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Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that produces histamine from histidine with the help of vitamin B6 as follows:[5][6][7]
In humans, the histidine decarboxylase enzyme is encoded by the HDCgene.[8][9]
Function
The biogenic amine histamine is an important modulator of numerous physiologic processes, including neurotransmission, gastric acid secretion, and smooth muscle tone. The biosynthesis of histamine from histidine is catalyzed by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase. This homodimeric enzyme is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylase and is highly specific for its histidine substrate.[8]
Biosynthesis
In bacteria, it is synthesised as a proenzyme, PI. Cleavage of the proenzyme PI chain yields two subunits, alpha and beta, which arrange as a hexamer, (alpha beta)6, by nonhydrolytic self-catalysis.[10]
Mutations in the gene for this enzyme have been observed in one family with Tourette syndrome (TS) and are not thought to account for most cases of TS.[11]
^Riley WD, Snell EE (October 1968). "Histidine decarboxylase of Lactobacillus 30a. IV. The presence of covalently bound pyruvate as the prosthetic group". Biochemistry. 7 (10): 3520–8. doi:10.1021/bi00850a029. PMID5681461.
^Bruneau G, Nguyen VC, Gros F, Bernheim A, Thibault J (November 1992). "Preparation of a rat brain histidine decarboxylase (HDC) cDNA probe by PCR and assignment of the human HDC gene to chromosome 15". Hum. Genet. 90 (3): 235–8. doi:10.1007/bf00220068. PMID1487235.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Coton E, Rollan GC, Lonvaud-Funel A (1998). "Histidine carboxylase of Leuconostoc oenos 9204: purification, kinetic properties, cloning and nucleotide sequence of the hdc gene". J Appl Microbiol. 84 (2): 143–51. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00271.x. PMID9633629.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Masini E, Fabbroni V, Giannini L, et al. (2005). "Histamine and histidine decarboxylase up-regulation in colorectal cancer: correlation with tumor stage". Inflamm. Res. 54 Suppl 1: S80-1. doi:10.1007/s00011-004-0437-3. PMID15928846.
Li Z, Liu J, Tang F, et al. (2008). "Expression of non-mast cell histidine decarboxylase in tumor-associated microvessels in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas". APMIS. 116 (12): 1034–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.01048.x. PMID19133005.
Ai W, Liu Y, Langlois M, Wang TC (2004). "Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) represses histidine decarboxylase gene expression through an upstream Sp1 site and downstream gastrin responsive elements". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (10): 8684–93. doi:10.1074/jbc.M308278200. PMID14670968.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Raychowdhury R, Fleming JV, McLaughlin JT, et al. (2002). "Identification and characterization of a third gastrin response element (GAS-RE3) in the human histidine decarboxylase gene promoter". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297 (5): 1089–95. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02345-8. PMID12372397.
Sköldberg F, Portela-Gomes GM, Grimelius L, et al. (2003). "Histidine decarboxylase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, is an autoantigen of gastric enterochromaffin-like cells". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (4): 1445–52. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021761. PMID12679420.
Brew O, Lakasing L, Sullivan M (2007). "Differential activity of histidine decarboxylase in normal and pre-eclamptic placentae". Placenta. 28 (5–6): 585–7. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2006.05.003. PMID16822545.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Tippens AS, Gruetter CA (2004). "Detection of histidine decarboxylase mRNA in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells". Inflamm. Res. 53 (6): 215–6. doi:10.1007/s00011-004-1252-6. PMID15167966.
Siezen CL, Bont L, Hodemaekers HM, et al. (2009). "Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in preterm children is associated with airway remodeling genes and innate immune genes". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28 (4): 333–5. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31818e2aa9. PMID19258923.
Morgan TK, Montgomery K, Mason V, et al. (2006). "Upregulation of histidine decarboxylase expression in superficial cortical nephrons during pregnancy in mice and women". Kidney Int. 70 (2): 306–14. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001553. PMID16760908.
Papadopoulou N, Kalogeromitros D, Staurianeas NG, et al. (2005). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1 and histidine decarboxylase expression in chronic urticaria". J. Invest. Dermatol. 125 (5): 952–5. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23913.x. PMID16297195.
Janssen R, Bont L, Siezen CL, et al. (2007). "Genetic susceptibility to respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis is predominantly associated with innate immune genes". J. Infect. Dis. 196 (6): 826–34. doi:10.1086/520886. PMID17703412.
Aichberger KJ, Mayerhofer M, Vales A, et al. (2006). "The CML-related oncoprotein BCR/ABL induces expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and the synthesis of histamine in leukemic cells". Blood. 108 (10): 3538–47. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-12-028456. PMID16849647.
Lee JK, Kim HT, Cho SM, et al. (2003). "Characterization of 458 single nucleotide polymorphisms of disease candidate genes in the Korean population". J. Hum. Genet. 48 (5): 213–6. doi:10.1007/s10038-003-0011-9. PMID12768436.
Jeong HJ, Moon PD, Kim SJ, et al. (2009). "Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 regulates human histidine decarboxylase expression". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66 (7): 1309–19. doi:10.1007/s00018-009-9001-1. PMID19266161.
