List of countries by system of government
Part of the Politics series |
Basic forms of government |
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List of countries by system of government |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2007) |
This is a list of the countries categorised by system of government.
Alphabetical list of countries
Name | Constitutional form | Head of state | Basis of executive legitimacy |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
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Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
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Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
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Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
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Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Map
![A color-coded legend of forms of government.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/750px-Forms_of_government.svg.png)
Legend
- orange – parliamentary republics
- green – presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliament
- yellow – presidential republics, semi-presidential system
- blue – presidential republics full presidential system
- red – parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power
- magenta – constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliament
- purple – absolute monarchies
- brown – republics where the dominant role of a single party is codified in the constitution
- dark green – countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
- gray – countries that do not fit in any of the above listed systems
Note that this chart aims to represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy. Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics may also be broadly described as authoritarian states.
Systems of Governance
Presidential/Separated republics
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
Full presidential systems
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president.
Presidential systems
Afghanistan
Angola
Argentina
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Chile
Colombia
Comoros
Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)
Costa Rica
Cyprus
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gambia
Ghana
Guatemala
Honduras
Indonesia
Liberia
Malawi
Maldives
Mexico
Myanmar
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Sudan
Sudan
Suriname
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zambia
Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister.
Algeria
Burkina Faso
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)
Djibouti
Egypt
France
Georgia
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Kyrgyzstan
Madagascar
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Palestine
Portugal
Russia
Romania
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Syria
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Tajikistan
Tunisia
Ukraine
Zimbabwe
Parliamentary republics
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (e.g. Pakistan) to little (e.g. India) or none at all (e.g. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.
Albania
Austria
Bangladesh[1]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[2]
Bulgaria
Cape Verde
Croatia
Czech Republic
Dominica
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland[3]
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kenya
Kiribati
Latvia
Lebanon
Libya
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Nepal
Pakistan
Poland
Samoa
San Marino
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
Vanuatu
Mixed republican systems
A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature, however they are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term (although their cabinet is).
Directorial systems
The directorial system contains elements of the presidential and the parlamental system. In a directorial republic a council jointly exercises both presidential and governmental powers (the council is the collective head of state). The council is elected by the parliament, but it is not subject to political confidence during its term which has a fixed duration.
Constitutional monarchies
These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained or held back by constitutional law.
Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence.[6][7][dubious – discuss] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.
Andorra[8]
Antigua and Barbuda[9]
Australia[9]
Bahamas[9]
Barbados[9]
Belgium
Belize[9]
Cambodia
Canada[9]
Denmark
Grenada[9]
Jamaica[9]
Japan
Lesotho
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Netherlands
New Zealand[9]
Norway
Papua New Guinea[9]
Saint Kitts and Nevis[9]
Saint Lucia[9]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[9]
Solomon Islands[9]
Spain
Sweden
Thailand
Tuvalu[9]
United Kingdom[9]
Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs
The prime minister is the nation's active executive but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.
Absolute monarchies
Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law.
Theocracies
States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.
Iran[12]
Vatican City[11]
United KingdomThe Queen is the Head of State as well as the Head of the Church of England.
Single political movement states
States in which political power is by law concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (as opposed to states where the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia). However, some do have elected governments.
Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
North Korea (North Korea)(Workers' Party) (list)
Eritrea (presidential republic)
Laos (People's Revolutionary Party) (list)
People's Republic of China (Communist Party) (list)
Sahrawi Republic (Polisario Front) (Politics of the Sahrawi Republic)
Turkmenistan (Democratic Party) (list)
Vietnam (Communist Party) (list)
Military junta states
The nation's military control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.
Transitional
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change.
Eritrea (presidential republic)
Systems of Internal Governance
Federal
States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; prime examples are Switzerland and the United States.
Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city (Buenos Aires)
Australia (six states and three territories)
Austria (nine states)
Belgium (three regions and three linguistic communities)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and their condominium Brčko District)
Brazil (26 states and the Federal District)
Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
Comoros (Anjouan, Grande Comore, Mohéli)
Ethiopia (nine regions and three chartered cities)
Germany (16 states)
India (28 states and seven union territories)
Iraq (18 governorates and one one region (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Malaysia (13 states and three federal territories)
Mexico (31 states and one federal district (Mexico City)
Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
Nepal (14 zones)
Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory (the Federal Capital Territory)
Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous areas and 2 territories)
Russia (46 oblasts, 21 republics, nine krais, four autonomous okrugs, two federal cities, one autonomous oblast)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (two states)
South Sudan (10 states)
Sudan (17 states)
Switzerland (26 cantons)
United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
United States (50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district (Washington, D.C.)
Venezuela (23 states, one capital district and one federal dependency)
Unitary states
Regionalised unitary
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities.
Indonesia (33 provinces, 5 provinces with special status)
Italy (20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
France (27 regions, of which 6 are autonomous)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (4 constituent countries)
People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 province-level municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions)
Philippines (1 autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 16 other non-autonomous regions)
Portugal (2 autonomous regions)
Spain (17 autonomous communities [ 15 communities of common-regime, 1 community of chartered regime, 3 chartered provinces ], 2 autonomous cities)
Tanzania (21 mainland regions and
Zanzibar)
Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 special-status cities, and
Crimea)
United Kingdom (4 constituent countries, 3 devolved administrations)
Confederation
European Union
The exact political character of the European Union is widely debated, some arguing that it is sui generis (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. It has elements of intergovernmentalism, with the European Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism, with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[13] But it is not easily placed in any of the above categories.
Notes
- ^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
- ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
- ^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it's now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" in Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) p95-109 as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union.
- ^ a b Combines aspects of a presidential system with aspects of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence, unlike a prime minister.
- ^ The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government.
- ^ Norwegian Parliament web page
- ^ CIA factbook on Norway
- ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex-officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms"
- ^ The UAE's constitution establishes the state as a federation of emirates, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs, but each emirate in turn functions as an absolute monarchy
- ^ a b The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its monarch, the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution, but all persons resident within the Vatican have consented to obey the Pope, either by virtue of being ordained Catholic clergy or members of the Swiss Guard.
- ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
- ^ For more detailed discussion, see John McCormick, European Union Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.
See also
- List of forms of government
- List of countries
- List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
External links
- Global Scan- Election Tracker
- Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century
- [1] A Chronology of political history based on Government form
- Political Chronology Chronological development of political history
- [2] Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012