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Shkodër

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For other uses, see Shkodër (disambiguation).
Shkodër
City
Shkoder and the Albanian Alps seen from Rozafa Castle
Shkoder and the Albanian Alps seen from Rozafa Castle
Official seal of Shkodër
Seal
Country Albania
CountyShkodër County
DistrictShkodër District
Founded4th century B.C.
Government
 • MayorLorenc Luka (PD)
Area
 • Metro
1,375 sq mi (3,562 km2)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • City74,876
 • Metro
217,375
Time zoneUTC+1 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
4001-4007
Area code022
Car PlatesSH, AA
Websitewww.shkodra.gov.al

Shkodër (Albanian definite form: Shkodra; see the etymology section for other names), is a city located on Lake of Shkoder in northwestern Albania in the District of Shkodër, of which it is the capital. It is one of the oldest and most historic towns in Albania, as well as an important cultural and economic centre. Population of Shkodër is 74,876, while Shkodër County has a population of 217,375.[1]

Etymology

The name on coins minted in Hellenistic Scodra (during the rule of Genthius) have the legend ΣΚΟΝΔΡΙΝΩΝ.[2] Some believe the name has a Latin[who?] root, while others[who?] that it was Illyrian. In early 20th century, Shkodër was referred to in English by the Italian name Scutari.[3] In Greek, it is known as Skoutarion (Σκουτάριον) or Skodra (Σκόδρα), in Serbian and Montenegrin as Skadar (Скадар), and in Turkish as İşkodra. A folk etymology derives the name from "Shko-drin" which in Albanian means "where Drin goes", Drin being the Drin River that connects with the Buna River next to the castle of Rozafa. Some others believe that the name derives form "Shko-kodër (Shko në Kodër)" which in Albanian means "Go to the hill" which symbolizes the Castle of Rozafa in the hill at the entrance to Shkodra.

History

Antiquity

The town was known as Scodra (Greek: Σκάρδον)[4] (Latin: Scodra)[5] during antiquity, and was the capital of the first kingdom of the Illyrian tribe of the Ardiaei, since the middle of the 3rd century BC.[6] The town, was first mentioned during classical times as the site of the Illyrian Labeates, as well as the capital of the kingdom of King Gentius[7]- in which he minted coins - and that of Queen Teuta. In the year 168 BC, the city was captured by the Romans and it became an important trade and military route. The Romans colonized[8] the town. Scodra remained in the province of Illyricum, and later Dalmatia. By it 395 AD, it was part of the Diocese of Dacia, within Praevalitana.

Middle Ages

Rozafa Castle, an Illyrian fortress

The dawn of the Middle Ages saw waves of Slavs arriving. De Administrando Imperio describes how Byzantine Emperor Heraclius gave the Serbs the city of Shkodër and the surrounding territories during the first half of the 6th century. The Serbs soon formed the Byzantine sponsored Principality of Duklja there. Shkodër was a major city of the medieval Montenegrin state. Duklja was subjected to its northern neighbor, the Principality of Rascia, forming Serbia. Its rulers recognized Bulgarian Czars as their supreme rulers during the first half of the 10th century.

Soon Grand Prince Časlav of the House of Klonimir gained control of the local Serbian lands previously under Byzantine and Bulgarian rule. Shkodër soon became Duklja's capital during the reign of Saint John Vladimir in the second half of the 10th century who defended the city from an uprising of the Arbanas tribes. John had to briefly surrender Duklja to the Bulgarian ruler Samuil.

The Byzantines later incorporated the region directly into their empire, forming the Theme of Serbia governed by Strategos Constantine Diogenes. Stefan Voislav from Travunia expelled the last Strategos of Serbia Theophilos Erotikos and fought the Byzantines successfully during the first half of the 11th century, keeping its independence. It soon became a major city of a revived Duklja. King Constantine Bodin of Duklja and Dalmatia accepted the crusaders of the Crusade of 1101 in Shkodër. After numerous dynastic struggles, in the 12th century Shkodër became a part of Zeta, which was a part of medieval Serbia. It later fell to the hands of the House of Balšić followed afterwards by the Dukagjini[citation needed] control who surrendered the city to the Venetian rule, forming a coalition against the Ottoman Empire with many neighboring Albanian tribes.

15th to 19th centuries

Construction of the Shkodër Cathedral in 1867
Main articles: Venetian Albania, Sanjak of Scutari, and Scutari Vilayet

Shkodër (under Venetian rule) resisted a major Ottoman attack in 1474. In 1478 the city was again entirely surrounded by Ottoman forces. Mehmed the Conqueror personally laid the siege. About ten heavy canons were cast on site. Balls heavy as much as 380 kg were fired on the citadel (such balls are still on display on the castle museum). Nevertheless the city resisted. Mehmet left the field and had his commanders continue the siege. By the winter the Ottomans had captured one after the other all adjacent castles: Lezhë, Drisht, and Žabljak Crnojevića. This, together with famine and constant bombardment lowered the morale of defenders. On the other hand the Ottomans were already frustrated by the stubborn resistance. The castle is situated on a naturally protected hill and every attempted assault resulted in considerable casualties for the attackers. A truce that would save some honour and more lives, became an option for both parties. On January 25 an agreement between the Venetians and the Ottoman Empire ended the siege, permitting the citizens to leave unharmed, and the Ottomans to take over the deserted city.

the Lead Mosque, built in 1773

After the Turkish occupation a large number of the population fled. Around the 17th century, the city began to prosper and it became the center of the Sanjak of Scutari (sanjak was an Ottoman administrative unit smaller than a vilayet). It became the economic center of northern Albania, its craftsmen producing fabric, silk, arms, and silver artifacts. Construction included two-story stone houses, the bazaar, and the Central or Middle Bridge (Ura e Mesit) over the Kir river, built during the second half of the 18th century, over 100 meters long, with 13 arcs of stone, the largest one being 22 meters wide and 12 meters tall.

In the 18th century Shkodër became the center of the (pashaluk) of Shkodër, under the rule of the Bushati family, which ruled from 1757 to 1831. After the fall of the pashaluk, the people of Shkodër had a number of uprisings against the Ottomans (1833–1836, 1854, 1861–1862, and 1869). During this time, many of the Serbian families had to emigrate.[citation needed]

Shkodër became an important trade center in the second half of the 19th century. Aside from being the center of the vilayet of Shkodër, it was an important trading center for the entire Balkan peninsula. It had over 3,500 shops, and clothing, leather, tobacco, and gun powder were some of the major products of Shkodër. A special administration was established to handle trade, a trade court, and a directorate of postage services with other countries. Other countries had opened consulates in Shkodër ever since 1718. Obot and Ulcinj served as ports for Shkodër, and later on Shëngjin (San Giovanni di Medua). The Jesuit seminar and the Franciscan committee were opened in the 19th century. It was also the main spot for transporting 'illegal' things through Montenegro and throughout eastern Europe.[citation needed]

Shkodër played an important role during the League of Prizren, the Albanian liberation movement. The people of Shkodër participated in battles to protect Albanian land. The branch of the League of Prizren for Shkodër, which had its own armed unit, fought for the protection of Plava and Gusinje, Hoti, and Gruda, and the war for the protection of Ulcinj.

In the 19th century Shkodër was also known as a cultural center. The Bushati Library, built during the 1840s, served as a center for the League of Prizren's branch for Shkodër. Many books were collected in libraries of Catholic missionaries working in Shkodër. Literary, cultural, and sports associations were formed, such as Bashkimi ("The Union") and Agimi ("The Dawn"). The first Albanian newspapers and publications printed in Albania came out of the printing press of Shkodër. The Marubi family of photographers began working in Shkodër, which left behind over 150,000 negatives from the period of the Albanian liberation movement, the rise of the Albanian flag in Vlorë, and life in Albanian towns during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

Before 1867 Shkodër (İşkodra) was a sanjak of Rumelia Eyalet in Ottoman Empire. In 1867, Shkodër sanjak merged with Skopje (Üsküp) sanjak and became Shkodër vilayet. Shkodër vilayet was split into Shkodër, Prizren and Dibra sanjaks. In 1877, Prizren passed to Kosovo vilayet and Debar passed to Monastir vilayet, while Durrës township became a sanjak. In 1878 Bar and Podgorica townships belonged to Montenegro. In 1900, Shkodër vilayet was split into Shkodër and Durrës sanjaks.

20th century

Main article: Siege of Shkoder

During the Balkan Wars, Shkodër went from one occupation to another, when the Ottomans were defeated by the Kingdom of Montenegro. The Ottoman forces led by Hasan Riza Pasha and Esad Pasha had resisted for seven months the surrounding of the town by Montenegrin forces and their Serbian allies. Esad (Hasan had previously been mysteriously killed in an ambush inside the town) finally surrendered to Montenegro in April 1913, after Montenegro suffered a high death toll with more than 10,000 casualties. M. Edith Durham also notes the cruelties suffered at the hand of Serbians in the wake of October 1913: "Thousands of refugees arriving from Djakovo and neighbourhood. Victims of Montenegro. My position was indescribably painful, for I had no funds left, and women came to me crying: 'If you will not feed my child, throw it in the river. I cannot see it starve.'"[9] Montenegro was compelled to leave the city to the new country of Albania in May 1913, in accordance with the London Conference of Ambassadors.

The pedestrian street known as Sheshi or Pjaca on Kol Idromeno Street
Newly constructed swing bridge over Buna River

During World War I, Montenegrin forces again occupied Shkodër on June 27, 1915. In January 1916, Shkodër was taken over by Austria-Hungary and was the center of the zone of their occupation. After World War I, the international military administration of Albania was temporarily located in Shkodër, and in March, 1920, Shkodër was put under the administration of the national government of Tirana. In the second half of 1920, Shkodër resisted another threat, the military intervention of the forces of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Shkodër was the center of democratic movements of the years 1921–1924. The democratic opposition won the majority of votes for the Constitutional Assembly, and on May 31, 1924, the democratic forces took over the town and from Shkodër headed to Tirana. From 1924 to 1939, Shkodër had a slow industrial development, small factories that produced food, textile, and cement were opened. From 43 of such in 1924, the number rose to 70 in 1938. In 1924, Shkodër had 20,000 inhabitants, the number grew to 29,000 in 1938.

Shkodër was the seat of a Catholic archbishopric and had a number of religious schools. The first laic school was opened here in 1913, and the State Gymnasium was opened in 1922. It was the center of many cultural associations. In sports Shkodër was the first city in Albania to constitute a sports association, the "Vllaznia" (brotherhood). Vllaznia is the oldest sport club in Albania.

During the early 1990s, Shkodër was once again a major center, this time of the democratic movement that finally brought to an end the communist regime established by Enver Hoxha. In the later 2000s, the city experiences a rebirth as main streets are being paved, buildings painted and streets renamed. In December 2010, Shkoder and the surrounding region was hit by probably the worst flooding in the last 100 years.[10] In 2011, a new swing bridge over the Buna River was inaugurated, thus replacing the mighty old nearby bridge.

Climate

Shkodër has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) that is almost wet enough in July to be a humid subtropical climate (Cfa); the average yearly temperature in the city varies from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) to 16.8 °C (62.2 °F). The temperature in January ranges from 1.7 °C (35.1 °F) to 9 °C (48.2 °F); in July, from 20 °C (68.0 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). The average yearly rainfall is about 2,000 millimetres (78.7 in), which makes the area one of the wettest in Europe, rivalled only by the Norwegian coast around Bergen.

Climate data for Shkoder
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9
(48) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		18
(64) 		23
(73) 		27
(81) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		27
(81) 		21
(70) 		15
(59) 		11
(52) 		20
(68)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.5
(41.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10
(50) 		14
(57) 		18
(64) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		22
(72) 		16
(61) 		12
(54) 		7.5
(45.5) 		15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2
(36) 		1
(34) 		5
(41) 		9
(48) 		13
(55) 		17
(63) 		19
(66) 		19
(66) 		16
(61) 		11
(52) 		8
(46) 		4
(39) 		10
(51)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 245
(9.6) 		208
(8.2) 		216
(8.5) 		209
(8.2) 		130
(5.1) 		63
(2.5) 		34
(1.3) 		53
(2.1) 		115
(4.5) 		199
(7.8) 		278
(10.9) 		307
(12.1) 		2,057
(80.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12 12 14 12 11 7 5 5 6 10 18 16 128
Average relative humidity (%) 64 60 56 54 54 47 41 38 46 54 71 69 55
Mean monthly sunshine hours 120.9 124.3 170.5 204.0 248.0 300.0 353.4 334.8 264.0 204.6 96.0 89.9 2,510.4
Source: Climate And Temperature[11]


Culture

File:Shkodër mosque.jpg
Interior of the Shkodër Mosque

Shkodër is an important educational and industrial center. The city produces various mechanical and electrical components, along with textile and food products. Luigj Gurakuqi University of Shkodër is one of the more prestigious learning centers of Albania. The public library of the city contains more than 250,000 books. Several other cultural institutions exist, such as the Cultural Center, the Marubi Photo Archives, the Artists and Writers Association, the "Migjeni" Theater (named after Millosh Gjergj Nikolla), the Gallery of Arts, and the Museum of History. Shkodër is the center of Albanian Catholicism and the most prominent city of Roman Catholics in Albania. Historic cultural architecture includes the Castle of Shkodër, the Turkish Bath, and the Lead Mosque. The Castle of Shkodër became famous during the First Balkan War when it was protected by the Turkish general Hasan Riza Pasha and Esad Pasha. Many festivals take place on an annual basis such as Carnival, Children Festival, Lake Day, and Shkodra Jazz Fest.

Shkodër is also famous for its Islamic scholarship. The site of the only institution in Albania which provides high-level education in Arabic and Islamic Studies, having produced well-known Muslim personalities as Shaykh Nasirudin Albani.

Music

City tunes differ from the rural music of the land, but both enjoy popularity in Shkodra. Northern music is a refined combination of romantic and sophisticated undertones with oriental-sounding scales and a constant interplay of major and minor. It bears a significant affinity with the sevdalinke of Bosnia and the neighboring region of Raska Oblast in Serbia, but differs from them in their extreme forms while maintaining a typically Albanian quality through the exceptional fluidity of rhythm and tempo. Early descriptions of such music groups, which date from the end of the nineteenth century, suggest use of the violin, clarinet, saze, defi, and sometimes Indian-style harmonium and percussion (provided by rattling a stick between two bottles). Today, the accordion and guitar have replaced the more exotic instruments. Among the most important players are Bik Ndoja, Luçije Miloti, Xhevdet Hafizi and Bujar Qamili.

Sights

See also: Rozafa castle, Mes Bridge, Ebu Beker Mosque, Shkodër Cathedral, Shkodër Orthodox Cathedral, Isa Boletini Monument, and Kratul
The Mes Bridge, built in the 18th century

The city and the surrounding area are blessed with a large variety of natural and cultural elements. The most attractive quarters of the city are commonly thought to be Pjaca, identifiable as the main city centre between statues of Mother Teresa and Luigj Gurakuqi, and Gjuhadol, the neighborhood around one of the most scenic streets connecting the Cathedral on the east side of town with the middle of the city. The most recognizable memorial is the legendary castle of Rozafa known also as Rozafati.

Rozafa Castle at the top of a hill overlooking the Buna

Built during the Illyrian reign, the castle has sprouted a legend explaining the keeping of a promise. Rozafa, the bride of the youngest of three brothers, was walled up alive in the mortar of the walls of the castle to ward off evil that was destroying them each night. The calcareous water passing through the stones at the main entrance is connected in the folk fantasy with the milk of the bosom of Rozafa, which she requested be left available to nurse her newborn baby boy. She also requested that one foot be used to rock his cradle and one arm to lull him to sleep. Inside the ancient walls is a museum dedicated to the history and legends of the castle.

Lake of Shkoder is the biggest lake of the Balkans peninsula. It is a major summer attraction for tourists and inhabitants.

Another interesting historical site is the ruins of Shurdhah (Sarda), a medieval town situated only 15 km from Shkodër. To go out there you must take a motor-boat from the dam of Vau i Dejës out to the island where Shurdhah is located (about 10 miles, or 16 km). Shurdhah was built atop a hill on the island, roughly 5 ha in area, surrounded by the waters of the Drini river (which has been rerouted now to form an artificial lake). At one time it was the summer retreat of the famous Dukagjini Family.

About 5 km east of Shkodër lies the medieval citadel of Drisht.

Many visitors feel that Shkodër is the soul of Albania. The very characteristic appearance of the city is formed by the juxtaposition of ancient houses and narrow streets joined with stone walls and modern buildings. After World War II, some of Shkodër was rebuilt with wider streets to accommodate automotive traffic, and new residential buildings are being constructed all the time.

Shkodër is also the home of Loro-Boriçi Stadium, the second biggest stadium in Albania.

Twin towns – sister cities

Shkodër is twinned with:

  • Kosovo Prizren, Kosovo
  • Montenegro – Ulcinj, Montenegro
  • Kosovo - Gjakova, Kosovo[a]
  • Montenegro - Cetinje, Montenegro

Notable people

Below are some of the most notable personalities born or long time residents in Shkodër:

  • Parruce Mosque
    Parruce Mosque
  • Ebu Bekr Mosque
    Ebu Bekr Mosque
  • Orthodox Cathedral of Shkodra
    Orthodox Cathedral of Shkodra
  • Shkodra History Museum
    Shkodra History Museum
  • Municipal building
    Municipal building
  • Government building
    Government building
  • Franciscan Church of Shkodra
    Franciscan Church of Shkodra
  • Migjeni Theatre
    Migjeni Theatre
  • Marubi Gallery of Photography
    Marubi Gallery of Photography
  • Traditional house turned into restaurant
    Traditional house turned into restaurant
  • Old bridge over Buna
    Old bridge over Buna
  • Restaurant along Skadar Lake in Shiroke village
    Restaurant along Skadar Lake in Shiroke village
  • Sculpture of Rozafa and her child
    Sculpture of Rozafa and her child
  • View from Castle
    View from Castle
  • Rozafa Castle Wall
    Rozafa Castle Wall
  • Ruins on Castle
    Ruins on Castle
  • Ruins on Castle
    Ruins on Castle
  • Rozafa Castle Wall
    Rozafa Castle Wall

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Population and Housing Census in Albania" (PDF). Institute of Statistics of Albania. 2011.
  2. ^ The Illyrians by John Wilkes,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,1992,page 177 & 179
  3. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1911), "Scutari" article.
  4. ^ Polybius
  5. ^ Titus Livius
  6. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 page 680
  7. ^ The Illyrians by John Wilkes,ISBN 0-631-19807-5,1992,page 172,"...Gentius among the Labeates around Scodra/"
  8. ^ The Illyrians by John Wilkes,page 213,"The list of Roman settlements includes some of the... Scodra..."
  9. ^ Twenty Years of Balkan Tangle: M.Edith Durham
  10. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11931554
  11. ^ http://www.shkoder.climatetemp.info/
  12. ^ TAFILAKU, RIZA. "Masar Bushati, memoire on the great teacher on this 100th anniversary" (in Albanian). Lajme Shkodra. Retrieved 27 July 2010.

Notes:

a.   ^ Template:Kosovo-note
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