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Upminster
Population25,361 (Cranham and Upminster wards 2011)[1]
OS grid referenceTQ560865
• Charing Cross16.5 mi (26.6 km) WSW
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townUPMINSTER
Postcode districtRM14
Dialling code01708
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London

Upminster is a suburban town in east London, England, and part of the London Borough of Havering. Located 16.5 miles (26.6 km) east-northeast of Charing Cross, it is one of the locally important district centres identified in the London Plan, and comprises a number of shopping streets and a large residential area. It was historically, a rural village in Essex and formed an ancient parish. Although peripheral to London, the town has good transport links; it was first connected to central London by rail in 1885 and has a terminal station on the London Underground network. The economic history of Upminster is characterised by a shift from farming to garden suburb. As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century, Upminster significantly expanded and increased in population, becoming part of Hornchurch Urban District in 1934, and has formed part of Greater London since 1965.

History

Toponymy

Upminster (parish) population
1881 1,202
1891 1,409
1901 1,477
1911 2,468
1921 3,559
1931 5,732
1941 war #
1951 13,038
# no census was held due to war
source: UK census[2]

The placename Upminster is first recorded in 1062 as Upmynstre and is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Upmunstra.[3] It is formed from Old English upp and mynster, meaning the large church on high ground. The high ground of the parish church being in relation to the valley of the River Ingrebourne and the Upminster Bridge over the river shares the name.[3] An alternative explanation suggests the upp could refer to the geographical relationship to a church at Barking or Tilbury in Anglo-Saxon times.[4]

Economic development

There was an ancient farmstead from the 1st century to the 3rd century in the Upminster area, and agriculture was the predominant industry throughout the following centuries.[5] The area was once wooded, but clearances in the 12th century gave more land over to arable farming; and by the 17th century there were a variety of crops and livestock.[5] There was a growth in market gardening in the 19th century.[5] There have been a number of windmills in Upminster and one of which, a smock mill built in 1803, remains.[6] Local industry included a tannery, gravel extraction and a brick works that was connected to the railway station by a tramway in 1895.[5]

The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway from Fenchurch Street was extended from Barking to Upminster in 1885.[7] The underground Whitechapel and Bow Railway opened in 1902 and allowed through services of the District Railway to operate to Upminster. The District converted to electric trains in 1905 and services were cut back to East Ham. Delayed by World War I,[7] electrified tracks were extended by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway to Upminster and through services resumed in 1932.[8][9]

Local government

1931: Upminster (4) within Romford Rural District, adjoining Great Warley (3), Cranham (5) and Rainham (6)

Upminster formed an ancient parish of 3,369 acres (1,363 ha) in the Chafford hundred of Essex.[5] The parish vestry had meetings in the church until 1798, when they moved to the Bell Inn.[10] The parish was divided into North and South wards by the Hornchurch to Cranham road.[10] In 1836 the vestry lost control of poor relief, with Upminster becoming part of the Romford Poor Law Union[10] and in 1875 the parish became part of Romford rural sanitary district. Following the Local Government Act 1894, the sanitary district became Romford Rural District and a parish council was formed of nine members, increasing to twelve by 1913 as the population had doubled.[10] The parish council acquired the Clock House building on St Mary's Lane for use as offices in 1924.[10] The parish formed part of the London Traffic Area from 1924 and the London Passenger Transport Area from 1933.[11] In 1934 the parish council was abolished and Upminster was combined with other parishes to form part of Hornchurch Urban District. In 1965 the urban district was abolished and its former area was combined with that of Municipal Borough of Romford; and since then has formed part of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London.[12]

Urban development

The parish had three early centres of activity; the village around the church and the settlements of Hacton and Corbets Tey.[5] The estates of Gaynes, New Place and Upminster Hall were purchased during the 17th century by merchants in the City of London.[5] This caused a significant number of buildings in the town to be constructed or improved.[5] Upkeep of the three bridges crossing the Ingrebourne were the responsibility of Upminster, as the adjacent Hornchurch parish was in the Havering liberty and was exempt from responsibility because of its charter. Although the opening of the station was key to the development of the suburb, land was not purchased for development until 10 acres (4.0 ha) were secured in 1901.[5]

Electricity was introduced in Upminster in 1926.[10] Gas main supply came from Romford in 1872 and from 1905 there was gas street lighting.[10] The area was served by good spring water, with mains supply provided by the South Essex Waterworks Company from 1836. Works on the sewerage system began in 1899 in Upminster village and Corbets Tey. In 1922 sewage works for Upminster and Cranham were opened in Great Warley.[10] Land for Upminster Park was purchased by the parish council in 1929.

Governance

Hornchurch and Upminster constituency in Greater London

The town forms part of the Hornchurch and Upminster UK Parliament constituency, and is covered by the Havering wards of Upminster and Cranham. The current MP is Angela Watkinson. Each ward elects three councillors to Havering London Borough Council. All six councillors elected in 2010 for the two wards were the Upminster and Cranham Residents' Association candidates[13][14] and the area is unusual in that the residents' association is strongly active.[15] From 1945 to 1974 Upminster formed part of the Hornchurch constituency and from 1974 to 2010 it formed part of the Upminster constituency. Upminster is within the Havering and Redbridge London Assembly constituency and the London European Parliament constituency.[15]

Geography

Further information: Geography of London
Map of Upminster and environs

Upminster rises to about 200 feet (61 m) above sea level to the north and is about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level to the south.[5] It rests on a layer of loam, above sand and gravel in the south and London Clay to the north. It is bounded in the west by the River Ingrebourne and there is a stream running east-west, just north of Corbets Tey that has been dammed to form a lake.[5] It has formed part of the continuously built-up area of London since the 1930s[16] and is contiguous with Cranham to the east and Hornchurch to the west. To the north and south there is open land that forms part of the Metropolitan Green Belt and there are open spaces formed by Upminster Golf Club and Upminster Hall Playing Field to the north, Upminster Park and Clock House Gardens to the south, and the Ingrebourne Valley linear park to the south west. The town is effectively divided into north and south parts by the railway line. The north is predominantly residential, with the southern part containing the main shopping area. Further south it becomes predominantly residential again. Upminster is a post town in the RM postcode area; it forms a long protrusion over the M25 motorway and additionally includes North Ockendon, also in Havering, and Bulphan in Thurrock.[17] Climate data for Upminster is taken from the nearest weather station at Greenwich, around 12 miles (19.3 km) southwest of St Laurence church:

Climate data for Greenwich Park, elevation: 47 m (154 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–2004
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.8
(62.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		34.5
(94.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		37.5
(99.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		16.4
(61.5) 		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6) 		6.2
(43.2) 		8.4
(47.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.7
(40.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −12.7
(9.1) 		−9.4
(15.1) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−12.7
(9.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.9
(1.73) 		39.9
(1.57) 		36.5
(1.44) 		38.6
(1.52) 		44.0
(1.73) 		49.3
(1.94) 		36.3
(1.43) 		53.0
(2.09) 		52.4
(2.06) 		58.3
(2.30) 		59.9
(2.36) 		50.7
(2.00) 		562.9
(22.16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.5 9.2 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.8 7.1 8.2 7.9 10.3 10.6 10.2 105.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.4 66.1 109.7 152.9 198.7 198.6 209.2 198.0 140.6 99.7 58.5 50.1 1,526.4
Source 1: Met Office[18][19][20]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[21][22]

Demography

Upminster compared (2001 Census)
Statistic Upminster[23] Cranham[24] Havering[23] London[23] England[23]
Ethnic group
White 12,354 11,930 213,421 5,103,203 44,679,361
Asian 133 120 4,088 866,693 2,248,289
Black 59 64 3,139 782,849 1,132,508
Mixed 87 78 2,298 226,111 643,373
Chinese/Other 41 19 827 70,928 231,424
Population
Total 12,674 12,242 224,248 7,172,091 49,138,831
Density(/hectare) 5.62 18.67 19.97 45.62 3.77
Households 4,946 5,111 91,722 3,015,997 20,451,427

The Havering committee area for Upminster is defined as the wards of Upminster and Cranham.[25] Demographic data is produced by the Office for National Statistics for these wards. All of Upminster is contained within these wards, however they also cover the connected settlement of Cranham and the rural outlier of North Ockendon. In 2001 the population of Upminster ward was 12,674[23] and Cranham ward was 12,242,[24] giving a total population of 25,098. 80.95% in Upminster and 81.73% in Cranham report their religion as Christian, compared to 76.13% for Havering, 58.23% in London and 71.74% in England. 10.08% in Upminster and 10.46% in Cranham report having no religion, compared to 13.18% in Havering, 15.76% in London and 14.59% in England.[23][24] With a black and minority ethnic population of 3% in 2001, Cranham and Upminster wards have the lowest Simpson index for ethnic diversity in London.[26] The level of home ownership is atypically high compared to the rest of London and England, with over 90% of housing tenure under owner-occupation in both wards.[27][28] The Upminster ward has one of one of the lowest levels of deprivation in London.[29]

Economy

Upminster is identified in the London Plan as a local district centre with 37,000 square metres (400,000 sq ft) of commercial floorspace.[30] It is not considered a significant commercial office location.[30] Within Havering, it is identified as one of seven town centres in the borough,[31] with a retail area extending along Station Road, St Mary's Lane and Corbets Tey Road.[32] The unit sizes are mostly small with the largest outlets the Roomes Fashion and Home department store, the Roomes Furniture and Interiors furniture store, and the Aldi, M&S Simply Food and Waitrose supermarkets.

Transport

Further information: Transport in London and Public transport in Havering
Upminster station southern entrance. There is another to the west

The town is served by Upminster station on the London-Tilbury-Southend Line and the London Underground, in London fare zone 6.[33] The western part of the town is also served by Upminster Bridge tube station. Upminster and Upminster Bridge are on the District line of the London Underground, with services to Richmond, Ealing Broadway and Wimbledon via central London. The station at Upminster is served by National Rail operators Abellio Greater Anglia and c2c, with services to Fenchurch Street via West Ham; Shoeburyness via Basildon; Southend via Chafford Hundred;[34] and Romford via Emerson Park.[35] There are Transport for London bus services to Hornchurch, Romford, North Ockendon, Lakeside Shopping Centre and Cranham.[36] To the south of Upminster is Damyns Hall Aerodrome. The A127 road to the north is the main radial artery to central London, with the A124 road terminating in the town. The M25 motorway is located about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east of the town centre.

Culture

Upminster Windmill is located in a small open space called Windmill Field

Havering Council's urban strategy recognises that nearby Hornchurch is the main cultural hub of the borough with a large theatre and arts spaces, and Romford offers the largest regional concentration of entertainment facilities.[37] Within Upminster is New Windmill Hall, a flexible entertainment space, built in 1968, which holds up to 300 people.[38] Upminster forms part of the tourism strategy for the borough.[39] It is the location of Upminster Windmill, one of the few remaining mills in Greater London and is Grade II* listed.[40] There is also the Tithe Barn Museum, containing artifacts of domestic and agricultural use. In the west of Upminster is Hornchurch Stadium, which is the home ground of A.F.C. Hornchurch. Upminster is often associated with Ian Dury and his 1981 album Lord Upminster is named after the town.[41]

Speed of sound

The speed of sound was first accurately calculated by the Reverend William Derham, Rector of Upminster, thus improving on Newton's estimates. Derham used a telescope from the tower of the church of St Laurence, Upminster to observe the flash of a distant shotgun being fired, and then measured the time until he heard the gunshot with a half second pendulum. Measurements were made of gunshots from a number of local landmarks, including North Ockendon church. The distance was known by triangulation, and thus the speed that the sound had travelled could be calculated.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Census Information Scheme (2012). "2011 Census Ward Population figures for London". Greater London Authority. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  2. ^ Great Britain Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, Upminster population. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  3. ^ a b Mills, D. (2000). Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford.
  4. ^ Blair, John (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Powell, W.R. (Edr.) (1978). Upminster: Introduction and manors, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 7. Victoria County History. British History Online. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  6. ^ Richardson, John (2000). The Annuls of London. Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-84188-135-X.
  7. ^ a b "London, Tilbury and Southend Railway" (PDF), Local Studies Information Sheets, Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council, 2008, retrieved 8 February 2010
  8. ^ Rose, Douglas (1999). The London Underground: A diagrammatic history (7 ed.). Douglas Rose. ISBN 1-85414-219-4.
  9. ^ Wolmar, Christian (2005). The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever. Atlantic Books. p. 268. ISBN 1-84354-023-1.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Powell, W.R. (Edr.) (1978). Upminster: Local government and parliamentary representation, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 7. Victoria County History. British History Online. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  11. ^ Robson, William (1939). The Government and Mis-government of London. London: Allen & Unwin. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ Great Britain Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth, Havering London Borough. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  13. ^ "Cranham Ward - Local election results 2010". Havering London Borough Council. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  14. ^ "Upminster Ward - Local election results 2010". Havering London Borough Council. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  15. ^ a b Baston, Lewis (8 February 2008). "Havering and Redbridge". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  16. ^ Robson, William (1939). The Government and Mis-government of London. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 26–27. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ Royal Mail (2004). Address Management Guide (4 ed.). Royal Mail Group. p. 168.
  18. ^ "Greenwich 1991–2020 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  19. ^ "Hot Spell - August 2003". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Record Breaking Heat and Sunshine - July 2006". Met Office. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  21. ^ "Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature". Starlings Roost Weather. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Neighbourhood Statistics (2001). "2001 Census: Census Area Statistics, Area: Upminster (Ward)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  24. ^ a b c Neighbourhood Statistics (2001). "2001 Census: Census Area Statistics, Area: Cranham (Ward)". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  25. ^ Upminster Area Committee (June 2009). "Upminster Area Committee (Cranham & Upminster Wards) Agenda". Havering London Borough Council. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  26. ^ Piggott, Gareth (January 2006). "Simpson's diversity indices by ward 1991 and 2001" (PDF). Data Management and Analysis Group. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  27. ^ "Area: Upminster (Ward): Tenure (KS18)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  28. ^ "Area: Cranham (Ward): Tenure (KS18)". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  29. ^ "Ward Level Summary Measures of Indices of Deprivation 2010" (PDF). Greater London Authority. January 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  30. ^ a b Mayor of London (May 2006). "The London Plan: East London Sub Regional Development Framework" (PDF). Greater London Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  31. ^ "Town centre management". Havering London Borough Council. 14 October 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  32. ^ "Havering UDP: District Centres (schedule 7)". Havering London Borough Council. March 1993. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  33. ^ Transport for London (March 2009). "High frequency services" (PDF). Greater London Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  34. ^ c2c (May 2009). "Train Times" (PDF). National Express Group. Retrieved 6 February 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Table 6" (PDF). National Express East Anglia. May 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  36. ^ Transport for London (March 2008). "Buses from Upminster" (PDF). Greater London Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  37. ^ Urban Practitioners & Allies and Morrison (July 2005). "Romford Urban Strategy". Havering London Borough Council. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  38. ^ "New Windmill Hall". Havering London Borough Council. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  39. ^ "Tourism". Havering London Borough Council. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  40. ^ "Upminster Windmill, St Marys Lane, Upminster, Havering, Greater London". English Heritage. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  41. ^ Balls, Richard (2001). Sex & drugs & rock'n'roll: the life of Ian Dury. Omnibus Press. pp. 15–16.
  42. ^ Fox, Tony (2003). Essex Journal. Essex Arch & Hist Soc. pp. 12–16.
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