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Georgia–European Union relations

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This article is about bilateral relations. For the broad perspective on the accession negotiations between the European Union and Georgia, see Accession of Georgia to the European Union.

European Union–Georgia relations
Map indicating locations of European Union and Georgia

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The former European Community and Georgia established relations in 1992. After the Maastricht Treaty on creation of the European Union, Georgia deepened its ties with the EU through a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) signed in 1996.[1][2] In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership. In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgian citizens with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom.

Georgia is a candidate for EU membership. A European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia has been operating since 2009. In January 2021, Georgia was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024.[3][4] However, on 3 March 2022, Georgia submitted its membership application ahead of schedule, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[5] In December 2023, the EU officially granted candidate status to Georgia. This made Georgia the first country in the South Caucasus region to obtain EU candidacy status.[6]

In April 2023, a nationwide poll by the International Republican Institute found that 89 percent of Georgians support joining the EU, the highest number recorded for years.[7]

Adjara crisis (2004)

[edit]
Further information: 2004 Adjara crisis

In Adjara, leader Aslan Abashidze was forced to resign in May 2004 following the Rose Revolution. EU CFSP Chief Javier Solana indicated in February 2007 that the EU could send troops to Georgia alongside Russian forces.[8]

South Ossetia crisis (2006–08)

[edit]
The EUMM patrols the South Ossetian administration boundary line in armored SUVs in February 2012.

In July 2006 the European Union referred to then recent developments in South Ossetia zone of and to the Resolution of the Georgian Parliament on Peacekeeping Forces Stationed in the Conflict Zones, which was adopted on 18 July 2006 as follows:

The European Union is deeply concerned about continuing tension between Georgia and Russia and recent incidents in South Ossetia, which do not contribute to stability and freedom of movement. The European Union is particularly worried by the recent closure of the only recognized border crossing between Georgia and the Russian Federation. The European Union emphasises the importance of ensuring freedom of movement of goods and people, in particular by keeping the border crossing at Zemo Larsi open. —[9]

After the 2008 South Ossetia war an EU cease-fire monitoring mission in Georgia (EUMM Georgia) was sent to monitor the Russian troop withdrawal from "security zones" established by Russia around South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[10] The mission started on 1 October 2008[11] and was prolonged by the EU in July 2009 for one year while the EU expressed concern that Russia was blocking other observers from working there[12] A United Nations Security Council resolution aimed at extending its UN Observer Mission in Georgia was vetoed by Russia on 15 June 2009.[13]

European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan (2006–11)

[edit]

On 2 October 2006, a joint statement on the agreed text of the Georgia-European Union Action Plan within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was issued. The Action Plan was formally approved at the EU-Georgia Cooperation Council session on 14 November 2006 in Brussels.[14]

Association Agreement (2013–present)

[edit]
President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and President of the European Council Charles Michel during the 2021 Batumi International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed Association Agreements with all the three states.
Georgian flag in front of the Council of Europe

To enhance their relationship, the EU and Georgia began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA) and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement.[15] In November 2012, European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Stefan Fule stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013.[16] In February 2013, Tamar Beruchachvili, the Deputy State Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia, stated that Georgia had no plans to join the Eurasian Economic Union,[17] which Fule has warned Ukraine would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU.[18] A ceremony on the initialling of the AA by the Georgian Foreign Minister Maia Panjikidze and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was held at the Eastern Partnership summit on 29 November 2013.[19][20] It was formally signed on 27 June 2014,[21] and had to be ratified by the EU, Euratom, their member states and Georgia. A second agreement, governing the country's involvement in EU crisis management operations, was also signed.[22]

The Association Agreement, much of which provisionally came into force in September, has been fully ratified by Georgia and all EU member states.[23] On 18 December 2014 the European Parliament approved the Association Agreement. Members backed the treaty by 490 votes in favour to 76 against, with 57 abstentions.[24] The agreement entered into force on 1 July 2016.[23]

Parliament building in Tbilisi
Georgia-European Union Association Agreement poster in Tbilisi
EU-States which ratified Association Agreement with Georgia

Ratification

[edit]

The EU-Georgia Association Agreement was ratified by legislative bodies of every single EU member state. Detailed ratification timeline and vote counts are outlined in the below collapsible list (click the "show" button to expand the list):

Full ratification timeline
Signatory Date Institution In Favour Against AB Deposited[23] Reference
Austria Austria 8 July 2015 National Council Approved 28 August 2015 [25]
23 July 2015 Federal Council Approved [25]
Presidential Assent Granted
 Belgium
23 April 2015 Chamber of Representatives 101 17 20 1 February 2016 [26][27]
Royal Assent (federal law)
1 July 2015
Walloon
Parliament 		(regional)
(community)
63 2 4 [28]
61 2 4 [28]
22 June 2015 German-speaking Community 16 2 1 [29]
24 June 2015 French Community 71 0 8 [30]
20 November 2015 Brussels Regional Parliament 69 3 3 [31][32]
20 November 2015
Brussels United
Assembly[33] 		(FR language)
(NL language)
53 3 1 [34][35]
14 0 2 [34][35]
17 June 2015
Flemish
Parliament 		(regional)
(community)
82 18 [36]
87 19 [36]
24 June 2015 COCOF Assembly 71 0 8 [37][38]
Bulgaria Bulgaria 24 July 2014 National Assembly 91 0 0 9 September 2014 [39]
28 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [40]
Croatia Croatia 12 December 2014 Parliament 116 0 1 24 March 2015 [41]
18 December 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [42]
Cyprus Cyprus 7 May 2015 House of Representatives Approved 18 August 2015 [43]
22 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [44]
Czech Republic Czech Republic 18 March 2015 Senate 56 0 6 12 June 2015 [45]
29 April 2015 Chamber of Deputies 116 1 51 [45][46]
19 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [47]
Denmark Denmark 18 December 2014 Parliament 101 7 0 18 February 2015 [48]
Estonia Estonia 4 November 2014 Assembly 66 0 0 12 January 2015 [49][50]
13 November 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [49]
European Union European Union and EAEC 18 December 2014 European Parliament 490 76 57 19 April 2016 (EAEC)
23 May 2016 (EU) 		[24]
Council of the European Union
Finland Finland 10 March 2015 Parliament Approved 6 May 2015 [51]
24 April 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [52]
France France 29 October 2015 Senate Approved 15 December 2015 [53]
25 June 2015 National Assembly Approved [53]
9 November 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [53]
Germany Germany 8 May 2015 Bundesrat Approved 22 July 2015 [54]
26 March 2015 Bundestag Approved [55]
27 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [56]
Georgia (country) Georgia 18 July 2014 Parliament 123 0 0 25 July 2014 [57]
Presidential Assent Granted
Greece Greece 18 November 2015 Parliament Approved 14 December 2015 [58]
24 November 2015 Presidential Promulgation Granted [59]
Hungary Hungary 25 November 2014 National Assembly 127 6 0 7 April 2015 [60]
5 December 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [60]
Republic of Ireland Ireland 27 January 2015 Dáil Éireann 58 19 0 17 April 2015 [61]
Italy Italy 26 November 2015 Senate 202 37 10 3 February 2016 [62]
29 July 2015 Chamber of Deputies 310 93 34 [62]
7 December 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [63]
Latvia Latvia 14 July 2014 Parliament 81 0 0 2 October 2014 [64]
18 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [65]
Lithuania Lithuania 8 July 2014 Parliament 84 0 1 29 July 2014 [66]
11 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [67]
Luxembourg Luxembourg 18 March 2015 Chamber of Deputies 55 2 0 12 May 2015 [68]
12 April 2015 Grand Ducal Promulgation Granted [69]
Malta Malta 21 August 2014 House of Representatives Approved 29 August 2014 [70][71][72]
Netherlands Netherlands 7 July 2015 Senate Adopted 21 September 2015 [73]
7 April 2015 House of Representatives 119 31 0 [74]
28 July 2015 Royal Promulgation Granted [73]
Poland Poland 5 March 2015 Senate 75 0 0 22 May 2015 [75]
6 February 2015 Sejm 439 0 1 [76][77]
26 March 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [78]
Portugal Portugal 2 April 2015 National Assembly Approved 8 October 2015 [79]
19 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [80]
Romania Romania 2 July 2014 Chamber of Deputies 298 0 0 14 July 2014 [81]
3 July 2014 Senate 111 0 2 [82]
9 July 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [83]
Slovakia Slovakia 23 September 2014 National Council 117 0 1 21 October 2014 [84]
16 October 2014 Presidential Assent Granted [85]
Slovenia Slovenia 13 May 2015 National Assembly 69 3 0 27 July 2015 [86][87]
21 May 2015 Presidential Assent Granted [88]
Spain Spain 27 May 2015 Senate Approved 28 July 2015 [89]
30 April 2015 Congress of Deputies 303 0 1 [90]
Royal Assent Granted
Sweden Sweden 26 November 2014 Parliament 249 44 0 9 January 2015 [91]
United Kingdom United Kingdom 23 February 2015 House of Commons Approved 8 April 2015 [92]
9 March 2015 House of Lords Approved [93]
19 March 2015 Royal Assent Granted [94]

Accession of Georgia to the European Union

[edit]
Main article: Accession of Georgia to the European Union
See also: Potential enlargement of the European Union
President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili, President of Moldova Maia Sandu, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and President of the European Council Charles Michel during the 2021 Batumi International Conference. In 2014, the EU signed Association Agreements with all the three states.
Countries that could join the European Union
  Current members
  Candidate countries
  Applicant / potential candidate countries
  Membership possible
  Membership not possible

On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Georgia may enter the EU in the future.[95] The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that "in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights."[96] Membership is welcomed by Georgians, with 77% of the population approving the government's goal to join the EU and only 11% opposing it.[97]

Georgia's former President Mikheil Saakashvili has expressed a desire for Georgia to join the EU.[98] This view has been explicitly expressed on several occasions as links to the United States, EU and NATO have been strengthened in an attempt to move away from the Russian sphere of influence.[99] Territorial integrity issues in Ajaria were dealt with after the Rose Revolution, when leader Aslan Abashidze was forced to resign in May 2004. However, unresolved territorial integrity issues have again risen to the forefront in South Ossetia and Abkhazia as a result of the 2008 South Ossetia War. On 11 November 2010, Georgian Deputy Prime Minister Giorgi Baramidze announced that Georgia wants to cooperate with Ukraine in their attempt to join the European Union.[100]

The European Parliament notes that in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty with the EU, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, like any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in accordance with the principles of democracy - it said in a resolution of the European Parliament in Brussels, adopted at the last session before the elections to the European Parliament, which took place on 23–25 May 2014.[101]

Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili said at a press conference in Brussels on 27 June 2014 that Georgia could be a full EU member within 5–10 years. However, he stressed that Georgia had not fixed a date for bidding for EU membership.[102]

Georgia officially applies for EU membership

[edit]

On 17 January 2021, Irakli Kobakhidze was elected the chairman of the ruling Georgian Dream party. He announced plans for Georgia to officially apply for EU membership in 2024. Amid the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War, this was expedited to 3 March 2022.[103] On 7 March, the EU said it will formally assess Georgia's application.[104] On 11 April, Georgia has received EU Membership Questionnaire to fill out and send it back for the review in May.[105] According to Garibashvili, the response to the first part was submitted by May 2, remarking on his Twitter account, "I am sure of Georgia's success on in pursuit of the ultimate goal of the Georgian people",[106][107] while the second and final part was submitted on 10 May 2022.[108]

On 17 June 2022, the European Commission recommended that Georgia be given the perspective to become a member of the European Union, but deferred recommending it be given candidate status until after certain conditions were met.[109] On 23 June 2022, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for the immediate granting of candidate status for membership of the European Union to Ukraine and Moldova, as well as to support the European perspective for Georgia.[110][111] On 23 June 2022, the European Council expressed readiness to grant Georgia the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union after a set of recommended reforms.[112]

The EU asked Georgia to complete economic reforms including more investment in education, renewable energy generation, and transportation. Requested political reforms included reduced political polarization, election reforms, judicial reform, stronger anti-corruption institutions, implementing "de-oligarchisation", reducing organized crime, protect journalists from government interference and criminal threats, protect vulnerable groups against criminal human rights violations, improve gender equality, reduce violence against women, increase decision-making influence of civil society, and make the Public Defender more independent.[113]

In March 2023, the Georgian government withdrew draft legislation putting controls on "foreign agents", after condemnation from EU officials.[114]

In September EU foreign affairs chief, Josep Borrell, advised that Georgia needed to do more to advance in its accession aims.[115] In this/Borrell's 8 September 2023 visit to Georgia Borrell stated that nine of the 12 conditions, as stipulated by the EU in 2022, for granting Georgia its membership candidate status remained unfulfilled.[116] Borrell also condemned Georgia's May 2023 consent to resume direct flights between Georgia and Russia, and he claimed that EU applicant countries should act in accordance with the EU policies of "isolating Russia for invading Ukraine last year".[116] He also stated that the Georgian authorities “must ensure” a “proper environment” to depolarise the existing “tense political scene” and highlighted that the ruling party Georgian Dream announcement made early September 2023 to start an impeachment process against President of Georgia Salome Zourabichvili for an alleged unauthorized EU trip could further strengthen political polarization.[116] Borrell also noted that it seemed that Georgia's compatibility with the EU's efforts to have a joint approach on priority issues “was not very high”, and the direction required to be improved.[116]

On 15 September 2023 Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili alleged that the EU would have “no reasons” to reject Georgia's candidacy in December 2023, Garibashvili claimed that “all remaining issues” related to the reform agenda outlined by the EU in 2022 for granting the status would be resolved by the end of that month (September 2023).[117]

On 6 October 2023, Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković highlighted his support for granting Georgia EU candidate status during the European Political Community Summit in Granada, Spain.[118]

On 12 October 2023, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has called EU's 2022 rejection of membership candidate status for Georgia "very disappointing" and "unfair decision" in light of granting the candidacy to Moldova and Ukraine. Orban has also said that the decision contradicts the "European interests".[119]

On 13 October 2023, the National Assembly of Bulgaria passed a resolution in favor of granting Georgia EU candidate status.[120]

Romanian ambassador to Georgia reaffirmed Romania's support for granting Georgia the candidate status in December 2023.[121]

On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended giving candidate status to Georgia.[122] In December 2023, the European Council of Ministers agreed to giving candidate status to Georgia.[6]

However, following the Georgian government's approval of legislation which would require non-governmental organizations to register as foreign agents or "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power" and disclose the sources of their income if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue, which led to widespread protests in the country, the European Council stated in June 2024 that this represented "backsliding on the steps set out in the Commission’s recommendation for candidate status" and that the accession process would be de facto on hold until the government changes course.[123] On 9 July 2024, the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that the European Union had suspended the country's accession process.[124][125]

Visa liberalization dialogue

[edit]

In June 2012, the EU and Georgia began a visa liberalisation dialogue to allow for visa-free travel of Georgian citizens to the European Union. The talks aimed to have a Visa Liberalisation Action Plan in place by the end of the year.[15] The action plan was delivered to Georgia on 25 February 2013.[126] The new project on 'Strengthening the capacity of the Georgian Government in border management and migration regulation' which was launched in Tbilisi by the EU Delegation to Georgia, will be implemented by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), the EU Delegation to Georgia said in its statement on 24 January 2014. Thus, Georgia will take another step towards visa-free travel to the Schengen area through an EU-funded project which will help to increase the capacity of the Georgian authorities in the field of integrated border management and migration.[127] In December 2015, the Commission issued a progress report that found that Georgia met all the conditions for its citizens be granted visa-free travel to the Schengen area.[128] The European Commission formally proposed Georgia be granted visa free travel in March 2016.[129] The Committee of Permanent Representatives gave its approval in October 2016, and it was approved by the European Parliament in February 2017.[130][131] On 8 March 2017 the Official EU Journal published a legislation allowing Georgians owning biometric passports to travel to the Schengen Area visa-free.[132] The legislation came into full effect on 28 March 2017, allowing Georgian citizens to travel for short periods to most EU member countries without a visa.[133]

Georgia's foreign relations with EU member states

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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