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==History==
==History==
{{main|History of Djibouti|Sagallo}}
{{main|History of Djibouti|Sagallo}}
The history of Djibouti is recorded in poetry, songs, and folklore of its nomadic people and goes back thousands of years to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient [[Egypt]], [[India]], and [[China]]. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the [[Somali people|Somali]] and [[Afar people|Afar]] ethnic groups in this region became among the first on the African continent to adopt [[Islam]].
The history of Djibouti is recorded in poetry, songs and folklore of its nomadic people and goes back thousands of years to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient [[Egypt]], [[India]], and [[China]]. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the [[Somali people|Somali]] and [[Afar people|Afar]] ethnic groups in this region became hello among the first on the African continent to adopt [[Islam]].


French interest developed in the nineteenth century when the area was ruled by the [[sultan]] of [[Raheita]], [[Tadjoura]] and [[Gobaad]]. The French bought the anchorage of Obock in 1862 and expanded it eventually to a colony called [[French Somaliland]] with essentially the current boundaries. In 1967, the area became the [[French Territory of the Afars and the Issas]].
French interest developed in the nineteenth century when the area was ruled by the [[sultan]] of [[Raheita]], [[Tadjoura]] and [[Gobaad]]. The French bought the anchorage of Obock in 1862 and expanded it eventually to a colony called [[French Somaliland]] with essentially the current boundaries. In 1967, the area became the [[French Territory of the Afars and the Issas]].

Revision as of 15:17, 26 January 2010

Template:Two other uses

Republic of Djibouti
جمهورية جيبوتي
Jumhūriyyat Jībūtī
[Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
République de Djibouti
Motto: "Unité, Égalité, Paix"  (translation)
"Unity, Equality, Peace"
Anthem: Djibouti
Location of Djibouti
Capital
and largest city
Djibouti
Official languagesArabic and French[1]
Recognised regional languagesAfar, Somali[1]
Demonym(s)Djiboutian
GovernmentSemi-presidential republic
• President
Ismail Omar Guelleh
Dileita Mohamed Dileita
Independence 
from France
• Date
June 27, 1977
Area
• Total
23,200 km2 (9,000 sq mi) (149th)
• Water (%)
0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)
Population
• 2009 estimate
864,000[2] (160th)
• 2000 census
460,700
• Density
37.2/km2 (96.3/sq mi) (168th)
GDP (PPP)2008 estimate
• Total
$1.880 billion[3]
• Per capita
$2,396[3]
GDP (nominal)2008 estimate
• Total
$982 million[3]
• Per capita
$1,252[3]
HDI (2007)Increase 0.520[4]
Error: Invalid HDI value (155th)
CurrencyFranc (DJF)
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+3 (not observed)
Drives onright
Calling code253
ISO 3166 codeDJ
Internet TLD.dj

Djibouti (Arabic: جيبوتي Jībūtī, [Jabuuti] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

History

Main articles: History of Djibouti and Sagallo

The history of Djibouti is recorded in poetry, songs and folklore of its nomadic people and goes back thousands of years to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, India, and China. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar ethnic groups in this region became hello among the first on the African continent to adopt Islam.

French interest developed in the nineteenth century when the area was ruled by the sultan of Raheita, Tadjoura and Gobaad. The French bought the anchorage of Obock in 1862 and expanded it eventually to a colony called French Somaliland with essentially the current boundaries. In 1967, the area became the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas.

The Republic of Djibouti gained its independence from France on June 27, 1977. Djibouti is a Somali, Afar and Muslim country, which regularly takes part in Islamic affairs as well as Arab meetings.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Djibouti

Djibouti is a semi-presidential republic, with executive power in the central government, and legislative power in both the government and parliament. The parliamentary party system is dominated by the People's Rally for Progress and the President who currently is Ismail Omar Guelleh. The country's current constitution was approved in September 1992. Djibouti is a one party dominant state with the People's Rally for Progress in power. Other parties are allowed, but the main opposition, Union for a Presidential Majority, boycotted the 2005 and 2008 elections leaving all of the legislative seats to the PRP. (See Elections in Djibouti.)

The government is seen as being controlled by the Somali Issa Dir clan who enjoy the support of the Somali clans, especially the Gadabuursi Dir who are the second most prominent Somali clan in Djibouti politics. The country has recently come out of a decade long civil war, with the government and the Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) signing a peace treaty in 2000. Two FRUD members are part of the current cabinet.

Djibouti's second president, Guelleh was first elected to office in 1999, taking over from Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who had ruled the country since its independence from France in 1977.[5] Despite elections of the 1990s being described as "generally fair", Guelleh was sworn in for his second and final six-year term as president after a one-man election on 8 April 2005. He took 100% of the votes in a 78.9% turnout.

The prime minister, who follows the council of ministers ('cabinet'), is appointed by the President. The parliament - the Chambre des Députés - consists of 52 members who are selected every five to nine years.

In 2001, the Djiboutian government leased the former French Foreign Legion base Camp Lemonnier to the United States. It transitioned from United States Central Command to United States Africa Command in 2008 as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.

France's 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade shares Camp Lemonier with the Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) of the United States Central Command, which arrived in 2002. It is from Djibouti that Abu Ali al-Harithi, suspected mastermind of the 2000 USS Cole bombing, and the American citizen Ahmed Hijazi, along with four others persons, lost their lives in 2002 while riding a car in Yemen, by a Hellfire missile launched by an RQ-1 Predator drone provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[6] It is also from there that the American Army launched a few attacks in 2007 against enemy forces in Somalia.

The country of Djibouti is a member of the Arab League, as well as the African Union, and also the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).

Geography

Main article: Geography of Djibouti
Lac Assal area

Djibouti lies in Northeast Africa on the Gulf of Aden at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. It has 314 km (195 mi) of coastline and shares a 113 km (70 mi) border with Eritrea, 337 km (209 mi) with Ethiopia and 58 km (36 mi) with Somalia (total 506 km (314 mi)*). The country is mainly a stony semidesert, with scattered plateaus and highlands. It has an area of 8,900 square miles (23,051 km2).

Regions and districts

Map of the regions of Djibouti
Map of the regions of Djibouti
Main articles: Regions of Djibouti and Districts of Djibouti

Djibouti is sectioned into 5 regions and one city. It is further subdivided into 11 districts.

The regions and city are:

Economy

Main article: Economy of Djibouti

The economy of Djibouti is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital city, the remainder being mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported.

Fishing boats docked at the Port of Djibouti.

In April 2005, the United Nations World Food Programme warned that 30,000 people in Djibouti face serious food shortages following three years of poor rains.[7]

Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. Daniel R. Sutton, an American salt miner, is also overseeing some $70 million operation to industrialize the collection of Djibouti’s plentiful salt in the Region Lake Asal.

There are gold miners from India, geothermal experts from Iceland, Turkish hotel managers, Saudi oil engineers, French bankers and American military contractors. Investors from Dubai have leased the country's port, in an effort to develop the area as a gateway to the region. Saudi investors are reportedly exploring the possibility of linking the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via an 18-mile long oversea bridge referred to as the Bridge of the Horns. Tarek bin Laden, half brother of Osama bin Laden, has been linked to the project.

An unemployment rate of 40% to 50% continues to be a major problem. Inflation is not a concern, however, because of the fixed tie of the franc to the U.S. dollar. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Renewed fighting between Ethiopia and Eritrea has been beneficial to Djibouti, the Port of Djibouti now serving as landlocked Ethiopia's primary link to the sea. Faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen into arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors.[1]

Demographics

Afar man in nomad attire.
File:Somali man in fez.gif
Somali man in traditional koofiyad fez.
Main article: Demographics of Djibouti

The population consists of two major ethnic groups: the Somali and the Afar.

The remainder is formed by Europeans (mostly French and Italians), Arabs and Ethiopians. Tensions between the Afar and Issa was the cause of the civil war in the early 1990s.

The Somali ethnic component in Djibouti is mainly composed of the Issas, who form the majority and the Gadabuursi both of whom are subclans of the Dir. The Issas form part of the Madoobe Dir while the Gadabuursi are part of Madaluug Dir.

Although French and Arabic are the official languages, Somali and Afar are widely spoken.[1]

The bulk of Djibouti's people are urban residents; the remainder are pastoralists.

Health

The life expectancy at birth is little above 40 for both females and males.[8] Fertility is at about 5 children per woman.[8] In the country there are about 18 doctors per 100,000 persons.[9]

Religion

Mosque in Djibouti city

Djibouti's population is predominantly Muslim. Islam is observed by 94% of Djibouti's population (about 444,440), while the remaining six percent, primarily consisting of foreign nationals, follow various Christian traditions.[10]

Main article: Religion in Djibouti
Religion in Djibouti
religion percent
Islam
 
 94%
Christian
 
 6%

[11]

Every town and village in Djibouti has a mosque where people go to worship.[citation needed] Tombs of their former religious leaders and those considered holy are known as sacred spaces. The most famous sacred space for Islam in Djibouti is the tomb of Sheikh Abu Yazid, which is found in the Goda Mountains.[citation needed]

In addition to the Islamic calendar, Muslims in Djibouti also recognize New Year's Day (January 1) and Labor Day (May 1) as holidays.[citation needed]

Estimates on the Christian minority vary from less than one percent to six percent of the population. There live between 7,000 and 8,000 Catholics, of which some 300 are local Djiboutians, the rest being foreigners. The Christian population largely consists of foreign-born or expatriate residents. Djibouti has a Catholic bishop, 4 Catholic priests all of whom are foreigners – as well as about 40 Catholic missionaries.

While the Republic of Djibouti names the Islam as the sole state religion, the Constitution of 1992 provides for the equality of citizens of all faiths (Art. 1) as well as the freedom to practise any religion (Art. 11). Djibouti's Family Code (Code de la Famille) of 2002 prohibits muslim women from marrying non-muslim men, unless the men convert to Islam. Marriage, divorce and inheritance are handled by the Family Court which applies the Family Code and has jurisdiction over muslims, while non-muslims must instead turn to civil courts. According to the International Religious Freedom Report 2008, while muslim Djiboutians have the legal right to convert to another faith or marry outside of Islam, "converts may face negative societal, tribal, and familial attitudes towards their decision" and often face pressure to revert to Islam [12].

Culture

Main article: Culture of Djibouti
Beach in Djibouti City.

Djiboutian attire reflects the region's hot and arid climate. When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, men typically wear the macawiis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. Among nomads, many wear a loosely wrapped white cotton robe called a tobe that goes down to about the knee, with the end thrown over the shoulder (much like a Roman toga).

Women typically wear the dirac, which is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of cotton or polyester that is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as shash, and also often cover their upper body with a shawl known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb such as the male jellabiya (jellabiyaad in Somali) and the female niqab is also commonly worn. For some occasions such as festivals, women may adorn themselves with specialized jewelry and head-dresses similar to those worn by the Berber tribes of the Maghreb.[13]

A lot of Djibouti's original art is passed on and preserved orally, mainly through song. Many examples of Islamic, Ottoman, and French influences can also be noted in the local buildings, which contain plasterwork, carefully constructed motifs and calligraphy.

See also: Music of Djibouti and List of African writers (by country) § Djibouti

Education

Main article: Education in Djibouti

Education in Djibouti is strongly influenced by France.[14](Hare 2007) Although the government effort resulted in an increase in enrollment during the 1990s, the education system is still below people’s expectations and the needs of a developing nation[15]. There are 81 public primary schools, 24 registered private primary schools, 12 secondary schools and two vocational schools in Djibouti.[14] [16] Female gross enrollment rate was at only 21.9 % and male gross enrollment rate at 29.0 % in 2007. [17]

See also

Main articles: Outline of Djibouti and Index of Djibouti-related articles

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Djibouti". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-09-06. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  2. ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (.PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 2009-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); line feed character in |author= at position 42 (help)
  3. ^ a b c d "Djibouti". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  4. ^ Human Development Report 2009. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009
  5. ^ "DJIBOUTI: Guelleh sworn in for second presidential term". Retrieved December 4, 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Djibouti: a new army behind the wire, Le Monde diplomatique, February 2003 Template:En icon (+ Template:Fr icon/Template:Pt icon)
  7. ^ Djibouti drought threatens 30,000 with grave food shortages, 29 April 2005, World Food Programme. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  8. ^ a b https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html
  9. ^ http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=DJ&RegionCode=HOA
  10. ^ CIA World Factbook - Djibouti
  11. ^ the World Factbook
  12. ^ [accessed 13 December 2009 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, "Djibouti: Situation and treatment of Christians, including instances of discrimination or violence; effectiveness of recourse available in cases of mistreatment; problems that a Muslim can face if he or she converts to Christianity or marries a Christian (2000-2009)", 5 August 2009
  13. ^ "Image of Djibouti women in head-dresses". Retrieved April 5, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b "Hare, Harry (2007) ICT in Education in Djibouti, World Bank".
  15. ^ "Hare, Harry (2007) ICT in Education in Djibouti, World Bank". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ^ "http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09203.pdf" (PDF). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  17. ^ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_DJI.html

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

Further reading

  • Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa Robert Saint-Veran
  • Historical Dictionary of Djibouti Daoud A. Alwan
  • Naval Strategy East of Suez: The Role of Djibouti Charles W
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