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Livno

Coordinates: 43°49′31″N 17°00′21″E / 43.82528°N 17.00583°E / 43.82528; 17.00583
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Livno
City
Grad Livno
Град Ливнo
City of Livno
Flag of Livno
Flag
Coat of arms of Livno
Coat of arms
Location of Livno within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Location of Livno within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Livno is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Livno
Livno
Coordinates: 43°49′31″N 17°00′21″E / 43.82528°N 17.00583°E / 43.82528; 17.00583
Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
EntityFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
CantonCanton 10
Geographical regionTropolje
First mentioning28 September 892 CE
Government
 • MayorDarko Čondrić (HDZ BiH)
Area
 • Municipality994 km2 (384 sq mi)
Elevation
724 m (2,375 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • Total34,133
 • Density38/km2 (100/sq mi)
 • Town
7,927
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
80101
Area code+387 34
Websitelivno.ba

Livno (Serbian Cyrillic: Ливно, pronounced [lǐːʋno]) is a city and the administrative center of Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the river Bistrica in the southeastern edge of the Livno Field at the foot of Kruzi plateau which are located beneath the Cincar mountain and rocky hill Crvenice. Livno is the centre of the Canton 10 which mainly covers an area of the historical and geographical region of Tropolje.[1][2] As of 2013, it has a population of 37,487 inhabitants. The town, with its historic ruins and old town from the 9th century, was first mentioned in 892, developing at the crossroads between the Adriatic coast and inland, i.e., regions of Bosnia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, and Krajina.[3]

History

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The plains of Livno have been populated since approximately 2000 BC. In the late Bronze Age, the Neolithic population was replaced by more Indo-European tribes known as the Illyrians. The region was inhabited by Illyrian tribe of Dalmatae which capital was Delminium in today's Tomislavgrad. They left remains that testify about their presence in this area. The most important of them are the gradine, remains of Illyrian settlements which were distributed along the Livno Field. The three most important are Velika gradina, Mala gradina and Kasalov gradac.[4]

After the Roman conquest of the area, it was part of the province of Dalmatia. During the twenties of the first century AD, Roman government built a road connecting Salona, a city on the coast with Servitium, a city at the peripanonic lowlands. Its route passed through the Livno Field where two road stations have been established. The station of Pelva was located at the area of village Lištani and in the area of Livno station Bariduo was based.[5]

Livno celebrates its founding date as 28 September 892 AD, being mentioned in a document from Duke Mutimir which was released at that time. It was the centre of Hlebiana (ή Χλεβίανα) županija (province) of the Kingdom of Croatia, as mentioned in the tenth century work De Administrando Imperio (chapter 30). From 1199 Emeric until 1326 Mladen II Šubić of Bribir, who was a resident of Livno, it was part of the Chelmensis territory. From 1326 until 1463 Livno was part of the Bosnian Kingdom. One of the noble families of the Bosnian Kingdom bought Livno, Duvno, and Kupres (12th to 13th century) then called "Tropolje," (Three Fields). Cemeteries with large medieval tombstones were found in the area and the anthropological research carried out in 1982 on skeletons from 108 graves with "stecci" type slabs near Livno, indicates a population of autochthonous Vlach origin[6]

The beginning of 15th century saw the Ottoman Empire advance, invade, and occupy Bosnia for the next 400 years. Mosque complex in the picture (left) the Hajji Ahmed the Ducat Minter's Mosque (more commonly known as the Glavica ("Head") Mosque, called after the knap above town on which it is erected) Constructed upon design by Mimar Sinan in 1574. (some date to 1587), it is situated on a hill overlooking the old town of Livno, the river Bistrica and the spring Duman in the upper section of the old town of Livno. The mosque complex consists of a compact main building of the mosque under a dome and uncharacteristically short minaret, with a clock tower which was erected around 1659, and is still in use today. Within the perimeter is an almost 500-year-old necropolis with characteristic early Bosnian Muslim tombstones and later ones.[7][8]

In 1878, Livno was occupied by Austro-Hungarian forces. Soldiers from Dalmatia and an infantry division from Osijek fiercely fought against 3,000 Ottoman and Muslim militias around Livno, finally capturing the town on September 27. The Congress of Berlin approved of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina that year.

From 1918 it was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929 the kingdom was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and divided into nine banates (banovine). Livno was divided into the Littoral Banovina, with its centre in the city of Split. This division brought Livno politically closer to Croatia. In 1939, the banates were further redrawn so that there was a Croatian banate (Banovina Hrvatska) of which Livno was also part.

From 1941–45, Livno was part of the Axis Independent State of Croatia, and was labeled as a pro-Ustaše region. The territory that partisans liberated and managed to keep under their control from November 1942 to January 1943 (dubbed the Republic of Bihać) included all of rural Western Herzegovina west of Neretva and Široki Brijeg, including Livno. Livno and its area, under partisan control from August to October 1942, was very important for partisan resistance, as key Croatian Peasant Party members from Livno Florijan Sučić and Ivan Pelivan joined the partisans resistance and mobilized many other Croats.[9] Croatian writer Ivan Goran Kovačić joined the Partisans in Croata, writing his epic poem "Jama" ("The Pit") during his time with the resistance. He finished it in Livno. When Croatian Ustaše forces drove the partisans out of Livno in October 1942.

After the end of World War II, Livno was a part of Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Yugoslavia. After its collapse in 1991 and during the Bosnian War, it was under control of Croat Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.

The Washington Agreement saw to the end of Herzeg-Bosnia, and Livno became a part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Location

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Livno is 96 km[10] from Split, 127 km [10] from Mostar

Settlements

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• Bila • Bilo Polje • Bogdaše • Bojmunte • Čaić • Čaprazlije • Čelebić • Čuklić • Ćosanlije • Dobro • Donji Rujani • Drinova Međa • Držanlije • Golinjevo • Gornji Rujani • Grborezi • Grgurići • Gubin • Komorani • Kovačić • Lipa • Lištani • Livno • Lopatice • Lopatinac • Lusnić • Ljubunčić • Mali Guber • Mali Kablići • Miši • Odžak • Orguz • Podgradina • Podgreda • Podhum • Potkraj • Potočani • Potok • Priluka • Prisap • Prolog • Provo • Radanovci • Rapovine • Sajković • Smričani • Srđevići • Strupnić • Suhača • Tribić • Veliki Guber • Veliki Kablići • Vidoši • Vrbica • Vržerala • Zabrišće • Zagoričani • Zastinje • Žabljak • Žirović

Demographics

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Population

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Population of settlements – Livno municipality
Settlement 1948. 1953. 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. 2013.
Total 36,664 38,749 40,291 42,186 40,438 40,600 37,487
1 Bila 772 743
2 Čaić 367 315
3 Ćosanlije 311 300
4 Čuklić 328 406
5 Dobro 979 707
6 Donji Rujani 445 431
7 Drinova Međa 233 208
8 Držanlije 595 541
9 Golinjevo 861 718
10 Gornji Rujani 489 368
11 Grborezi 860 664
12 Grgurići 803 705
13 Komorani 243 236
14 Lipa 593 497
15 Lištani 490 546
16 Livno 5,181 7,207 9,002 10,080 9,045
17 Ljubunčić 711 519
18 Lopatice 281 283
19 Lusnić 419 310
20 Mali Guber 530 487
21 Miši 919 860
22 Odžak 509 561
23 Orguz 825 695
24 Podgradina 797 706
25 Podhum 990 684
26 Potkraj 423 390
27 Potočani 442 319
28 Potok 242 239
29 Priluka 885 685
30 Prisap 361 352
31 Prolog 1,180 861
32 Rapovine 316 310
33 Smričani 544 579
34 Srđevići 1,094 888
35 Strupnić 449 275
36 Suhača 292 267
37 Tribić 275 244
38 Veliki Guber 867 629
39 Veliki Kablići 817 718
40 Vidoši 569 474
41 Vržerala 901 648
42 Žabljak 1,885 2,736
43 Zabrišće 423 409
44 Zagoričani 702 761
45 Zastinje 897 744
46 Žirović 389 344

Ethnic composition

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Ethnic composition – Livno city
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971. 1961.
Total 9,045 (100,0%) 10,080 (100,0%) 9,002 (100,0%) 7,207 (100,0%) 5,181 (100,0%)
Croats 4,921 (62,08%) 3,504 (34,76%) 2,890 (32,10%) 2,483 (34,45%) 2,156 (41,61%)
Bosniaks 2,679 (33,79%) 3,899 (38,68%) 2,714 (30,15%) 3,075 (42,67%) 885 (17,08%)
Serbs 144 (1,829%) 1,556 (15,44%) 1,206 (13,40%) 1,212 (16,82%) 1,033 (19,94%)
Unaffiliated 101 (1,274%)
Albanians 40 (0,505%) 24 (0,267%) 9 (0,125%) 5 (0,097%)
Others 30 (0,378%) 175 (1,736%) 40 (0,444%) 72 (0,999%) 16 (0,309%)
Macedonians 3 (0,038%) 4 (0,044%) 6 (0,116%)
Slovenes 3 (0,038%) 3 (0,033%) 1 (0,014%) 17 (0,328%)
Unknown 3 (0,038%)
Montenegrins 2 (0,025%) 24 (0,267%) 18 (0,250%) 22 (0,425%)
Yugoslavs 946 (9,385%) 2 093 (23,25%) 333 (4,621%) 1,041 (20,09%)
Hungarians 2 (0,022%) 4 (0,056%)
Roma 2 (0,022%)
Ethnic composition – Livno municipality
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971. 1961. 1953. 1948.
Total 37,487 (100,0%) 40,600 (100,0%) 40,438 (100,0%) 42,186 (100,0%) 40,291 (100,0%) 38,749 (100,0%) 36,664 (100,0%)
Croats 29,273 (85,76%) 29,324 (72,23%) 28,918 (71,51%) 31,657 (75,04%) 31,133 (77,27%) 30,603 (78,98%) 29,647 (80,86%)
Bosniaks 4,138 (12,12%) 5,793 (14,27%) 4,418 (10,93%) 5,087 (12,06%) 2,068 (5,133%)
Serbs 446 (1,307%) 3,913 (9,638%) 3,898 (9,639%) 4,791 (11,36%) 5,503 (13,66%) 5,204 (13,43%) 4,452 (12,14%)
Unaffiliated 137 (0,401%)
Others 49 (0,144%) 445 (1,096%) 240 (0,594%) 159 (0,377%) 38 (0,094%) 2,942 (7,59%) 2,565 (7,00%)
Albanians 40 (0,117%) 25 (0,062%) 9 (0,021%) 5 (0,012%)
Unknown 22 (0,064%)
Roma 8 (0,023%) 2 (0,005%)
Montenegrins 6 (0,018%) 41 (0,101%) 33 (0,078%) 44 (0,109%)
Slovenes 6 (0,018%) 5 (0,012%) 6 (0,014%) 22 (0,055%)
Macedonians 5 (0,015%) 7 (0,017%) 5 (0,012%) 7 (0,017%)
Ukrainians 3 (0,009%)
Yugoslavs 1,125 (2,771%) 2,881 (7,124%) 434 (1,029%) 1,471 (3,651%)
Hungarians 3 (0,007%) 5 (0,012%)

Geography

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Livno karst field and mountain Dinara

The territory of the municipality is 994 km2 (384 sq mi). Livno is both the cultural and industrial center of the canton. It is the biggest city in the canton and situated 730 meters above sea level. The Bistrica river flows through the city and is itself is 3 km (1.9 mi) long, which means that it is a very small river. Livno is also situated in the Livanjsko field which is the largest field in the entire country. The field is situated between the mountains Dinara and Kamešnica in the south, Tušnica in the east, Cincar in the north and Šator in the west. Livanjsko field is 405 km2 (156 sq mi), making it almost half of the Livno municipality.

Climate

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Livno has a stable continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. It is situated between the mountains Cincar and Kamesnica which make the climate more continental than the climate in Mostar and Čapljina for example. The winters in that part of the country are not as cold as in Livno. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[11]

Climate data for Livno (1961–1990, extremes 1949–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.9
(87.6) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.2
(100.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		25.1
(77.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.3
(72.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.6
(42.1) 		15.1
(59.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.1
(48.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		3.7
(38.7) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.2
(37.8)
Record low °C (°F) −29.6
(−21.3) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−18.9
(−2.0) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		0.4
(32.7) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−18.2
(−0.8) 		−26.4
(−15.5) 		−29.6
(−21.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 95.4
(3.76) 		93.1
(3.67) 		96.7
(3.81) 		95.2
(3.75) 		73.3
(2.89) 		91.5
(3.60) 		50.5
(1.99) 		75.1
(2.96) 		85.2
(3.35) 		116.0
(4.57) 		149.2
(5.87) 		125.4
(4.94) 		1,146.6
(45.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.4 12.0 12.8 13.5 13.4 13.6 8.6 9.2 8.6 10.0 13.0 12.8 139.8
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 10.5 8.5 4.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 9.8 36.9
Average relative humidity (%) 74.5 71.5 67.7 65.5 65.8 66.7 60.7 63.3 69.9 72.8 74.7 74.8 69.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 110.0 119.7 153.8 175.1 217.0 240.3 306.8 279.1 222.4 185.4 121.3 100.7 2,231.7
Source: Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina[12][13]

Governance

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The main local government of the city is City Council of Livno. Council has 31 members elected for a four-year term by proportional representation. Livno has its mayor who is the highest-ranking officer in the municipal government.

Structure of the Council

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party 1997 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
  Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) 20 20 16 8 11 15
  Croatian Democratic Union 1990 (HDZ 1990) - - - 5 6 7
  Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) - - 1 1 3 -
  Party of Democratic Action (SDA) 5 3 5 3 3 4
  Social Democratic Party (SDP) 1 3 2 1 2 -
  Croatian Peasant Party of Stjepan Radić (HSS SR) - - - - 1 -
  Independent 2 - - - 1

Sport

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Livno is home to many sport clubs, the most famous of which are Troglav 1918 football club, and MNK Seljak futsal club. Basketball is represented by KK Livno and ŽKK Livno.

Transport

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M16 road, passing through Kupres and Šujica, connects Livno with Croatia and Central Bosnia. M6.1 starts at Bosansko Grahovo, runs through Livno connecting it with Tomislavgrad, Herzegovina and Mostar. Going northwards M15 connects Livno with Glamoč and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Notable people

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ "Livno". enciklopedija.hr. Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  2. ^ "Stari grad u Livnu (Bistrički grad), historijsko područje". Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  3. ^ "Livno". proleksis.lzmk.hr. Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  4. ^ "Povijest Livna". livno.ba. Municipality of Livno. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  5. ^ Bojanovski, Ivo (1974). Dolabelin sistem cesta u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji. Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. p. 59.
  6. ^ Mužić, Ivan (2009) . "Vlasi i starobalkanska pretkršćanska simbolika jelena na stećcima". Starohrvatska prosvjeta (in Croatian). Split: Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments. III (36): 315–349.
  7. ^ Medzlis (27 December 2010). "Džemat Glavica – Milošnik". medzlis-livno.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  8. ^ Sir H. A. R. Gibb; J H Kramers (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 9004071644. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  9. ^ Hoare, Marko Attila (2014). The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–7. ISBN 9780199365432.
  10. ^ a b "Michelin Linvo-Mostar". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012.
  11. ^ Climate Summary for Livno
  12. ^ "Meteorlogical data for station Livno in period 1961–1990". Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  13. ^ "Livno: Record mensili dal 1949" (in Italian). Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 10 November 2019.

Books

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  • Konačni rezultati popisa stanovništva od 15. marta 1948. godine (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 9. Belgrade: Savezni zavod za statistiku i evidenciju. 1955.
  • Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije: podaci po naseljima i opštinama (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 1. Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office. 1991.
  • Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije: podaci po naseljima i opštinama (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office. 1994.
  • Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije: podaci po naseljima i opštinama (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 3. Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office. 1994.
  • Nacionalni sastav stanovništva: rezultati za Republiku po opštinama i naseljenim mjestima 1991 (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: State Bureau for Statistics of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1994.
  • Popis stanovništva 1953 (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 11. Belgrade: Federal Statistical Office. 1960.
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