resting placeRosehill Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
​
(m. 1889)​
Children4
Parent(s)Rufus Dawes
Mary Beman Gates
EducationMarietta College (BA)
University of Cincinnati (LLB)
Civilian awardsNobel Peace Prize
SignatureCursive signature in ink
Military service
Allegiance United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1917–1919
Rank Brigadier General
UnitAmerican Expeditionary Forces
Liquidation Commission of the War Department
Battles/warsWorld War I
Military awardsArmy Distinguished Service Medal

Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker, general, diplomat, and Republican politician who was the 30th Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925.

Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the Comptroller of the Currency, and he remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I, holding the position of chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first Director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes also served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy, though the plan was eventually replaced by the Young Plan.

The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President Calvin Coolidge without opposition. After Frank Lowden declined the vice presidential nomination, the convention chose Dawes as Coolidge's running mate. The Republican ticket won the 1924 presidential election and Dawes was sworn in as vice president in 1925. Dawes helped pass the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill in Congress, but the bill was vetoed by President Coolidge. Dawes was a candidate for re-nomination at the 1928 Republican National Convention, but Coolidge's opposition to Dawes helped ensure that Charles Curtis was nominated for the vice presidency instead. In 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Dawes to be the Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Dawes also briefly led the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which organized a government response to the Great Depression. He resigned from that position in 1932 to return to banking, and he died in 1951 of coronary thrombosis.

Early life and family

From 1909 to 1951, Charles G. Dawes lived in this house at 225 Greenwood St. in Evanston, Illinois, which was built in 1894 by Robert Sheppard. The house is a National Historic Landmark.

Dawes was born in Marietta, Ohio, in Washington County, son of Civil War General Rufus Dawes and his wife Mary Beman Gates.[1] Rufus Dawes had commanded the 6th Wisconsin Regiment of the Iron Brigade from 1863 to 1864 during the American Civil War. His Uncle Ephraim C. Dawes, younger brother to Rufus, was a Major who served under Ulysses S. Grant at the Battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg.

Dawes's brothers were Rufus C. Dawes, Beman Gates Dawes, and Henry May Dawes, all prominent businessmen or politicians. He also had two sisters, Mary Frances Dawes Beach, and Betsey Gates Dawes Hoyt.[2]

Dawes married Caro Blymyer on January 24, 1889.[3] They had a son, Rufus Fearing Dawes, and a daughter, Carolyn. They later adopted two children, Dana and Virginia.[4]

Education

He graduated from Marietta College in 1884,[5] and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886.[6] His fraternity was Delta Upsilon.[citation needed]

Early business career

Dawes was admitted to the bar in Nebraska, and he practiced in Lincoln, Nebraska, from 1887 to 1894.[5][7] When Lieutenant John Pershing, the future Army general, was appointed as a military instructor at the University of Nebraska while attending its law school, he and Dawes met and formed a lifelong friendship.[8] Dawes also met Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan, forming a friendship with Bryan despite his opposition to Bryan's free silver policies.[9]

Dawes relocated from Lincoln to Chicago during the Panic of 1893.[9] In 1894, Dawes acquired interests in a number of Midwestern gas plants, and he became the president of both the La Crosse Gas Light Company in La Crosse, Wisconsin and the Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Company in Evanston, Illinois.[4]

Interest in music

Dawes was a self-taught pianist and a composer. His composition Melody in A Major became a well-known piano and violin song in 1912.[10] Marie Edwards made a popular arrangement of the work in 1921.[11] Also, in 1921, it was arranged for a small orchestra by Adolf G. Hoffmann.[12] Melody in A Major was played at many official functions which Dawes attended.[13]

In 1951, Carl Sigman added lyrics to Melody in A Major transforming the song into It's All in the Game.[13] Tommy Edwards's recording of "It's All in the Game" was a number-one hit on the American Billboard record chart for six weeks in the fall of 1958.[14] Edwards's version of the song also hit number one on the United Kingdom chart that year.[15]

Since then, it has since become a pop standard. It has been recorded by numerous artists, including Cliff Richard, The Four Tops, Isaac Hayes, Jackie DeShannon, Van Morrison, Nat "King" Cole, Brook Benton, Elton John, Mel Carter, Donny and Marie Osmond, Barry Manilow, and Keith Jarrett.

Dawes is the only vice president to be credited with a No. 1 pop hit.[13] Dawes and Sonny Bono are the only people credited with a No. 1 pop hit who were also members of the United States Senate or House of Representatives.[16] Dawes and Bob Dylan are the only persons credited with a No. 1 pop hit to have also won a Nobel Prize.[a]

Dawes was a brother of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia.[17]

Early political career

Dawes's prominent positions in business caught the attention of Republican party leaders. They asked Dawes to manage the Illinois portion of William McKinley's bid for the Presidency of the United States in 1896.[18] Following McKinley's election, Dawes was rewarded for his efforts by being named Comptroller of the Currency, United States Department of the Treasury. Serving in that position from 1898 to 1901, he collected more than $25 million from banks that had failed during the Panic of 1893, and also changed banking practices to try to prevent a similar event in the future.[citation needed]

Upon the death of his father in 1899, Dawes became a First Class Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.[citation needed]

In October 1901, Dawes left the Department of the Treasury in order to pursue a U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. He thought that, with the help of the McKinley Administration, he could win it. McKinley was assassinated and his successor, President Theodore Roosevelt, preferred Dawes's opponent.[19] In 1902, following this unsuccessful attempt at legislative office, Dawes declared that he was done with politics. He organized the Central Trust Company of Illinois, where he served as its president until 1921.[4]

On September 5, 1912, Dawes's 21-year-old son Rufus drowned in Geneva Lake,[20] while on summer break from Princeton University. In his memory, Dawes created homeless shelters in both Chicago and Boston.[21]

World War I participation and the Nobel Peace Prize

Gen. Charles Dawes during World War I

Dawes helped support the first Anglo-French Loan to the Entente powers of $500 million. Dawes's support was important because the House of Morgan needed public support from a non-Morgan banker. The Morgan banker Thomas Lamont said that Dawes's support would "make a position for him in the banking world such as he otherwise could never hope to make."[22] (Loans were seen as possibly violating neutrality, and Wilson was still resisting permitting loans.)

During the First World War, Dawes was commissioned major, lieutenant colonel, and colonel of the 17th Engineers. In October 1918 he was promoted to brigadier general.[23] From August 1917 to August 1919, Dawes served in France during World War I as chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), as a member representing the AEF on the Military Board of Allied Supply, and, after the war, as a member of the Liquidation Commission of the United States War Department. He was decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal[24] and the French Croix de Guerre in recognition of his service. He returned to the United States on board the SS Leviathan in August 1919.[25]

In February 1921, the U.S. Senate held hearings on war expenditures. During heated testimony, Dawes burst out, "Hell and Maria, we weren't trying to keep a set of books over there, we were trying to win a war!"[26] He was later known as "Hell and Maria Dawes" (although he always insisted the expression was "Helen Maria").[27]

Dawes resigned from the Army in 1919[4] and became a member of the American Legion. He supported Frank Lowden at the 1920 Republican National Convention, but the presidential nomination went to Warren G. Harding.[9] When the Bureau of the Budget was created, he was appointed in 1921 by President Harding as its first director. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover appointed him to the Allied Reparations Commission in 1923. For his work on the commission's Dawes Plan, a program to enable Germany to restore and stabilize its economy, Dawes shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925.[4] The Dawes Plan provided significant US funds, raised through bond sales, to the German economy, and permitted Germany to recover its industrial production while making reparation payments. In 1929 the Reparations Commission, under Owen Young, replaced the plan with the more permanent Young Plan, which reduced the total amount of reparations and called for the removal of occupying forces.[28]

Vice presidency

Dawes (r) and Calvin Coolidge

I should hate to think that the Senate was as tired of me at the beginning of my service as I am of the Senate at the end.

— Charles G. Dawes[29]

At the 1924 Republican National Convention, President Calvin Coolidge was quickly selected almost without opposition to be the Republican presidential nominee.[30] The vice presidential nominee was more contested. Illinois Governor Frank Lowden was nominated, but declined. Coolidge's next choice was Idaho Senator William Borah, but he also declined the nomination. The Republican National Chairman, William Butler, pledged to nominate then Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, but he was not sufficiently popular.[30] Eventually, the delegates chose Dawes to be the vice presidential nominee. Coolidge quickly accepted the delegates' choice and felt that Dawes would be loyal to him and make a strong addition to his campaign.[30]

Dawes traveled throughout the country during the campaign, giving speeches to bolster the Republican ticket. He frequently attacked Progressive nominee Robert M. La Follette Sr. as a dangerous radical who sympathized with the Bolsheviks.[9] Dawes was elected Vice President of the United States on November 4, 1924 with more popular votes than the candidates from the Democratic and Progressive parties combined.[31] The inauguration was held on March 4, 1925.[32]

On March 10, the president's nomination of Charles B. Warren to be United States Attorney General was being debated. In the wake of the Teapot Dome scandal and other scandals, Democrats and Progressive Republicans objected to the nomination because of Warren's close association with the Sugar Trust. At midday, six speakers were scheduled to address Warren's nomination. Desiring to take a break for a nap, Dawes consulted the majority and minority leaders, who assured him that no vote would be taken that afternoon. After Dawes left the Senate, however, all but one of the scheduled speakers decided against making formal remarks, and a vote was taken. When it became apparent that the vote would be tied, Republican leaders hastily called Dawes at the Willard Hotel and he immediately left. While waiting for Dawes to arrive, the only Democratic senator who had voted for Warren switched his vote. The nomination had failed by a single vote resulting in the first such rejection of a president's nominee in nearly 60 years.[29] This incident was chronicled in a derisive poem, based on the Longfellow poem "Paul Revere's Ride;" it began with the line, "Come gather round children and hold your applause for the afternoon ride of Charlie Dawes." The choice of poem was based on Charles Dawes being descended from William Dawes, who rode with Paul Revere.[citation needed]

Dawes and Coolidge quickly became alienated from one another. Dawes declined to attend Cabinet meetings and annoyed Coolidge with his attack on the Senate filibuster. Dawes championed the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill, which sought to alleviate the 1920s farm crisis by having the government buy surplus farm produce and sell that surplus in foreign markets. Dawes helped ensure the passage of the bill through Congress, but it was vetoed by President Coolidge.[9]

In 1927, Coolidge announced that he would not seek re-election. Dawes again favored Frank Lowden at the 1928 Republican National Convention, but the convention chose Herbert Hoover.[9] Rumors circulated about Dawes being chosen as Hoover's running mate. Coolidge made it known that he would consider an affront the renomination of Dawes as vice president, and Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen as Hoover's running mate.[33]

Court of St. James's and the RFC

After Dawes had finished his term as vice president, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (i.e., to the Court of St. James's) from 1929 to 1932.[34] Overall, Dawes was considered to be a very effective U.S. ambassador, as George V's son, the future Edward VIII, would later confirm in his memoirs.[citation needed] Dawes was rather rough-hewn for some of his duties, disliking having to present American débutantes to the King. On his first visit to the royal court, in deference to American public opinion, he refused to wear the customary Court dress, which then included knee breeches. This episode was said to upset the King, who had been prevented by illness from attending the event.

As the Great Depression continued to ravage the United States, Dawes accepted President Herbert Hoover's appeal to leave diplomatic office and head the newly created Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). But after a few months, Dawes resigned from the RFC. As a board member of the failing City National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago, he felt obligated to work for its rescue.[citation needed] Political opponents alleged that, under Dawes's leadership, the RFC had given his bank preferential treatment.[citation needed] This marked the end of Dawes's career in public service. For the 1932 election, Hoover considered the possibility of adding Dawes to the ticket in place of Curtis, but Dawes declined the potential offer.[35]

Later life

Dawes resumed a role in the banking business, serving for nearly two decades as chairman of the board of the City National Bank and Trust Co., from 1932 until his death.[36]

Death

He died on April 23, 1951 at his Evanston home from coronary thrombosis.[37] He is interred in Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago.[38]

Legacy and honors

Selected writings

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dylan, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2016, wrote Mr. Tambourine Man, a No. 1 hit for The Byrds

References

  1. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. (2016). Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. Northwestern University Press and the Evanston History Center. p. 12. ISBN 9780810134195.
  2. ^ Gates Dawes Ancestral Lines
  3. ^ "The religion of Charles G. Dawes, U.S. Vice-President". www.adherents.com. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e Davis, Jr., Henry Blaine (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press, Inc. p. 103. ISBN 1571970886.
  5. ^ a b Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. p. 17.
  6. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. p. 18.
  7. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. pp. 20–38.
  8. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. pp. 24–25.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President (1925–1929)". US Senate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Dawes, Charles Gates. Melody [in A major] for violin with piano acc. Chicago: Gamble Hinged Music, 1912. OCLC 21885776
  11. ^ Dawes, Charles Gates, and Marie Edwards. Melody. Chicago, Ill: Gamble Hinged Music Co, 1921. OCLC 10115887
  12. ^ Dawes, Charles Gates, and Adolf G. Hoffmann. Melody, small orchestra. Chicago: Gamble Hinged Music Co, 1921. OCLC 46679677
  13. ^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ Joel Whitburn, The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, revised and enlarged 6th edition (New York: Billboard Publications, 1996), 201.
  15. ^ (Hatfield 1997: 360)
  16. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 539.
  17. ^ "The Vice President Who Wrote a Hit Song". August 16, 2011.
  18. ^ Davis, Jr., Henry Blaine (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. p. 81. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151
  19. ^ (Waller 1998: 274)
  20. ^ "Charles Gates Dawes Timeline – Evanston History Center".
  21. ^ "Let's Talk It Over". The National Magazine. 46 (September): 905. 1917. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  22. ^ Merchants of Death Revisited Mises Institute p. 61
  23. ^ New York Times. October 4, 1918.
  24. ^ "Valor awards for Charles G. Dawes".
  25. ^ New York Times. August 7, 1919.
  26. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Dawes Gates: a Life. p. 144.
  27. ^ "Vice President Dawes". Forbes Library. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  28. ^ Dunlap, pp. 214–15.
  29. ^ a b Hatfield, M. O. (1997). Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993. Senate Historical Office. Washington: United States Government Printing Office
  30. ^ a b c Hatfield 1997: 363
  31. ^ Hatfield 1997: 364
  32. ^ Reviews, C.T.I (October 16, 2016). American Foreign Relations, A History. p. 193. ISBN 9781619066649. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  33. ^ Mencken, Henry Louis; George Jean Nathan (1929). The American Mercury. p. 404.
  34. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. pp. 221–44. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  35. ^ Witcover, Jules (2014). The American Vice Presidency. Smithsonian Books. p. 296.
  36. ^ "Dawes, Charles Gates – Biographical Information". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 15, 1999. Retrieved January 17, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Charles G. Dawes, Ex-Vice President, Dies (April 24, 1951)".
  38. ^ Rumore, Kori. "Buried in Chicago: Where the famous rest in peace".
  39. ^ Dunlap, Annette B. Charles Gates Dawes: a Life. pp. 178–79.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Gates Dawes.
Government offices
Preceded by Comptroller of the Currency
1898–1901 		Succeeded by
New office President of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
1932 		Succeeded by
Political offices
New office Director of the Bureau of the Budget
1921–1922 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice President of the United States
1925–1929 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States
1924 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Vacant
Title last held by
Fridtjof Nansen 		Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize
1925
With: Austen Chamberlain 		Succeeded by
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
1929–1932 		Succeeded by
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