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Amorphophallus konjac

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(Redirected from Konnyaku)
"Konjac" redirects here. Not to be confused with cognac or Konyak (disambiguation).

Konjac
Amorphophallus konjac
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Amorphophallus
Species:
A. konjac
Binomial name
Amorphophallus konjac
Synonyms[1]
  • Amorphophallus mairei H.Lév.
  • Amorphophallus nanus H.Li & C.L.Long
  • Amorphophallus rivierei Durand ex Carrière
  • Brachyspatha konjac (K.Koch) K.Koch
  • Conophallus konjak Schott
  • Conophallus konniaku Schott ex Fesca
  • Hydrosme rivierei (Durand ex Carrière) Engl.
  • Proteinophallus rivierei (Durand ex Carrière) Hook.f.
  • Tapeinophallus rivierei (Durand ex Carrière) Baill.

Amorphophallus konjac –also known as konnyaku,[2][a] and konjac[b]– is a vegetable species native to Yunnan in southwest China which has an edible corm. It is also known as devil's tongue,[2] voodoo lily, snake palm, or elephant yam.[c] It is a relative of the titan arum (A. titanum), one of the largest flowering plants in the world and a congener of konjac.[3]

It is cultivated in warm subtropical to tropical areas of East and Southeast Asia, from China and Japan south to Indonesia and Vietnam (USDA hardiness zone 6–11). It is a perennial plant, growing from a large corm up to 25 cm (10 in) in diameter. The single leaf is up to 1.3 m (4 ft) across, bipinnate, and divided into numerous leaflets.[4] The flowers are produced on a spathe enclosed by a dark purple spadix up to 55 cm (22 in) long.

The food made from the corm of this plant is also widely known in English by its Japanese name konnyaku,[5]: 595 [2] it is cooked and consumed in China, Vietnam, Japan and Korea. The two basic types of cake are white and black. Noodles made from konnyaku are called shirataki. The corm of the konjac is often colloquially referred to as a yam, though it is not related to tubers of the family Dioscoreaceae.

History

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Wild forms grow naturally in China and Southeast Asia.[6] Konjac has been used in Japan since the 6th century, as a supposed medicinal food.[7] Japanese documents from around the 18th century mentions its intestinal cleansing property.[8]: 00:09:44  Nakajima Toemon developed a method to produce konjac flour in 1776, which are more durable for transportation and storage, contributing to their wider consumption.[8]: 00:10:44 

Cultivation and use

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Amorphophallus konjac in bloom
Amorphophallus konjac male (top) and female (bottom) flowers
Japanese konjac gel, with hijiki seaweed mixed in
Konjac corm used for preparing food
Sashimi konnyaku, usually served with a miso-based dipping sauce rather than soy sauce

Konjac is grown in East and Southeast Asia and it is prized for its large starchy corms, used to create a flour and jelly of the same name. It is also used as a vegan substitute for gelatin.

In Japan, over 90% of all domestically produced konjac is made in Gunma Prefecture.[9]

East Asia

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In Japanese cuisine, konjac (konnyaku) appears in dishes such as oden. It is typically mottled grey and firmer in consistency than most gelatins. It has very little flavor; the common variety tastes vaguely like salt, usually with a slightly oceanic taste and smell (from the seaweed powder added to it, though some forms omit the seaweed).

In Japan, it is valued more for its texture than flavor. Ito konnyaku (糸蒟蒻) is a Japanese food consisting of konjac cut into noodle-like strips. It is usually sold in plastic bags with accompanying water, which is drained before cooking. The name literally means 'thread-konjac'.

Japanese konnyaku is made by mixing konjac flour with water and limewater.[10] Konjac cannot be eaten raw because it contains oxalic acid.[8]: 00:05:07  The product come in various shades of gray; konnyaku made from corm are naturally dark, while those made from konjac flour are white.[8]: 00:05:42  Hijiki is often added for the characteristic dark color and flavor. It is then boiled and cooled to solidify. Konjac made in noodle form is called shirataki and used in foods such as sukiyaki and gyūdon.[5]: 595 

Konjac is consumed in parts of China's Sichuan province; the corm is called moyu (Chinese: 魔芋; lit. 'demonic taro'), and the jelly is called "konjac tofu" (魔芋豆腐 móyù dòufu) or "snow konjac" (雪魔芋 xuě móyù).

In Vietnam, konjac is mainly grown in An Giang province. The corms are collected and processed into flour. The flour is used to make drinks, cakes, and noodles.[11]

Traditional medicine

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The dried corm of the konjac plant contains around 40% glucomannan gum. This polysaccharide makes konjac jelly a viscous substance that may be used in traditional Chinese medicine.[12]

Fruit jelly

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Konjac can also be made into a popular East Asian fruit jelly snack, known variously in the US as lychee cups (after a typical flavor) or konjac candy, usually served in bite-sized plastic cups.

Choking risk

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Perhaps because of several highly publicized deaths and near-deaths in the San Francisco Bay Area among children and elderly people caused by suffocation while eating konjac candy, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued product warnings[13] in 2001, and there were subsequent recalls in the US and Canada. Choking and intestinal blockage risk warnings have been published at more recent websites.[14]

Unlike gelatine and some other commonly used gelling agents, konjac fruit jelly does not melt readily in the mouth. Some products form a gel strong enough to require chewing to disintegrate the gel. Though the product is intended to be eaten by gently squeezing the container, a consumer can suck the product out with enough force to unintentionally lodge it in the trachea. Because of this hazard, the European Union and Australia banned konjac fruit jelly.[15][16][17][18]

Some konjac jelly snacks are not of a size and consistency that pose a choking risk, but are nonetheless affected by the government bans.[19] Some products that remain in East Asian markets have an increased size, unusual shape, and more delicate consistency than the round, plug-like gels that were associated with the choking incidents.[citation needed] The snacks usually have warning labels advising parents to make sure their children chew the jelly thoroughly before swallowing.[citation needed]

Japan's largest manufacturer of konjac snacks, MannanLife, temporarily stopped producing the jellies after a 21-month-old Japanese boy choked to death on a frozen MannanLife konjac jelly.[20][21] 17 people died from choking on konjac between 1995 and 2008.[22] MannanLife konjac jelly's packaging added a note to consumers, advising them to cut the product into smaller pieces before serving it to small children. [citation needed]

In 1999, 8-year-old Michelle Enrile from San Jose, California, choked on a piece of konjac gel candy. She lapsed into a coma and died 27 months later at age 11. The Enriles won a $16.7 million judgment against the Taiwanese manufacturer of the candy.[23]

Vegan seafood alternative

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Konjac corm powder has a noticeably fishy smell and is used as an ingredient in vegan alternative seafood products.[24] It can be incorporated into plant-based versions of seafood. For Chinese cooking, thin strands of konjac gel can be used as substitute for shark fins when preparing a plant-based version of shark fin soup.[25][26]

Other uses

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A konjac sponge for facial cleansing

Konjac can also be used for facial massage accessories, which are popular in Korea and gaining popularity in the West. Most commonly this is through the use of a konjac sponge, which is unique in that it can be used on sensitive skin that may become easily irritated with more common exfoliating tools (such as loofahs or washcloths).[citation needed]

It can be used in the formulation of drugs and devices such as oral colon-targeting drug delivery systems (OCDDS), which enable drugs to be delivered directly to the colon.[27]

In traditional hand papermaking in Japan, konnyaku imparts strength to paper for dyeing, rubbing, folding—and other manipulations, such as momigami.[28]

Shirataki noodles have gained popularity in the US for their low carbohydrate content.[citation needed]

See also

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Note

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  1. ^ also: konjaku, konnyaku potato
  2. ^ or konjak, English: /ˈkɒnjæk, ˈkɒndʒæk/ KON-yak, KON-jak
  3. ^ this name also used for A. paeoniifolius

References

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  1. ^ "Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch". World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Evans, Toshie M. (1997). "konnyaku". A Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-28741-1.
  3. ^ "Titan Arum". National Taiwan Museum. 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  4. ^ "Amorphophallus Konjac". Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  5. ^ a b Ray, Ramesh C.; Behera, Sudhanshu S. (2016). "13: Amorphophallus: Technological Interventions". In Sharma, Harish K.; Njintang, Nicolas Y.; Singhal, Rekha S.; Kaushal, Pragati (eds.). Tropical Roots and Tubers: Production, Processing and Technology. West Sussex, England, UK: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 591–606. ISBN 978-1-118-99269-2.
  6. ^ "Cooking 101—Konnyaku De-Mystified". Hints for the Home. May 8, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  7. ^ Honzō Wamyō (本草和名)
  8. ^ a b c d Barakan, Peter (2023-05-11). "Konnyaku". Japanology Plus. NHK WORLD-JAPAN. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
  9. ^ "こんにゃくをめぐる事情" (PDF). maff.go.jp. Japan: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  10. ^ "How to make konjac foods (shirataki noodles or konyaku) myself". konjacfoods.com.
  11. ^ "Mùa củ huyền vùng Bảy Núi". vnexpress.net (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  12. ^ Chua, M; Baldwin, TC; Hocking, TJ; Chan, K (24 March 2010). "Traditional uses and potential health benefits of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch ex N.E.Br". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 128 (2): 268–78. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.021. PMID 20079822.
  13. ^ "FDA issues a second warning and an import alert about konjac mini-cup gel candies that pose choking risk". FDA News. No. 1–17. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 October 2001. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009.
  14. ^ "Glucomannan: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning". webmd.com. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
  15. ^ "Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 95/2/EC as regards the conditions of use for a food additive E 425 konjac" (PDF). food.gov.uk. UK Food Standards Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  16. ^ "Draft Commission Decision (SANCO/362/2002) suspending the placing on the market and import of jelly confectionery containing food additive E 425 Konjac". food.gov.uk. UK Food Standards Agency. 8 March 2002. Archived from the original on 2011-04-05.
  17. ^ "Mini fruit gel sweets containing konjac". food.gov.uk. UK Food Standards Agency. 8 July 2003. Archived from the original on 2010-12-09.
  18. ^ "Product Safety Australia for Triko Fibrous Fruit Jelly describing that 'Jelly cups containing konjac are permanently banned in Australia'". productsafety.gov.au. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. 5 October 2017.
  19. ^ "Mini jelly cups containing konjac". productsafety.gov.au. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission. 2015-11-30. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
  20. ^ "Govt slow to act following konnyaku deaths". yomiuri.co.jp. The Yomiuri Shimbun. October 5, 2008. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  21. ^ "Sales of konnyaku jelly to be suspended". yomiuri.co.jp. The Yomiuri Shimbun. October 9, 2008. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  22. ^ "Food maker pulls 'konyaku' sweets". Japan Times. October 9, 2008. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
  23. ^ Rubenstein, Steve (May 13, 2003). "Candymaker liable in girl's death / Jury awards choking victim's family millions". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
  24. ^ "Wake up and Smell the Konjac". Slim Rice. March 3, 2015. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  25. ^ Kho, Kian (2015). Phoenix Claws and Jade Trees: Essential Techniques of Authentic Chinese Cooking. New York: Clarkson Potter. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-385-34469-2.
  26. ^ Kho, Kian (July 1, 2010). "Banning Shark Fins from Shark Fin Soup". Red Cook. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  27. ^ Zhang, Cui; Chen, Ji-da; Yang, Feng-qing (April 2014). "Konjac glucomannan, a promising polysaccharide for OCDDS". Carbohydrate Polymers. 104: 175–181. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.081. PMID 24607175.
  28. ^ "Wet Strength: The Use of Konnyaku in Hand Papermaking". papermakingresources.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
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