Heptathlon
{{Infobox athletics event
thumb
|event= Heptathlon
|image=
|caption= Heptathletes at Beijing 2008
|WRmen= Ashton Eaton 6645 pts (2012)
|ORmen=
|WRwomen= Jackie Joyner-Kersee 7291 pts (1988)
|ORwomen= Jackie Joyner-Kersee 7291 pts (1988)
}}
A heptathlon is a track and field combined events contest made up of seven events.[1] The name derives from the Greek hepta (seven) and ἄθλος (áthlos, or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning "feat"). A competitor in a heptathlon is referred to as a heptathlete.
There are two heptathlons – the women's heptathlon and the men's – composed of different events. The men's heptathlon is older and is held indoors, while the women's is held outdoors and was introduced in the 1980s, first appearing in the Olympics in 1984.
Women's heptathlon
Women's heptathlon is the combined event for women contested in the athletics programme of the Olympics and at the IAAF World Championships. The IAAF Combined Events Challenge determines a yearly women's heptathlon champion. The women's outdoor heptathlon consists of the following events, with the first four contested on the first day, and the remaining three on day two:
The heptathlon has been contested by female athletes since the early 1980s, when it replaced the pentathlon as the primary women's combined event contest (the javelin throw and 800 m were added).[citation needed] It was first contested at the Olympic level in the 1984 Summer Olympics. In recent years some women's decathlon competitions have been conducted, consisting of the same events as the men's competition in a slightly different order, and the IAAF has begun keeping records for it, but the heptathlon remains the championship-level combined event for women. Nafissatou Thiam, representing Belgium, is the 2016 Olympic Gold Medallist and the 2017 World Champion.
There is also a Tetradecathlon, which is a double heptathlon, consisting of 14 events, seven events per day.
Points system
The heptathlon scoring system was devised by Dr Karl Ulbrich, a Viennese mathematician. The formulae are constructed so that, for each event, a designated "standard" performance (for example, approximately 1.82 m for the high jump) scores 1000 points.[2] Each event also has a minimum recordable performance level (e.g. 0.75 m for the high jump), corresponding to zero points. The formulae are devised so that successive constant increments in performance correspond to gradually increasing increments in points awarded.
Event | a | b | c |
---|---|---|---|
200 metres | 4.99087 | 42.5 | 1.81 |
800 metres | 0.11193 | 254 | 1.88 |
100 metres hurdles | 9.23076 | 26.7 | 1.835 |
High jump | 1.84523 | 75.0 | 1.348 |
Long jump | 0.188807 | 210 | 1.41 |
Shot put | 56.0211 | 1.50 | 1.05 |
Javelin throw | 15.9803 | 3.80 | 1.04 |
The events are split into three groups, and the scores are calculated according to the three formulae:[3]
- Running events (200 m, 800 m and 100 m hurdles):
- Jumping events (high jump and long jump):
- Throwing events (shot put and javelin):
P is for points, T is for time in seconds, M is for height or length in centimeters and D is length in meters. a, b and c have different values for each of the events (see table).
Benchmarks
The following table shows the benchmark levels needed to earn 1000, 900, 800 and 700 points in each event.
Event | 1000 pts | 900 pts | 800 pts | 700 pts | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 m hurdles | 13.85 | 14.56 | 15.32 | 16.12 | Seconds |
High jump | 1.82 | 1.74 | 1.66 | 1.57 | Metres |
Shot put | 17.07 | 15.58 | 14.09 | 12.58 | Metres |
200 m | 23.80 | 24.86 | 25.97 | 27.14 | Seconds |
Long jump | 6.48 | 6.17 | 5.84 | 5.50 | Metres |
Javelin throw | 57.18 | 52.04 | 46.87 | 41.68 | Metres |
800 m | 2:07.63 | 2:14.52 | 2:21.77 | 2:29.47 | Minutes |
Women's world records compared with heptathlon bests
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Nataliya_Dobrynska.jpg/220px-Nataliya_Dobrynska.jpg)
Event | Type | Athlete | Record | Score | Percentage /Points difference | Notes/Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 m hurdles | ||||||
WR | Kendra Harrison | 12.20 s | 1248 | 97.29% | ||
HB | Jessica Ennis | 12.54 s | 1195 | −53 | [4] | |
High jump | ||||||
WR | Stefka Kostadinova | 2.09 m | 1359 | 94.74% | ||
HB | Nafissatou Thiam | 2.01 m | 1251 | −108 | ||
Shot put | ||||||
WR | Natalya Lisovskaya | 22.63 m | 1378 | 76.49% | ||
HB | Austra Skujytė | 17.31 m | 1016 | −362 | [5] | |
200 m | ||||||
WR | Florence Griffith Joyner | 21.34 s | 1251 | 95.70% | ||
HB | Jackie Joyner Kersee | 22.30 s | 1150 | −101 | ||
Long jump | ||||||
WR | Galina Chistyakova | 7.52 m | 1351 | 96.68% | ||
HB | Jackie Joyner Kersee | 7.27 m | 1264 | −87 | ||
Javelin[note 1] | ||||||
WR | Barbora Špotáková | 72.28 m | 1295 | 84.26% | current 1999 model | |
HB | Barbora Špotáková | 60.90 m | 1072 | −223 | current 1999 model[6] | |
WR | Petra Felke | 80.00 m | 1448 | 80.80% | old model | |
HB | Tessa Sanderson | 64.64 m | 1145 | −303 | old model | |
800 m | ||||||
WR | Jarmila Kratochvílová | 1:53.28 min:s | 1224 | 92.97% | ||
HB | Nadine Debois | 2:01.84 min:s | 1087 | −137 | ||
Total | World record | 9106 | ||||
Heptathlon bests | 7982 | −1124 |
Men's heptathlon
The other version is an indoor competition, normally contested by men only. It is the men's combined event in the IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics. The men's indoor heptathlon consists of the following events, with the first four contested on the first day, and remaining three on day two:
The scoring is similar for both versions. In each event, the athlete scores points for his/her performance in each event according to scoring tables issued by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF).[7] The athlete accumulating the highest number of points wins the competition.
Benchmarks
The following table shows the minimum benchmark levels required to earn 1000 points in each event of the heptathlon:
Event | Required for 1000pts | Units |
---|---|---|
60 m | 6.68 | Seconds |
Long jump | 7.76 | Metres |
Shot put | 18.40 | Metres |
High jump | 2.21 | Metres |
60 m hurdles | 7.69 | Seconds |
Pole vault | 5.29 | Metres |
1000 m | 149.00 | Seconds |
Men's world records compared with heptathlon bests
Event | Type | Athlete | Record | Score | Difference in points scored | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 m | ||||||
WR | Maurice Greene | 6.39 s | 1111 | |||
HB | Chris Huffins | 6.61 s | 1026 | −85 | ||
Long jump | ||||||
WR | Mike Powell | 8.95 m | 1312 | |||
HB | Ashton Eaton | 8.16 m | 1102 | −166 | [8] | |
Shot put | ||||||
WR | Randy Barnes | 22.66 m | 1266 | |||
HB | Aleksey Drozdov | 17.17 m | 924 | −342 | ||
High jump | ||||||
WR | Javier Sotomayor | 2.43 m | 1223 | |||
HB | Derek Drouin | 2.30 m | 1091 | −132 | [9] | |
60 m hurdles | ||||||
WR | Colin Jackson | 7.30 s | 1101 | |||
HB | Ashton Eaton | 7.60 s | 1022 | −79 | ||
Pole vault | ||||||
WR | Renaud Lavillenie | 6.16 m | 1284 | |||
HB | Alex Averbukh | 5.60 m | 1100 | −184 | ||
1000 m | ||||||
WR | Wilson Kipketer | 2:14.96 | 1172 | |||
HB | Curtis Beach | 2:23.63 | 1064 | −108 | ||
Total | World record | 8425 | ||||
Heptathlon bests | 7329 | −1096 |
All-time top 25 athletes
Women
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Osaka07_D1A_Carolina_Kluft.jpg/220px-Osaka07_D1A_Carolina_Kluft.jpg)
- Correct as of August 2018[10]
Rank | Score | Athlete | Venue | Date | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7291 | ![]() |
Seoul | 23–24 September 1988 | |
2 | 7032 | ![]() |
Osaka | 25–26 August 2007 | |
3 | 7013 | ![]() |
Götzis | 27–28 May 2017 | [11] |
4 | 7007 | ![]() |
Bryansk | 10–11 June 1989 | |
5 | 6985 | ![]() |
Götzis | 30–31 May 1992 | |
6 | 6955 | ![]() |
London | 3–4 August 2012 | |
7 | 6946 | ![]() |
Potsdam | 5–6 May 1984 | |
8 | 6942 | ![]() |
Götzis | 25–26 May 1996 | |
9 | 6935 | ![]() |
Moscow | 18–19 June 1983 | |
10 | 6889 | ![]() |
Arles | 4–5 June 2005 | |
11 | 6859 | ![]() |
Kiev | 20–21 June 1984 | |
12 | 6858 | ![]() |
Seoul | 23–24 September 1988 | |
13 | 6847 | ![]() |
Barcelona | 1–2 August 1992 | |
14 | 6836 | ![]() |
Götzis | 27–28 May 2017 | [12] |
15 | 6832 | ![]() |
Osaka | 25–26 August 2007 | |
16 | 6831 | ![]() |
Götzis | 29–30 July 2000 | |
17 | 6815 | ![]() |
Götzis | 27–28 May 2017 | [13] |
18 | 6808 | ![]() |
Götzis | 30–31 May 2015 | |
19 | 6803 | ![]() |
Talence | 15–16 September 1984 | |
20 | 6778 | ![]() |
Barcelona | 30–31 July 2010 | |
21 | 6765 | ![]() |
Tula | 22–23 July 2000 | |
22 | 6759 | ![]() |
Berlin | 9–10 August 2018 | [14] |
23 | 6750 | ![]() |
Beijing | 11–12 September 1993 | |
24 | 6742 | ![]() |
Götzis | 26-27 May 2018 | [15] |
25 | 6741 | ![]() |
Talence | 10–11 September 1994 |
Below is a list of all other scores equal or superior to 6875 pts:
- Jackie Joyner-Kersee also scored 7215 (1988), 7158 (1986), 7148 (1986), 7128 (1987), 7044 (1992), 6979 (1987), 6910 (1986), 6878 (1991).
- Carolina Klüft also scored 7001 (2003), 6952 (2004), 6887 (2005).
- Jessica Ennis also scored 6906 (2012).
- Sabine John (Paetz) also scored 6897 (1988).
- Larisa Nikitina also scored 6875 (1989).
The following athletes have had their performances (inside 6741) annulled due to doping offense:
- Tatyana Chernova scored 6880 (2011).
Men
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ashton_Eaton_Istanbul_2012.jpg/220px-Ashton_Eaton_Istanbul_2012.jpg)
Rank | Score | Athlete | Date | Location | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 6645 | ![]() |
9–10 March 2012 | Istanbul | |
2 | 6479 | ![]() |
4–5 March 2017 | Belgrade | [17] |
3 | 6476 | ![]() |
13–14 March 1993 | Toronto | |
4 | 6438 | ![]() |
6–7 March 2004 | Budapest | |
5 | 6424 | ![]() |
25–26 February 2000 | Ghent | |
6 | 6418 | ![]() |
28–29 February 1992 | Genoa | |
7 | 6415 | ![]() |
28 February–1 March 1998 | Valencia | |
8 | 6412 | ![]() |
7–8 February 2003 | Moscow | |
9 | 6374 | ![]() |
6–7 March 1999 | Maebashi | |
10 | 6372 | ![]() |
2–3 March 2013 | Gothenburg | |
11 | 6371 | ![]() |
8–9 March 2008 | Valencia | |
12 | 6362 | ![]() |
7-8 March 2009 | Turin | |
13 | 6361 | ![]() |
15-16 March 2003 | Birmingham | |
14 | 6353 | ![]() |
7-8 March 2015 | Prague | |
15 | 6343 | ![]() |
2–3 March 2018 | Birmingham | [18] |
16 | 6303 | ![]() |
7-8 March 2014 | Sopot | |
17 | 6300 | ![]() |
12-13 March 2010 | Penza | |
18 | 6293 | ![]() |
6-7 March 1999 | Maebashi | |
19 | 6291 | ![]() |
2-3 February 2002 | Tallinn | |
20 | 6279 | ![]() |
13-14 March 1993 | Toronto | |
![]() |
7-8 March 2015 | Prague | |||
22 | 6273 | ![]() |
27-28 February 2015 | Boston | |
23 | 6265 | ![]() |
2–3 March 2018 | Birmingham | [19] |
24 | 6259 | ![]() |
7-8 March 2014 | Sopot | |
25 | 6254 | ![]() |
30-31 January 2010 | Zaporizhia |
Below is a list of all other scores equal or superior to 6319 pts:
- Ashton Eaton also scored 6632 (2014), 6568 (2011), 6499 (2010), 6470 (2016).
- Roman Šebrle also scored 6420 (2001), 6358 (2000), 6350 (2004), 6319 (1999).
- Sebastian Chmara also scored 6386 (1999).
- Bryan Clay also scored 6365 (2004).
- Kevin Mayer also scored 6348 (2018).
- Eelco Sintnicolaas also scored 6341 (2013).
Medalists
Women's Olympic medalists
Women's World Championships medalists
Medal table
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ![]() | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
2 | ![]() | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
3 | ![]() | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
4 | ![]() | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
5 | ![]() | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
6 | ![]() | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
7 | ![]() | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
8 | ![]() | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
![]() | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
10 | ![]() | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
11 | ![]() | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
12 | ![]() | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
13 | ![]() | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
14 | ![]() | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
15 | ![]() | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
16 | ![]() | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
17 | ![]() | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
![]() | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
![]() | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (21 entries) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 57 |
Men's World Indoor Championships medalists
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bryan_Clay_Doha_2010.jpg/220px-Bryan_Clay_Doha_2010.jpg)
Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
1995 Barcelona |
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1997 Paris |
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1999 Maebashi |
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2001 Lisbon |
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2003 Birmingham |
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2004 Budapest |
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2006 Moscow |
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2008 Valencia |
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2010 Doha |
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2012 Istanbul |
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2014 Sopot |
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2016 Portland |
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2018 Birmingham |
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Season's bests
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jessica_Ennis.jpg/220px-Jessica_Ennis.jpg)
Women's heptathlon
Men's indoor heptathlon
Year | Score | Athlete | Location |
---|---|---|---|
1999 | 6386 | ![]() |
Maebashi |
2000 | 6424 | ![]() |
Ghent |
2001 | 6420 | ![]() |
Lisbon |
2002 | 6291 | ![]() |
Tallinn |
2003 | 6412 | ![]() |
Moscow |
2004 | 6438 | ![]() |
Budapest |
2005 | 6232 | ![]() |
Madrid |
2006 | 6229 | ![]() |
Moscow |
2007 | 6196 | ![]() |
Birmingham |
2008 | 6371 | ![]() |
Valencia |
2009 | 6362 | ![]() |
Turin |
2010 | 6499 | ![]() |
Fayetteville |
2011 | 6568 | ![]() |
Tallinn |
2012 | 6645 | ![]() |
Istanbul |
2013 | 6372 | ![]() |
Gothenburg |
2014 | 6632 | ![]() |
Sopot |
2015 | 6353 | ![]() |
Prague |
2016 | 6470 | ![]() |
Portland |
2017 | 6479 | ![]() |
Belgrade |
National records
Women's heptathlon
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lyudmila_Blonska.jpg/220px-Lyudmila_Blonska.jpg)
See also
Other multiple event contests include:
Summer sports
- Biathle
- Duathlon
- Triathlon
- Quadrathlon
- Pentathlon (athletics)
- Pentathlon
- Modern pentathlon
- Hexathlon (primarily a youth or junior event)
- Octathlon (primarily a youth or junior event although logistical problems have seen senior octathlons contested, for example at the 2007 South Pacific Games)
- Decathlon
Winter sports
Other
Notes
Notes and references
- ^ "Heptathlon – Definition". Merriam-webster.com. August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
- ^ "London 2012: Jessica Ennis leads heptathlon after first day", The Guardian, 3 August 2012
- ^ "IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events" (PDF). IAAF. April 2004. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Women's Heptathlon 100 Metres Hurdles Results". IAAF. August 3, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ^ "Women's Heptathlon Shot Put Results". IAAF. August 3, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
- ^ Hans van Kuijen (September 16, 2012). "Van Alphen and Yosypenko prevail in Talence – IAAF Combined Events Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
- ^ [1] Archived September 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Long Jump Results" (PDF). IAAF. March 9, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Krajewski, Casey (February 22, 2013). "Drouin Jumps to World Record in Heptathlon". Indiana Daily Student. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
- ^ Heptathlon – women – senior – outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 28, 2017). "Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis". IAAF. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 28, 2017). "Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis". IAAF. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 28, 2017). "Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis". IAAF. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ "Women's Heptathlon Results" (PDF). European Athletics. August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 27, 2018). "World leads for Thiam and Warner in Gotzis". IAAF. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
- ^ Heptathlon – men – senior – indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- ^ "Men's Heptathlon Results". European Athletics. March 5, 2017.
{{cite web}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ "Men's Heptathlon Results" (PDF). IAAF. March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ^ "Men's Heptathlon Results" (PDF). IAAF. March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 28, 2017). "Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis". IAAF. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 28, 2017). "Thiam scores 7013 to break meeting record in Götzis". IAAF. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ Diego Sampaolo (May 31, 2015). "Kazmirek and Theisen Eaton triumph in Gotzis". IAAF. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results" (PDF). IAAF. August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results" (PDF). IAAF. August 6, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
- ^ "Women's Heptathlon Results" (PDF). European Athletics. August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
- ^ Michal Osoba (June 15, 2014). "Special K day! Kasyanov and Klucinova triumph in Kladno – IAAF Combined Events Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". ncaa.com. June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". EAA. July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Grit Šadeiko püstitas Götzise seitsmevõistlusel uue Eesti rekordi, Õiglane alistas 8000 punkti piiri (76)". delfi.ee (in Estonian). May 28, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ "Gran Prix Internacional "Valle Oro Puro" – Hetpathlon Results" (PDF). FECODATLE. June 26, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Michal Osoba (June 18, 2017). "Cachova and Bourrada victorious at TNT Express meeting in Kladno". IAAF. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ Eduardo Biscayart (July 3, 2016). "Murer soars over South American record of 4.87m at Brazilian Championships". IAAF. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
- ^ Wesley Botton (June 25, 2016). "Aprot takes African 10,000m title". IAAF. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
- ^ Michal Osoba (June 18, 2017). "Cachova and Bourrada victorious at TNT Express meeting in Kladno". IAAF. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ "Gran Prix Internacional "Valle Oro Puro" – Hetpathlon Results" (PDF). FECODATLE. June 26, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Michal Osoba (June 18, 2017). "Cachova and Bourrada victorious at TNT Express meeting in Kladno". IAAF. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ Joe Fleming (May 12, 2018). "Former Ensworth star Tyra Gittens of Texas A&M wins SEC heptathlon with school record". USA today sports. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". www.flashresults.com. June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- ^ "Carmen Ramos bate el récord de España de heptatlón en Soria". plazadeportiva.valenciaplaza.com (in Spanish). July 8, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
- ^ "Gran Prix Internacional "Valle Oro Puro" – Heptathlon Results" (PDF). FECODATLE. June 26, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Heptathlon Results". www.atletismocanario.es. May 25, 2014. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Fiorella Chiappe consigue el récord de Argentina de heptatlon" (in Spanish). somosatletismo.com. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". EAA. July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Heptathlon Results" (PDF). results.toronto2015.org. July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
- ^ Gómez Chirinos, Ricardo (June 4, 2010). "Milangela Rosales rompió record nacional en los 10 mil metros marcha." (in Spanish). www.feveatletismo.org. Retrieved July 17, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The American Championships 2016 Results". tilastopaja.org. May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
- ^ "African Championships, Durban (South Africa) 22-26/06/2016 Results". africathle.com. June 25, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". tfrrs.org. May 12, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ Stephen Wright (May 5, 2015). "Smith off to a flyer". royalgazette.com. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
- ^ Devinder Singh (August 25, 2017). "KL2017: Norliayana smashes Zaiton Othman's 36-year-old national record". nst.com.my. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ "National Record". sportstg.com. March 19, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
- ^ "Norliyana Breaks Zaiton's 36-Year-Old Heptathlon Reord". bernama.com. August 25, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ "En el GP de Combinadas de Asuncion, Paraguay Melissa Arana (PER) batió el Récord de Heptatlon con 5.020 puntos" (in Spanish). FDPA. April 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
- ^ "Simbine, Palframan, Mokoka, Mzazi, Cumming, Engelbrecht sparkle as Chabangu sets SA Junior record-USSA championship". africanathletics.org. April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- ^ "2016 Central American Championships in Athletics Results" (PDF). CADICA. June 19, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Heptathlon Results". tfrrs.com. May 13, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". tfrrs.org. May 12, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
- ^ "Manjula Kumara wins 'Best Athlete' for sixth time". sports.dailymirror.lk. July 11, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". cfpitiming.com. March 27, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ^ "Heptathlon Results". cfpitiming.com. April 16, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
- ^ "Norliyana Breaks Zaiton's 36-Year-Old Heptathlon Reord". bernama.com. August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.