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Cycling at the Summer Olympics

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Cycling at the Summer Olympics
Governing bodyUCI
Events22 (men: 11; women: 11)
Summer Olympics

Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics, at which a road race and five track events were held. Mountain bike racing entered the Olympic programme at the Atlanta Olympics, followed by BMX racing in 2008 and freestyle BMX in 2021. Prior to the 2020 Summer Olympics (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.),[1] all events were speed races, but the 2020 programme featured BMX freestyle for the first time.

Women's road events were introduced to the Olympic programme at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Women's track events were added in 1988, and both types of events have been featured since then.

The 2012 Summer Olympics were the first at which men and women competed in the same number of events in all cycling disciplines, including track cycling, which previously had more men's and fewer women's events than the 2008 programme.[2] However, women have shorter distances for some events.

Summary

Games Year Events Best Nation
1 1896 6  France
2 1900 3  France
3 1904 7  United States
4 1908 6  Great Britain
5 1912 2  Sweden
6
7 1920 6  Great Britain
8 1924 6  France
9 1928 6  Denmark
10 1932 6  Italy
11 1936 6  France
12
13
14 1948 6  France
15 1952 6  Italy
16 1956 6  Italy
Games Year Events Best Nation
17 1960 6  Italy
18 1964 7  Italy
19 1968 7  France
20 1972 7  Soviet Union
21 1976 6  West Germany
22 1980 6  Soviet Union
23 1984 8  United States
24 1988 9  Soviet Union
25 1992 10  Germany
26 1996 14  France
27 2000 18  France
28 2004 18  Australia
29 2008 18  Great Britain
30 2012 18  Great Britain
31 2016 18  Great Britain
32 2020 22  Great Britain

Track cycling

Men's events

Current programme
Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Keirin X X X X X X 6
Madison X X X X 4
Omnium X X X 3
Pursuit, team X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 25
Sprint, individual (details) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27
Sprint, team X X X X X X 6
Past events
Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
14 mile X 1
13 mile X 1
12 mile X 1
1 mile X 1
2 miles X 1
5 miles X 1
25 miles X 1
660 yards X 1
5 kilometres X 1
10 kilometres X 1
20 kilometres X 1
25 kilometres X 1
50 kilometres X X 1
100 kilometres X X 2
12 hours X 1
Points race (details) X X X X X X X X 7
Pursuit, individual X X X X X X X X X X X X 12
Tandem X X X X X X X X X X X X X 13
1 km time trial (details) X[a] X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 19
Total 5 2 7 7 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 8 8 7 5 5 6
  1. ^ The 1896 time trial was the only time the event was held over one-third of a kilometre rather than one kilometre

Women's events

Current program
Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Keirin X X X 3
Madison X 1
Omnium X X X 3
Pursuit, team X X X 3
Sprint, individual (details) X X X X X X X X X 9
Sprint, team X X X 3
Past events
Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Points race (details) X X X X 4
Pursuit, individual X X X X X 5
500 m time trial (details) X X 2
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 5 6

Medal table

Source:[3]
Last updated after the 2020 Summer Olympics

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Great Britain (GBR)33262079
2 France (FRA)28201967
3 Italy (ITA)249740
4 Australia (AUS)12171847
5 Germany (GER)1291334
6 Netherlands (NED)11161037
7 United States (USA)11151339
8 Denmark (DEN)66921
9 Soviet Union (URS)64616
10 East Germany (GDR)45413
11 West Germany (FRG)43310
12 Belgium (BEL)34512
13 Spain (ESP)3339
14 Russia (RUS)24410
15 China (CHN)2338
16 Canada (CAN)22610
17 Czechoslovakia (TCH)2215
18 New Zealand (NZL)1449
19 United Team of Germany (EUA)1315
20 Switzerland (SUI)1214
21 Austria (AUT)1023
22 Argentina (ARG)1001
 Estonia (EST)1001
 Norway (NOR)1001
25 South Africa (RSA)0336
26 Greece (GRE)0303
27 Japan (JPN)0235
28 Ukraine (UKR)0224
29 Poland (POL)0123
30 Malaysia (MAS)0112
 Mexico (MEX)0112
32 Cuba (CUB)0101
 Uruguay (URU)0101
34 Hong Kong (HKG)0022
 ROC0022
36 Belarus (BLR)0011
 Colombia (COL)0011
 Jamaica (JAM)0011
Totals (38 entries)172172171515

Road cycling

Men's events

Current program
Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Road race, individual (details) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 21
Time trial, individual (details) X X X X X X X X X X X X 12
Past events
Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Road race, team (details) X X X X 4
Time trial, team X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 14
Total 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Women's events

Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Road race (details) X X X X X X X X X X 10
Time trial (details) X X X X X X X 7
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Medal table

Source:[4]
Last updated after the 2020 Summer Olympics

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Netherlands (NED)105318
2 Italy (ITA)97420
3 France (FRA)84618
4 United States (USA)54413
5 Soviet Union (URS)5038
6 Belgium (BEL)44614
7 Sweden (SWE)35816
8 Switzerland (SUI)34310
9 Russia (RUS)3148
10 Great Britain (GBR)28616
11 Germany (GER)26210
12 Denmark (DEN)2518
13 Australia (AUS)2125
14 East Germany (GDR)2103
 Spain (ESP)2103
16 Kazakhstan (KAZ)1102
 South Africa (RSA)1102
18 Slovenia (SLO)1012
19 Austria (AUT)1001
 Ecuador (ECU)1001
 Greece (GRE)1001
22 Poland (POL)0426
23 West Germany (FRG)0224
24 Canada (CAN)0123
25 United Team of Germany (EUA)0112
26 Colombia (COL)0101
 Portugal (POR)0101
28 Norway (NOR)0022
29 Czechoslovakia (TCH)0011
 Latvia (LAT)0011
 Lithuania (LTU)0011
Totals (31 entries)686865201

Mountain biking

Events

Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Men's cross country X X X X X X X 7
Women's cross country X X X X X X X 7
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Medal table

Source:[5]
Last updated after the 2020 Summer Olympics

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 France (FRA)4116
2 Switzerland (SUI)25310
3 Italy (ITA)2013
4 Germany (GER)1113
5 Czech Republic (CZE)1102
6 Netherlands (NED)1012
7 Great Britain (GBR)1001
 Norway (NOR)1001
 Sweden (SWE)1001
10 Canada (CAN)0213
11 Poland (POL)0202
12 Spain (ESP)0134
13 Belgium (BEL)0101
14 United States (USA)0022
15 Russia (RUS)0011
Totals (15 entries)14141442

BMX racing

Events

Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Men's racing X X X X 4
Women's racing X X X X 4
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2

Medal table

Source:[6]
Last updated after the 2020 Summer Olympics

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Colombia (COL)2136
2 Latvia (LAT)2002
3 United States (USA)1225
4 Netherlands (NED)1124
5 France (FRA)1102
 Great Britain (GBR)1102
7 Australia (AUS)0101
 New Zealand (NZL)0101
9 Venezuela (VEN)0011
Totals (9 entries)88824

BMX freestyle

Events

Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years
Men's park X 1
Women's park X 1
Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

Medal table

Source:[7]
Last updated after the 2020 Summer Olympics

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Great Britain (GBR)1012
2 Australia (AUS)1001
3 United States (USA)0101
 Venezuela (VEN)0101
5 Switzerland (SUI)0011
Totals (5 entries)2226

Overall medal table

Last updated after the 2020 Summer Olympics

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 France41262693
2 Great Britain383527100
3 Italy35161263
4 Netherlands23221661
5 United States17222160
6 Australia15192054
7 Germany15161647
8 Soviet Union114924
9 Denmark8111029
10 Belgium791127
11 Switzerland611825
12 East Germany66416
13 Russia55919
14 Spain55616
15 Sweden45817
16 West Germany45514
17 Canada25916
18 China2338
19 Colombia2248
20 Czechoslovakia2226
21 Austria2024
 Norway2024
23 Latvia2013
24 New Zealand15410
25 South Africa1438
26 United Team of Germany1427
27 Greece1304
28 Czech Republic1102
 Kazakhstan1102
30 Slovenia1012
31 Argentina1001
 Ecuador1001
 Estonia1001
34 Poland07411
35 Japan0235
36 Ukraine0224
37 Malaysia0112
 Mexico0112
 Venezuela0112
40 Cuba0101
 Portugal0101
 Uruguay0101
43 Hong Kong0022
 ROC0022
45 Belarus0011
 Jamaica0011
 Lithuania0011
Totals (47 entries)264264260788

Medalists

The top of the lists for most successful (by gold medals won) and most decorated (by all medals won) are dominated by recently active track cyclists from Great Britain, who rose to prominence from the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, and then dominance from the Beijing 2008 Games, winning 22 gold medals in the velodrome between 2008 and 2020, as well as single golds in road racing, road time trial, BMX freestyle, BMX racing and mountain biking in that timeframe. This sharp rise was largely thanks to significant funding by UK Sport of British Cycling. The most successful Olympic cyclists of each sex are husband-and-wife couple Jason and Laura Kenny, with Jason winning seven golds and two silver medals and Laura five golds and one silver medal. Jason also holds the record of most decorated cyclist, with nine medals, and is the only cyclist to have successfully defended Olympic gold medals in three different cycling events. Laura Kenny shares the title of most decorated female cyclist, with six medals, with Dutch legend Leontien van Moorsel (four golds, one silver and one bronze) and Australia sprint star Anna Meares (two gold, one silver and three bronze medals). Laura Kenny holds the unique distinction of winning the inaugural gold medals in three different events - women's team pursuit and women's omnium (both 2012) and women's madison (2020).

Great Britain's Chris Hoy, the first Olympic cyclist to win six gold medals, holds the unique distinction of having won gold across four different track disciplines; the Kilo, the team sprint (twice), match sprint and keirin (twice) disciplines. Three cyclists share the record for gold medals in the same event with three; Jason Kenny in team sprint, compatriot Ed Clancy in team pursuit, and American Kristin Armstrong in time trial. All three achieved the feat between 2008 and 2016.

Cyclists who have won 6 or more Olympic medals.
As of the 2020 Summer Olympics§
# Cyclist Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Jason Kenny  Great Britain (GBR) 7 2 0 9
2 Bradley Wiggins  Great Britain (GBR) 5 1 2 8
3 Chris Hoy  Great Britain (GBR) 6 1 0 7
4 Laura Kenny  Great Britain (GBR) 5 1 0 6
5 Leontien van Moorsel  Netherlands (NED) 4 1 1 6
6 Burton Downing  United States (USA) 2 3 1 6
7 Anna Meares  Australia (AUS) 2 1 3 6

§ : currently ongoing.

Nations

Nation 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24 Years
 Albania (ALB) 1 1
 Algeria (ALG) 2 1 1 2 3
 Andorra (AND) 2 3 2
 Antigua and Barbuda (ANT) 2 3 2 3 1 5
 Argentina (ARG) 5 6 12 6 8 10 9 8 4 8 7 8 10 8 4 10 4 6 18
 Armenia (ARM) 1 1
 Aruba (ARU) 2 1 2
 Australia (AUS) 2 4 2 1 3 6 6 11 9 14 9 10 12 10 12 17 16 21 27 24 28 27 31 23
 Austria (AUT) 1 6 2 10 8 4 4 8 5 6 6 9 7 5 9 9 10 6 5 4 20
 Azerbaijan (AZE) 1 3 2
 Bahamas (BAH) 2 1
 Bahrain (BRN) 4 1
 Barbados (BAR) 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 7
 Belarus (BLR) 7 6 5 8 4 5
 Belgium (BEL) 1 6 1 15 9 8 8 12 11 7 13 10 15 14 7 12 8 6 7 9 13 9 11 16 14 25
 Belize (BIZ) 2 6 5 5 1 5
 Benin (BEN) 2 1
 Bermuda (BER) 3 1 2
 Bohemia (BOH) 1 5 2
 Bolivia (BOL) 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
 Brazil (BRA) 3 1 1 2 6 7 8 7 8 4 6 5 9 10 14
 British West Indies (BWI) 1 1
 Bulgaria (BUL) 7 10 5 5 1 4 6 6 1 3 2 2 1 13
 Cambodia (CAM) 6 1
 Cameroon (CMR) 4 4 6 5 4
 Canada (CAN) 5 2 5 1 6 7 6 6 2 3 2 6 9 11 13 11 15 15 15 12 15 15 19 23
 Cayman Islands (CAY) 6 6 6 1 4
 Central African Republic (CAF) 4 1
 Chile (CHI) 4 3 5 4 4 4 2 2 7 1 5 2 3 5 3 2 16
 China (CHN) 7 9 6 5 3 6 12 12 14 9
 Chinese Taipei (TPE) 4 5 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 12
 Colombia (COL) 8 7 8 10 10 11 7 7 8 12 9 8 13 17 15 15
 Costa Rica (CRC) 5 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 8
 Croatia (CRO) 3 2 2 3
 Cuba (CUB) 1 6 6 6 3 4 1 4 4 3 4 3 12
 Czech Republic (CZE) 6 8 13 12 10 12 6
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 4 8 4 4 6 6 6 9 8 15 11 11 13 12 14
 Cyprus (CYP) 1 1 1 1 4
 Denmark (DEN) 8 6 6 5 6 11 11 13 2 8 12 13 13 11 11 13 9 11 12 9 8 15 10 13 24
 Dominican Republic (DOM) 1 1
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD) 5 4 3 3
 East Germany (GDR) 10 11 11 13 17 5
 Ecuador (ECU) 4 4 1 2 3 1 2 2 8
 Egypt (EGY) 3 4 1 3
 El Salvador (ESA) 5 1 1 1 2 1 6
 Eritrea (ERI) 1 1 2
 Estonia (EST) 3 7 5 6 4 2 2 7
 Ethiopia (ETH) 4 5 4 5 5 8 5 1 8
 Fiji (FIJ) 1 1
 Finland (FIN) 5 4 1 2 5 11 1 4 4 6 1 5 5 4 2 5 2 2 1 19
 France (FRA) 2 58 23 12 13 11 8 8 8 11 10 11 14 14 14 15 14 9 17 16 18 20 26 21 28 23 22 27
 Georgia (GEO) 1 1
 Germany (GER) 5 3 9 11 10 4 12 5 17 18 25 22 20 22 29 15
 Great Britain (GBR) 2 1 36 26 13 12 12 7 11 10 12 12 12 12 14 11 11 12 16 17 16 19 22 22 25 25 26 27
 Greece (GRE) 9 1 3 1 2 1 3 4 5 4 4 3 12
 Guam (GUM) 6 2 1 1 4
 Guatemala (GUA) 5 4 1 5 6 1 2 1 1 9
 Guyana (GUY) 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 7
 Hong Kong (HKG) 4 4 4 5 1 2 1 4 5 5 10
 Hungary (HUN) 5 4 1 8 6 5 7 7 4 1 10 1 4 1 1 2 5 3 1 19
 Indonesia (INA) 1 1
 Iran (IRI) 4 4 7 7 7 2 4 3 3 3 10
 Iraq (IRQ) 2 1 2
 India (IND) 9 5 5 3
 Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) 5 1
 Indonesia (INA) 4 2 1 3
 Ireland (IRL) 2 5 3 4 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 15
 Israel (ISR) 2 2 2
 Italy (ITA) 7 1 4 12 10 12 10 11 12 11 12 14 14 16 15 14 10 21 18 18 21 18 13 15 13 19 26
 Jamaica (JAM) 1 6 3 2 5 3 3 1 8
 Japan (JPN) 4 1 5 15 1 3 5 9 12 12 8 10 11 14 9 9 16
 Kazakhstan (KAZ) 7 7 8 3 2 3 6
 Kenya (KEN) 1 1
 Kosovo (KOS) 1 1
 Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) 1 1 1 3
 Laos (LAO) 1 1
 Latvia (LAT) 4 5 4 5 7 9 2 5 5 4 10
 Lebanon (LIB) 1 1 2 1 2 2 6
 Lesotho (LES) 1 1
 Libya (LBA) 7 2 1 1 4
 Liechtenstein (LIE) 1 2 1 1 3 2 6
 Lithuania (LTU) 2 4 5 13 8 9 8 4 4 5 10
 Luxembourg (LUX) 1 5 4 4 4 4 1 6 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 16
 Madagascar (MAD) 1 1
 Malawi (MAW) 2 4 4 3
 Malaysia (MAS) 9 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 2 11
 Malta (MLT) 3 4 4 3
 Mauritius (MRI) 1 1 1 3
 Mexico (MEX) 3 5 4 4 10 9 12 6 6 8 5 5 9 2 2 2 2 4 18
 Moldova (MDA) 5 2 1 1 4
 Monaco (MON) 1 1
 Mongolia (MGL) 4 5 4 1 4
 Morocco (MAR) 4 4 3 4 4
 Namibia (NAM) 1 1 2 2 3 5
 Netherlands (NED) 5 10 10 11 2 11 9 6 13 12 10 11 12 7 16 13 17 16 18 24 26 24 26 23
 Nicaragua (NCA) 4 1 2
 North Korea (PRK) 3 1
 Norway (NOR) 6 4 4 2 4 3 1 6 7 8 10 5 9 6 10 8 8 6 7 19
 New Zealand (NZL) 1 1 1 2 6 1 5 5 8 4 7 13 14 17 17 16 16 21 19 19
 Oman (OMA) 1 1
 Pakistan (PAK) 2 2 4 2 4 5
 Peru (PER) 4 3 1 5 1 1 6
 Philippines (PHI) 4 3 1 4 3 2 1 7
 Poland (POL) 8 11 4 5 8 10 12 11 11 11 9 8 10 16 11 12 17 17
 Portugal (POR) 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 7
 Puerto Rico (PUR) 1 1 1 1 4
 Republic of China (ROC) 1 1 2
 Romania (ROU) 5 6 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 9
 Russia (RUS) 18 19 20 22 17 16 6
 Russian Empire (RU1) 10 1
 Rwanda (RWA) 3 1 2 3
 Samoa (SAM) 1 1
 San Marino (SMR) 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 7
 Saudi Arabia (KSA) 6 3 2
 Serbia (SRB) 2 2 2 3
 Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) 1 1
 Sierra Leone (SLE) 1 1
 Slovakia (SVK) 10 7 9 4 2 2 6
 Slovenia (SLO) 1 1 6 4 6 6 7 7
 South Africa (RSA) 4 1 5 1 1 2 3 5 6 5 5 6 4 4 8 9 7 17
 South Korea (KOR) 2 3 2 4 6 2 10 15 4 9 3 5 4 10 8 15
 Soviet Union (URS) 10 12 13 12 15 15 12 13 18 9
 Spain (ESP) 1 9 6 7 8 4 4 13 14 18 22 22 18 16 12 15
 Sri Lanka (SRI) 1 1
 Suriname (SUR) 1 1 2
 Sweden (SWE) 2 12 4 4 4 4 5 4 8 4 4 4 6 5 6 6 11 8 9 7 5 9 8 5 4 25
 Switzerland (SUI) 9 9 11 11 10 14 5 4 10 6 10 12 9 13 13 16 16 14 11 15 20
 Syria (SYR) 1 1
 Thailand (THA) 8 7 7 6 1 1 2 7
 East Timor (TLS) 1 1
 Togo (TOG) 3 2 2
 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) 1 1 3 7 6 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 12
 Tunisia (TUN) 4 1 1 3
 Turkey (TUR) 4 4 4 6 1 1 3 2 8
 Uganda (UGA) 2 1
 Ukraine (UKR) 12 14 16 16 10 7 6
 Unified Team (EUN) 19 1
 United Team of Germany (EUA) 10 14 13 3
 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 6 4 1 1 4
 United States (USA) 1 17 2 9 9 5 4 12 6 9 9 10 14 16 15 15 13 20 19 20 23 26 18 24 24 21 26
 Uruguay (URU) 9 7 5 5 8 5 5 5 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 16
 Uzbekistan (UZB) 1 1 1 2 4
 Venezuela (VEN) 1 4 4 5 6 5 2 4 4 6 5 3 4 12 9 15
 Vietnam (VIE) 4 6 6 2 1 5
 Virgin Islands (ISV) 1 1 2
 West Germany (FRG) 14 17 12 20 15 5
 Yugoslavia (YUG) 4 4 4 4 1 5 4 5 2 4 6 6 12
 Zimbabwe (ZIM) 3 2 1 1 4
No. of nations 5 7 2 11 16 14 24 27 13 30 33 36 30 48 40 52 54 49 34 54 62 76 68 55 61 66 74 80
No. of cyclists 19 72 18 97 123 103 139 149 66 175 188 215 161 297 303 329 359 295 230 359 422 451 477 462 464 508 501 523
Year 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 24

See also

References

  1. ^ "Joint Statement from the International Olympic Committee and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  2. ^ McQuaid, Pat (February 2012). "The equal opportunities: How to make it happen". UCI. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
  3. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  4. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  5. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  6. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  7. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Retrieved 2022-01-31.

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