RAF officer ranks
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (February 2013) |
The officer ranks of the Royal Air Force, as they are today, were introduced in 1919. Prior to that Army ranks were used.
Ranks (Highest to Lowest)
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marshal of the RAF | Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer /acting pilot officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abbreviation | MRAF | Air Chf Mshl | Air Mshl | AVM | Air Cdre | Gp Capt | Wg Cdr | Sqn Ldr | Flt Lt | Fg Off | Plt Off | Off Cdt | NA [2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Origins
Lieutenant General David Henderson originally proposed that Royal Air Force officers use a combination of British Army and Royal Navy ranks. However, the War Office argued that the RAF should have its own ranks and the Admiralty opposed any use of their rank titles.[3]
Badges of rank
On 1 April 1918, Air Force Memorandum 2 specified rank insignia for the newly established independent force. Rank was to be worn on the jacket cuff and was derived from the Royal Navy's rings, each equivalent rank having the same number of rings. However, second lieutenants (now pilot officers) displayed a crowned eagle only and the Navy's loop was not used for any rank.[4] Depending on the uniform, either gold or pale blue on grey braid was worn.
In August 1918, Air Ministry Weekly Order 617 added a single band of 1⁄4-inch (6 mm) braid below the second lieutenant's eagle and all other officer ranks also received a crowned eagle above their braid.
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In 1919 the colour of the rank braid was changed to black with a central pale blue stripe. However, on RAF mess dress rank continued to be displayed in gold.
Sleeve ranks
The ranks worn on the sleeve are common to all RAF uniform variants incorporating the Jacket. The centre of the rank (measured from the bottom of the lowest braid to the top of the highest) should be 3+3⁄4 inches (9.5 cm) from the cuff and each row of braiding should have a space of 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) from other rows. The thinnest braid, as found on the pilot officer's rank (and in the middle of the squadron leader's rank), is 1⁄4 inch (6 mm); the flying officer's braid common to all the ranks except air commodore and pilot officer, is 1⁄2 inch (1.3 cm), and the thickest braid, as found on all air officer ranks, is 2 inches (5.1 cm).
Shoulder boards
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Shoulder boards (as shown) are worn by officers of general rank equivalent (Air Commodore and above). Officers entitled to wear aiguillettes and/or the Royal Cypher, AVMs and above, the Director of Nursing Services, and those officers assigned to certain 1-Star posts, wear plain blue shoulder boards when in No 1 Service Dress. AVMs and above and those officers assigned to the 1-Star posts of Comdt RAFC Cranwell, Air Officer Wales and Air Officer Scotland wear distinctive unranked ceremonial shoulder boards when in No 1A (ceremonial day) dress. If these officers wear a greatcoat, gold ranked shoulder straps in Crombie material are used.[5] Officers of the rank of Marshal of the Royal Air Force have a distinctive set of shoulder boards with greater decoration.
Rank titles
As mentioned above, it was originally proposed that the RAF ranks were to be derived from existing Royal Navy and Army ranks. Both services were consulted and both reacted unfavourably—the Navy unhappy about the use of its higher ranks and the Army complaining it provided the "junior ranks". This resulted in a compromise whereby the officer ranks were proposed to be: ensign, lieutenant, flight leader, squadron leader, reeve, banneret, fourth ardian, third ardian, second ardian, ardian and air marshal. A further proposal was: ensign, lieutenant, flight-leader, squadron-leader, wing-leader, leader, flight ardian, squadron ardian, wing ardian, ardian, air marshal.
Unsurprisingly, perhaps, these contrived ranks were rejected and on 1 August 1919, Air Ministry Weekly Order 973 introduced new rank titles for RAF officers. They were based on Royal Navy ranks and their titles were influenced by the usage in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) during World War I. For example, the RAF rank of flight lieutenant was based on the RNAS rank of the same name. The rank of squadron leader derived its name from the RNAS rank of squadron commander. Initially the highest rank was titled marshal of the air. However, only a few days after it was promulgated, this rank title was changed to marshal of the Royal Air Force at the request of King George V, his belief being that the former sounded too much like it encroached on the attributes of God.
Composite braid
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Composite_Braid_Sqn_Ldr.jpg/100px-Composite_Braid_Sqn_Ldr.jpg)
RAF officers typically wear composite braid rank slides with their working and operational uniforms. Composite braid consists of a single piece of fabric, where the "background" between the rank rings is made from blue-grey or olive green material. Composite braid rank slides are often referred to as "bar-code" in RAF slang.
Command flags
![]() MRAF |
![]() Air Chf Mshl |
![]() Air Mshl |
![]() AVM |
![]() Air Cdre |
![]() Gp Capt |
![]() Wg Cdr |
![]() Sqn Ldr |
Distinction between ranks and appointments
Many RAF ranks do not imply the appointment or duties of an officer. For example, a Pilot Officer may well not be trained to pilot an aircraft. In fact, pilots skip the rank of Pilot Officer and go from Officer Cadet to Flying Officer on graduation from officer training school at RAF Cranwell. A Squadron Leader does not necessarily command a squadron, nor a Wing Commander necessarily command a wing, nor a Group Captain command a group.
RAF Air Cadets (Air Training Corps and Combined Cadet Force)
The majority of officers in the Air Cadet Organisation (ATC and CCF(RAF)) are volunteers commissioned into RAF Air Cadets and then appointed to service with the Air Training Corps or Combined Cadet Force (RAF). They are no longer Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training) (RAFVRT) commissioned officers. They are identified by the gold badge stating: " RAF AIR CADETS" on the uniform lapels or centrally on shoulder rank slides to identify them as Cadet Force Adult Volunteers. Volunteer officers who are members of an Air Experience Flight (AEF) and who are pilots of aircraft providing air experience flying to Air Cadets and University Air Squadrons (UAS) continue to hold the VR(T) commission.
RAF Air Cadets Officers use the rank system identical to the regular RAF, but the highest substantive rank is Flying Officer. Higher ranks within the Air Cadet organisation are acting appointments, up to Wing Commander. Other senior ranked appointments are generally full-time staff positions (such as Regional Commandants and Commandant Air Cadets) held by regular and reserve (RAFR/FTRS) RAF officers. In certain circumstances, Honorary Appointments within the RAF Air Cadets may be made, however the rank may vary.
Other air forces
The following air forces use a similar or identical officer rank structure and rank insignia to the RAF:
- Royal Australian Air Force[6]
- Royal New Zealand Air Force[7]
- Hellenic Air Force[8]
- Nigerian Air Force (since 1 April 1976)[9]
- Indian Air Force[10] (formerly the Royal Indian Air Force)
- Bangladesh Air Force[11]
- Sri Lanka Air Force[12] (formerly the Royal Ceylon Air Force)
- Ghana Air Force[13]
- Air Force of Zimbabwe[14] (formerly the Royal Rhodesian Air Force)
- Royal Thai Air Force[15]
- Chilean Air Force[16]
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marshal of the RAAF | Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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এয়ার চিফ মার্শাল Ēẏār chiph mārśāl |
এয়ার মার্শাল Ēẏār mārśāl |
এয়ার ভাইস মার্শাল Ēẏār bhā'is mārśāl |
এয়ার কমোডোর Ēẏār kômōḍōr |
গ্রুপ ক্যাপ্টেন Grup kaepṭēn |
উইং কমান্ডার U'iṁ kômānḍār |
স্কোয়াড্রন লীডার Skōẏāḍran līḍār |
ফ্লাইট লেফটেন্যান্ট Phlā'iṭ lēphṭēnānṭ |
ফ্লাইং অফিসার Phlā'iṁ ôphisār |
পাইলট অফিসার Pā'ilôṭ Ôphisār | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General de aire | General de aviación | General de brigada aérea | Comodoro | Coronel de aviación | Comandante de grupo | Comandante de escuadrilla | Capitán de bandada | Teniente | Subteniente | Alférez | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Πτέραρχος Pterarchos |
Αντιπτέραρχος Antipterarchos |
Υποπτέραρχος Ypopterarchos |
Ταξίαρχος Taxiarchos |
Σμήναρχος Sminarchos |
Αντισμήναρχος Antisminarchos |
Επισμηναγός Episminagos |
Σμηναγός Sminagos |
Υποσμηναγός Yposminagos |
Ανθυποσμηναγός Anthyposminagos |
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Marshal of the Indian Air Force मार्शल ऑफ द इंडियन एयरफोर्स |
Air chief marshal एयर चीफ मार्शल |
Air marshal एयर मार्शल |
Air vice marshal एयर वाइस मार्शल |
Air commodore एयर कमोडोर |
Group captain ग्रुप कैप्टन |
Wing commander विंग कमांडर |
Squadron leader स्क्वाड्रन लीडर |
Flight lieutenant फ्लाइट लैफ्टिनेंट |
Flying officer फ्लाइंग अफसर | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chief air marshal | Air marshal | Air vice marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marshal of the RNZAF | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marshal of the air force | Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marshal of the Air Force | Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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จอมพลอากาศ Chom phon akat |
พลอากาศเอก Phon akat ek |
พลอากาศโท Phon akat tho |
พลอากาศตรี Phon akat tri |
นาวาอากาศเอก Nawa akat ek |
นาวาอากาศโท Nawa akat tho |
นาวาอากาศตรี Nawa akat tri |
เรืออากาศเอก Ruea akat ek |
เรืออากาศโท Ruea akat tho |
เรืออากาศตรี Ruea akat tri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice-marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Air lieutenant | Air sub-lieutenant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers |
The following air forces use a similar or identical officer rank structure to the RAF, but use army-style rank insignia:
- Pakistan Air Force[29] (since 2006; formerly the Royal Pakistan Air Force)
- Egyptian Air Force[30]
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
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فريق أول Fariq 'awal |
فريق Fariq |
لواء Liwa |
عميد Amid |
عقيد Aqid |
مقدم Muqaddam |
رائد Ra'id |
نقيب Naqib |
ملازم أول Mulazim awwal |
ملازم Mulazim | |||||||||||||||
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Marshal of the Pakistan Air Force | Air chief marshal | Air marshal | Air vice marshal | Air commodore | Group captain | Wing commander | Squadron leader | Flight lieutenant | Flying officer | Pilot officer | ||||||||||||||
سالار فضائیہ | امیرسالار فضائیہ | سالار فضائیہ | سالار فضائیہ مقابل | عَمِيد الفضاء | سردار جماعت | شارف الجناح | قائدِ دستہ | نقیبِ پرواز | منصبِ طیار | |||||||||||||||
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers |
The following air forces use rank insignia for their officers which are similar or identical to that of the RAF, but employ army rank titles:
- Afghan National Air Corps[31]
- Argentine Air Force[32]
- Belgian Air Component[33]
- Eritrean Air Force[34]
- Finnish Air Force[35]
- Swedish Air Force (sometimes the English translation of the Swedish Air Force officer rank titles follows the RAF pattern[36])
- Royal Malaysian Air Force[37]
- Peruvian Air Force[38]
- Royal Netherlands Air Force[39]
- Royal Danish Air Force[40]
- Italian Air Force[41]
- Romanian Air Force[42][43]
- South African Air Force[44]
- Royal Canadian Air Force[45]
- Irish Air Corps[46]
- Uruguayan Air Force[47]
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No rank structure
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Brigadier general | Brigadier mayor | Brigadier | Comodoro mayor | Comodoro | Vicecomodoro | Mayor | Capitán | Primer teniente | Teniente | Alférez | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Generaal | Luitenant-generaal | Generaal-majoor | Brigadegeneraal | Kolonel | Luitenant-kolonel | Majoor | Kapitein-commandant | Kapitein | Luitenant | Onderluitenant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Général | Lieutenant général | Général-major | Général de Brigade | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major | Capitaine-commandant | Capitaine | Lieutenant | Sous-lieutenant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General | Generalleutnant | Generalmajor | Brigadegeneral | Oberst | Oberstleutnant | Major | Stabshauptmann | Hauptmann | Leutnant | Unterleutnant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Général(e) | Lieutenant(e)-général(e) | Major(e)-général(e) | Brigadier(ère)-général(e) | Colonel(le) | Lieutenant(e)-colonel(le) | Major(e) | Capitaine | Lieutenant(e) | Sous-lieutenant(e) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General | Generalløjtnant | Generalmajor | Brigadegeneral | Oberst | Oberstløjtnant | Major | Kaptajn | Premierløjtnant | Løjtnant | Sekondløjtnant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | First lieutenant | Second lieutenant |
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Kenraali | Kenraaliluutnantti | Kenraalimajuri | Prikaatikenraali | Eversti | Everstiluutnantti | Majuri | Kapteeni | Yliluutnantti | Luutnantti | Vänrikki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General | Generallöjtnant | Generalmajor | Brigadgeneral | Överste | Överstelöjtnant | Major | Kapten | Premiärlöjtnant | Löjtnant | Fänrik | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Generale | Generale di squadra aerea con incarichi speciali | Generale di squadra aerea | Generale di divisione aerea | Generale di brigata aerea | Colonnello | Tenente colonnello | Maggiore | Primo capitano | Capitano | Tenente | Sottotenente | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Commandant | Captain | Lieutenant | Second-lieutenant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lefteanant-ghinearál | Maor-ghinearál | Briogáidire-ghinearál | Cornal | Lefteanant-chornal | Ceannfort | Captaen | Lefteanant | Dara-lefteanant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Marsyal tentera udara | Jeneral TUDM | Leftenan jeneral TUDM | Mejar jeneral TUDM | Brigedier jeneral TUDM | Kolonel TUDM | Leftenan kolonel TUDM | Mejar TUDM | Kapten TUDM | Leftenan TUDM | Leftenan muda TUDM | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Generaal | Luitenant-generaal | Generaal-majoor | Commodore | Kolonel | Luitenant-kolonel | Majoor | Kapitein | Eerste luitenant | Tweede luitenant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General del aire | Teniente general | Mayor general | Coronel | Comandante | Mayor | Capitán | Teniente | Alférez | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mareșal | General | General-locotenent | General-maior | General de flotilă aeriană | Comandor | Căpitan-comandor | Locotenent-comandor | Căpitan | Locotenent | Sublocotenent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General | Lieutenant general | Major general | Brigadier general | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General | Generallöjtnant | Generalmajor | Brigadgeneral | Överste | Överstelöjtnant | Major | Kapten | Löjtnant | Fänrik | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General del Aire | Brigadier general | Coronel | Teniente coronel | Mayor | Capitán | Teniente primero | Teniente segundo | Alférez | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers |
The following air forces formerly used a similar or identical officer rank structure to the RAF:
- Royal Canadian Air Force[63] (until 1968)
- Royal Malaysian Air Force (until the late 1970s)
- Royal Rhodesian Air Force (now the Air Force of Zimbabwe)[64] (1965-1980)
The following air forces formerly used similar rank insignia to the RAF:
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Charles_Horner.jpg)
- Republic of Singapore Air Force[65] (until 1983)
- United States Air Force,[66][67] (1993 to 1994)
- Pakistan Air Force[68] (until 2006)
- Royal Air Force of Oman[69] (until the 1980s)
- Egyptian Air Force[70]
- Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo[71] (1997-2010)
- Yemeni Air Force (South Yemen; South Arabian Air Force) (1970-1985)[72]
- Zaire Air Force[73] (1971-1997)
See also
- Air force officer ranks
- Ranks and insignia of officers in NATO air forces
- Comparative military ranks of World War I
- Comparative military ranks of World War II
- Comparative military ranks
- Military rank
- List of Royal Air Force members
- RAF other ranks
- Royal Navy officer rank insignia
- British Army officer rank insignia
Notes
- ^ "RAF Ranks". raf.mod.uk/. Royal Air Force. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
- ^ Armitage, Michael (1998). The Royal Air Force : an illustrated history (2 ed.). London: Brockhampton Press. p. 280. ISBN 1-86019-851-1.
- ^ Hering, Peter George (1961). Customs and traditions of the Royal Air Force. Aldershot: Gale and Polden Ltd. pp. 21, 22. OCLC 462209238.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - ^ "Commissioned Ranks of the Royal Air Force April 1918 - Aug 1919 Initial Uniform Design". Air of Authority. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "RAF AP 1358, CHAP 7 - DISTINGUISHING INSIGNIA" (PDF). MOD. 2 August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Royal Australian Air Force / Royal Australian Air Force". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal New Zealand Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Hellenic Air Force / Πολεμική Αεροπορία - Polemikí Aeroporía". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "The Nigerian Air Force Service, Colours, Wings and Rank Structure". Nigerianairforce.net. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Indian Air Force / भारतीय वायु सेना / Bhartiya Vāyu Senā". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Bangladesh Air Force / বাংলাদেশ বিমান বাহিনী - Bangladesh Biman Bahini". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Sri Lanka Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Ghana Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Air Force of Zimbabwe / Air Force of Zimbabwe". Uniforminsignia.org. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal Thai Air Force / กองทัพอากาศไทย - Kong Thab Akat Thai". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Chilean Air Force / Fuerza Aérea de Chile". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Badges of rank" (PDF). defence.gov.au. Department of Defence (Australia). Retrieved 31 May 2021.
- ^ "Officer's Ranks". joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Grados". fach.cl (in Spanish). Department of Communications. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Rank Structure". gafonline.mil.gh. Ghana Air Force. 2018. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Διακριτικά" [Ranks]. haf.gr (in Greek). Hellenic Air Force. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "For Officers". careerairforce.nic.in. Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
- ^ "Government Notice" (PDF). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ "Badges of Rank" (PDF). nzdf.mil.nz. New Zealand Defence Force. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
- ^ Smaldone, Joseph P. (1992). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Nigeria: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 296–297. LCCN 92009026. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
- ^ "Commissioned Officers". airforce.lk. Sri Lanka Air Force. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
- ^ "เครื่องหมายยศทหาร" [Military Rank Insignia]. navedu.navy.mi.th (in Thai). Thai Naval Education Department. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "RANKS AND BADGES IN THE AFZ". afz.gov.zw. Air Force of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Pakistan Air Force - PAF / پاک فضائیہ - Pak Fiza´ya". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Egyptian Air Force / القوات الجوية المصرية". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Afghan National Air Corps /". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Argentine Air Force / Fuerza Aérea Argentina". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Belgian Air Component / Luchtcomponent-Composante". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Eritrean Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Finnish Air Force / Suomen ilmavoimat / Finska flygvapnet". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ http://www.mil.se/attachments/the_facts_2006_2007_eng.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2007.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help)[dead link] - ^ "Royal Malaysian Air Force / Tentera Udara DiRaja Malaysia". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Peruvian Air Force / Fuerza Aérea del Perú". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal Netherlands Air Force / Koninklijke Luchtmacht". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal Danish Air Force / Flyvevåbnet". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Air Force / Aeronautica Militare". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Romanian Air Force / Forţele Aeriene Române". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Romanian Air Force / Forţele Aeriene Române". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "South African Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal Canadian Air Force". Uniforminsignia.org. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ "Irish Air Corps / Aer Chór na hÉireann". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Uruguayan Air Force / Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Grados Militares". fuerzas-armadas.mil.ar (in Spanish). Joint Chiefs of Staff (Argentina). Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "IPR Luchtcomponent". mil.be (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 February 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ "Ranks and appointment". canada.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
- ^ "The Canadian Armed Forces modernizes military ranks in French". Canada. Government of Canada. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Flyvevåbnets Gradstegn" (PDF). forsvaret.dk (in Danish). Danish Defence. October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "Sotilasarvot Puolustusvoimissa" [Military ranks in the Defense Forces]. puolustusvoimat.fi (in Finnish). Finnish Defence Forces. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Distintivi di Grado". Regolamento sull'uniforme (OD-4) (PDF) (in Italian). 2012. pp. 173–175. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ^ "Air Corps Rank Markings". military.ie. Defence Forces (Ireland). Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Pangkat". mafhq.mil.my (in Malay). Malaysian Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ "De rangonderscheidingstekens van de krijgsmacht" (PDF) (in Dutch). Ministry of Defence (Netherlands). 19 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ "Grados Militares". ccffaa.mil.pe (in Spanish). Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Grade militare (Military ranks)". defense.ro (in Romanian). Romanian Defence Staff. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
- ^ "Rank Insignia". af.mil.za. Department of Defence (South Africa). Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Försvarsmaktens Gradbeteckningar" (PDF). Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Hudson, Rex A.; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (1992). "Chapter 5. National Security". Uruguay: A Country Study (PDF) (2nd ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 222–223. ISBN 0-8444-0737-2. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ "Canadian Air Force / Canadian Forces Air Command - AIRCOM". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal Rhodesian Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Republic of Singapore Air Force / 新加坡空军部队 - Angkatan Udara Republik Singapura - சிங்கப்பூர் ஆகாயப்படை". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Air Force / United States Air Force". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ Although the USAF discontinued the RAF-pattern rank insignia introduced by General Merrill McPeak in 1994, U.S. Air Force Academy, college & university Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps, and Air Force Officer Training School officer cadets use identical insignia today.
- ^ "Pakistan Air Force - PAF / پاک فضائیہ - Pak Fiza´ya". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Royal Air Force of Oman / al-Quwwat al-Jawwiya al-Sultanat Oman". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 5 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo / Force Aérienne du Congo". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Air Force /". Uniforminsignia.org. 5 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
- ^ "Air Force / Force Aérienne". Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
References
- Hobart, Malcolm. Badges and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force. London/Barnsley, England: Leo Cooper/Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2000. ISBN 0-85052-739-2.
External links
- Officer Ranks and Badges of the RAF at the RAF official Web site