Coriander

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For other uses, see Coriander (disambiguation).
"Chinese parsley" redirects here. This can also refer to the unrelated Heliotropium curassavicum.

Coriander
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Apiales
Family:
Apiaceae
Genus:
Coriandrum
Species:
C. sativum
Binomial name
Coriandrum sativum

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), also known as cilantro or dhania, is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Coriander is native to southern Europe and North Africa to southwestern Asia. It is a soft, hairless plant growing to 50 centimetres (20 in) tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems. The flowers are borne in small umbels, white or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the centre of the umbel longer (5–6 mm) than those pointing towards it (only 1–3 mm long). The fruit is a globular, dry schizocarp 3–5 mm diameter.

Etymology

First attested in English late 14th century, the word coriander derives from the Old French coriandre, which comes from Latin coriandrum,[1] in turn from Greek κορίαννον (koriannon).[2][3] The earliest attested form of the word is the Mycenaean Greek ko-ri-ja-da-na[4] (written in Linear B syllabic script, reconstructed as koriadnon), similar to the name of Minos' daughter Ariadne, and it is plain how this might later evolve to koriannon or koriandron.[5]

Cilantro is the Spanish word for coriander, also deriving from coriandrum. It is the common term in North America, due to its extensive use in Mexican cuisine.

Uses

All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds are the parts most commonly used in cooking. Coriander is common in South Asian, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, Mediterranean, Indian, Tex-Mex, Latin American, Portuguese, Chinese, African, and Scandinavian cuisine.

Coriander leaves, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy95 kJ (23 kcal)
4 g
Dietary fibre3 g
0.5 g
2 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
37%
337 μg
Vitamin C
30%
27 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[6] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[7]
Coriander leaves

Leaves

The leaves are variously referred to as coriander leaves, fresh coriander, Chinese parsley, or cilantro (particularly in America).

Fresh coriander leaves, also known as Chinese parsley or cilantro

It should not be confused with culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) which is a close relative to coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) but has a distinctly different appearance, a much more potent volatile leaf oil[8] and a stronger smell.

The leaves have a different taste from the seeds, with citrus overtones. Many experience an unpleasant "soapy" taste or a rank smell and avoid the leaves.[9] The flavours have also been compared to those of the stink bug, and similar chemical groups are involved (aldehydes). There appears to be a genetic component to the detection of "soapy" versus "herby" tastes.[10]

The fresh leaves are an ingredient in many South Asian foods (such as chutneys and salads), in Chinese dishes, in Mexican cooking, particularly in salsa and guacamole and as a garnish, and in salads in Russia and other CIS countries. Chopped coriander leaves are a garnish on Indian dishes such as dal. As heat diminishes their flavour, coriander leaves are often used raw or added to the dish immediately before serving. In Indian and Central Asian recipes, coriander leaves are used in large amounts and cooked until the flavour diminishes.[11] The leaves spoil quickly when removed from the plant, and lose their aroma when dried or frozen.

Fruit

Dried coriander fruits

The dry fruits are known as coriander or coriandi seeds. In India they are called dhania.[12][13] The word "coriander" in food preparation may refer solely to these seeds (as a spice), rather than to the plant. The seeds have a lemony citrus flavour when crushed, due to terpenes linalool and pinene. It is described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavoured.

The variety C. s. vulgare or macrocarpum has a fruit diameter of 3–5 mm, while var. microcarpum fruits have a diameter of 1.5–3 mm. Large-fruited types are grown mainly by tropical and subtropical countries, e.g. Morocco, India and Australia, and contain a low volatile oil content (0.1-0.4%). They are used extensively for grinding and blending purposes in the spice trade. Types with smaller fruit are produced in temperate regions and usually have a volatile oil content of around 0.4-1.8%, and are therefore highly valued as a raw material for the preparation of essential oil.[14]

It is commonly found both as whole dried seeds and in ground form. Seeds can be roasted or heated on a dry pan briefly before grinding to enhance and alter the aroma. Ground coriander seed loses flavour quickly in storage and is best ground fresh.

Coriander seed is a spice in garam masala and Indian curries, which often employ the ground fruits in generous amounts together with cumin. It acts as a thickener. Roasted coriander seeds, called dhana dal, are eaten as a snack. It is the main ingredient of the two south Indian dishes: sambhar and rasam. Coriander seeds are boiled with water and drunk as indigenous medicine for colds.

Flowers of Coriandrum sativum

Outside of Asia, coriander seed is used for pickling vegetables, and making sausages in Germany and South Africa (see boerewors). In Russia and Central Europe, coriander seed is an occasional ingredient in rye bread as an alternative to caraway. Coriander seeds are used in European cuisine today, though they were more important in former centuries.[citation needed]

Coriander seeds are used in brewing certain styles of beer, particularly some Belgian wheat beers.[15] The coriander seeds are used with orange peel to add a citrus character.

Roots

Coriander roots

Coriander roots have a deeper, more intense flavour than the leaves. They are used in a variety of Asian cuisines. They are commonly used in Thai dishes, including soups and curry pastes.

History

Coriander grows wild over a wide area of the Near East and southern Europe, prompting the comment, "It is hard to define exactly where this plant is wild and where it only recently established itself."[16] Fifteen desiccated mericarps were found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B level of the Nahal Hemel Cave in Israel, which may be the oldest archaeological find of coriander. About half a litre of coriander mericarps were recovered from the tomb of Tutankhamen, and because this plant does not grow wild in Egypt, Zohary and Hopf interpret this find as proof that coriander was cultivated by the ancient Egyptians.[16] The Bible mentions coriander in Exodus 16:31: "And the house of Israel began to call its name manna: and it was round like coriander seed, and its taste was like that of flat cakes made with honey."

Coriander seems to have been cultivated in Greece since at least the second millennium BC. One of the Linear B tablets recovered from Pylos refers to the species as being cultivated for the manufacture of perfumes, and it appears that it was used in two forms: as a spice for its seeds and as a herb for the flavour of its leaves.[5] This appears to be confirmed by archaeological evidence from the same period: the large quantities of the species retrieved from an Early Bronze Age layer at Sitagroi in Macedonia could point to cultivation of the species at that time.[17]

Coriander was brought to the British colonies in North America in 1670, and was one of the first spices cultivated by early settlers.[citation needed]

Similar plants

These herbs are used where they grow in much the same way as coriander is used.

Health effects and medicinal uses

Coriander, like many spices, contains antioxidants, which can delay or prevent the spoilage of food seasoned with this spice. A study found both the leaves and seed to contain antioxidants, but the leaves were found to have a stronger effect.[19]

Chemicals derived from coriander leaves were found to have antibacterial activity against Salmonella choleraesuis, and this activity was found to be caused in part by these chemicals acting as nonionic surfactants.[20]

Coriander has been used as a folk medicine for the relief of anxiety and insomnia in Iran. Experiments in mice support its use as an anxiolytic.[21] Coriander seeds are used in traditional Indian medicine as a diuretic by boiling equal amounts of coriander seeds and cumin seeds, then cooling and consuming the resulting liquid.[22] In holistic and traditional medicine, it is used as a carminative and as a digestive aid.[23][24]

Coriander has been documented as a traditional treatment for diabetes. A study on mice found coriander extract had both insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity.[25]

Coriander seeds were found in a study on rats to have a significant hypolipidaemic effect, resulting in lowering of levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing levels of high-density lipoprotein. This effect appeared to be caused by increasing synthesis of bile by the liver and increasing the breakdown of cholesterol into other compounds.[26]


Coriander can produce an allergic reaction in some people.[27][28][29]

References

  1. ^ Charlton T. Lewis. "coriandrum". A Latin Dictionary.
  2. ^ Robert Scott. "κορίαννονauthor=Henry George Liddell". A Greek-English Lexicon. {{cite web}}: Missing |author1= (help)
  3. ^ "Coriander", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 1989. Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ "The Linear B word ko-ri-ja-da-na". Palaeolexicon.
  5. ^ a b Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
  6. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  7. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
  8. ^ Ramcharan, C. (1999). J. Janick (ed.). "Perspectives on new crops and new uses". ASHS Press: 506–509. {{cite journal}}: |chapter= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Sarah Rubenstein (13 February 2009). "Across the Land, People Are Fuming Over an Herb (No, Not That One)". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  10. ^ "Cilantro Haters, It's Not Your Fault". New York Times. 14 April 2010.
  11. ^ Gernot Katzer. "Coriander Seeds and Cilantro Herb". Spice Pages.
  12. ^ "dhania". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  13. ^ "coriander". Tarladala.com.
  14. ^ Bruce Smallfield (June 1993). "Coriander - Coriandrum sativum". Archived from the original on 4 April 2004.
  15. ^ [1] Wheat Beers
  16. ^ a b Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 205-206
  17. ^ Fragiska, M. (2005). "Wild and Cultivated Vegetables, Herbs and Spices in Greek Antiquity". Environmental Archaeology. 10 (1): 73–82.
  18. ^ a b c Tucker, A.O. & T. DeBaggio. 1992. Cilantro Around The World. The Herb Conpanion. Ap.-May. pgs 36-41.
  19. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.047, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.047 instead.
  20. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1021/jf0354186, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1021/jf0354186 instead.
  21. ^ Emamghoreishi M, Khasaki M, Aazam MF (2005). "Coriandrum sativum: evaluation of its anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 96 (3): 365–370. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.022. PMID 15619553.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Dawakhana, H (2007). "Coriander: Cure from the Kitchen". hashmi.com. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  23. ^ "Coriander". PDRHealth. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  24. ^ "Herbs for the Prairies:Coriander". Saskatchewan Herb and Spice Association. Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  25. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1017/S0007114599000392, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1017/S0007114599000392 instead.
  26. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1023/A:1007975430328, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1023/A:1007975430328 instead.
  27. ^ EboO DG , Bridts Ch, Mertens MH, Stevens WJ (16 April 2006). "Coriander anaphylaxis in A spice grinder with undetected occupational allergy". Acta Clinica Belgica. 61 (3): 152–156. PMID 16881566. Retrieved 11 July 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Suhonen, Raimo; Keskinen, H; Björkstén, F; Vaheri, E; Zitting, A; et al. (1979). "Allergy to Coriander A Case Report". Allergy. 34 (5): 327–330. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1979.tb04374.x. PMID 546248. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  29. ^ http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/f/food_allergy_coriander/intro.htm

Further reading

External links

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