List of driverless trains
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Barcelona Metro line 9 without train driver
The London Underground Victoria Line, which opened in 1967, can be considered the first line operated with driverless trains. Many lines now operate with driverless trains, with the aim of reducing the operational costs and improving the frequency of service.
This list focuses heavily on trains in the classical sense used for large scale metros and railways but does include a few people mover systems.
The list is ordered in descending order to the degree of how automatized the train is.
- In an Unattended Train Operation (UTO) system like the Copenhagen Metro, the trains run automatically at all times, handle door closing, obstacle detection and emergency situations, without any regulatory requirement of staff present in the trains.
- In a driverless system like London Docklands Light Railway, the trains run automatically from station to station but a human Passenger Service Agent is always present somewhere in the train, with responsibility for door closing and handling of emergency situations.
- In a system with ATO like London Underground Victoria Line, the trains run automatically from station to station but a human train driver is always present in the front of the train, with responsibility for door closing, obstacle detection on the track before the train and handling of emergency situations.
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This article is incomplete. (February 2009) |
Unattended Train Operation (UTO - completely driverless) systems and lines (Grade of Automation 4) [edit]
Europe [edit]
Barcelona Metro line 9 - Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Brescia - Italy, built a light metro called Metrobus. All technical systems are AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro.
Turin Metro - VAL type system.
Paris Métro Line 14 - opened on 15 October 1998 - Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Paris Métro Line 1 - Driverless system started to operate in mixed mode (drived train and driverless train) on 3 November 2011. Last manually driven train will be removed by end of 2012 - Siemens CBTC
Rennes Metro - VAL type system.
Toulouse Metro - VAL type system.
Lille Metro - inaugurated on 25 April 1983, the first using the VAL type system.
Lyon Metro Line D Rubber-tyred trains run automatically with no driver on board, controlled by a system known as MAGGALY (Métro Automatique à Grand Gabarit de l’Agglomération Lyonnaise). - Siemens Trainguard MT CBTC
Nuremberg U-Bahn - U3 and U2 lines. Many (but not all) trains have a train captain on board.
Lausanne Metro - line M2. by Alstom Urbalis
North America [edit]
Chicago O'Hare's Airport Transit System (opened in 1993)- VAL type system.
San Francisco San Francisco International Airport's Airport Transit System (opened in 2003)
Denver International Airport Airport Tram in Denver, Colorado
SkyTrain in Vancouver, BC — the longest driverless network in North America.
South America [edit]
Asia [edit]
Bukit Panjang LRT, Sengkang LRT and Punggol LRT. All cars are fully automated and driverless.
North East MRT Line automated and driverless rapid transit line. by Alstom Urbalis
Circle MRT Line automated and driverless rapid transit line. by Alstom Urbalis
Downtown MRT Line automated and driverless rapid transit line. Invensys CBTC (Under Construction)
Japan - Tokyo - Yurikamome
Japan - Kobe - Kobe New Transit (World's first 4th-grade automated line)
Japan - Hiroshima - Skyrail Midorizaka Line (People Mover monorail)
Shanghai Metro Lines 10 by Alstom Urbalis
Staffed driverless systems and lines (Grade of Automation 3) [edit]
London Docklands Light Railway opened 1987 (driverless but Passenger Service Agents board at stations to check that all mechanics are running smoothly).
Taiwan – Taipei Metro Brown Line (Wenshan Line and Neihu Line)
Beijing Subway Airport Express, Beijing Subway . Alstom CBTC
Systems and lines with ATO and human driver (Grade of Automation 2) [edit]
Europe [edit]
Paris Métro Line 2 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 3 OCTYS system provides ATP and high level ATO with mobile block system - Siemens CBTC
Paris Métro Line 4 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 5 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections. (OCTYS system planned for 2013)
Paris Métro Line 6 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 7 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 8 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 9 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections. (OCTYS system planned for 2015)
Paris Métro Line 11 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 12 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
Paris Métro Line 13 Low level ATO systems managing speed of the trains in the tunnel sections.
RER line A - Utilizes the SACEM system which remains today one of the world's most advanced traffic control systems and enables extremely short spacing (under 90 seconds in stations, under 2 minutes in tunnels) between trains during rush hour.
London's Victoria Line opened 1967 (a member of staff opens & closes the train doors and presses twin start buttons, but does not normally drive the trains).
London's Central Line converted to automated operation in the mid-1990s (a member of staff opens & closes the train doors monitors the train and fixes faults on board. Drivers drive the trains on Sundays and Bank holidays. All shunt moves are made by the drivers and whenever the train stops for fail safe reasons such as excess wheel spin or sliding the driver takes over; at other times trains are computer driven).
London's Jubilee Line converted to automated operation in 2011 (a member of staff opens & closes the train doors).[1]
London's Northern Line is due to be converted in 2012.
Glasgow Subway uses driverless trains on its line. The driver checks the way is clear and operates the doors.
Munich U-Bahn (driver operates the doors and handles emergency situations, accelerating and braking is fully automated; a fully driverless turning at terminus stations is planned)
Vienna U-Bahn (uses the same system as Munich)
Budapest Line 3 - converted to automated operation in 1990 (a member of staff opens & closes the train doors)
Barcelona Metro line 1
Barcelona Metro line 2
Barcelona Metro line 3
Barcelona Metro line 5
Madrid Metro Line 1 - Bombardier CBTC
Madrid Metro Line 3
Madrid Metro Line 4
Madrid Metro Line 5
Madrid Metro Line 6 - Bombardier CBTC
Madrid Metro Line 7 - Invensys CBTC
Madrid Metro Line 8
Madrid Metro Line 9
Madrid Metro Line 10
Madrid Metro Line 11
Madrid Metro Line 12
Madrid Metro Branch line
Saint Petersburg Metro Line 2 - system "Dvizhenie"
Kazan Metro - system "Dvizhenie"
Ankara Metro Uses a modified version of Toronto subway's H6 subway model made by Bombardier Transportation and configured for driverless operation.
Stockholm Metro Green Line (Lines T17, T18 and T19)
Stockholm Metro Red Line (Lines T13 and T14) will begin ATO operation in 2014 - Ansaldo STS CBTC
Helsinki Metro (including Länsimetro/Västmetron extension) will begin ATO operation in 2013 - Siemens CBTC
Milan Metro Milan Metro Line 1 by Alstom Urbalis
North America [edit]
Montreal Metro Line 1 Green, Line 2 Orange and Line 5 Blue, opened in 1966 (Lines 1 and 2) and 1986 (Line 5), operates in ATO mode introduced since 1976. A member of staff closes the train doors (doors are usually opened automatically unless the driver requests otherwise) but does not normally drive the trains.
The Toronto Transit Commission estimates that ATC/ATO on the Yonge–University–Spadina Line and the Bloor–Danforth Line could be installed by 2016 and 2020 respectively. The Scarborough RT uses ICTS Mark I vehicles which operate on the ATC system (same as the SkyTrain in Vancouver). Though an operator is on board to control the doors, and to watch the train in case of an emergency.
Bay Area Rapid Transit in San Francisco opened in 1972. (A member of staff closes the train doors but does not normally drive the trains).
PATCO Speedline between Philadelphia and New Jersey operates in automated mode since 1969, but can be overridden by a staff member.
Washington Metro has an automated mode, where the driver is responsible for opening and closing of doors and of overriding the system. However, the system has been operating in manual mode since the June 2009 Washington Metro train collision, and plans are to operate in manual mode until newer railcars are delivered.[2]
New York City Subway BMT Canarsie Line L train is to begin full-fledged Automatic train operation in early 2012 - Siemens CBTC[3][4]
San Francisco MUNI streetcars switch to automatic control while operating in the subway under Market Street and in the Twin Peaks tunnel. The operator manages the doors in-station and pilots the vehicle when running in streetcar mode above ground.
South America [edit]
Mexico City Metro line 12 by Alstom Urbalis
Santiago Metro line 1 by Alstom Urbalis
Caribbean [edit]
Tren Urbano - the entire system is fully automated, but can be over-ridden. Substations providing the power are remotely controlled from an operational control centre.
Asia [edit]
The train operators of North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line (including Changi Airport Branch Line) would opens and closes the doors, and would usually operate the train manually if situations like extreme weather conditions occurs, or when ATO not available. Both lines are expected to be converted to Thales Seltrac CBTC in 2016 and 2018 respectively.
Both North East MRT Line and Circle MRT Line deployed train operators during emergencies or operated in manual mode.
Seoul Subway Line 5 - driver on standby and will drive the train when ATO malfunctions or is not available.
Seoul Subway Line 6
Seoul Subway Line 7
Seoul Subway Line 8
Seoul Subway Line 9
Korail Bundang Line (Utilizes the Thales SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
Busan Subway Line 1
Busan Subway Line 2
Busan Subway Line 3
Daejeon Subway Line 1
Incheon Subway Line 1
Daegu Subway Line 1
Daegu Subway Line 2
Taipei Metro Red Line (Tamsui Line)
Taipei Metro Green Line (Xiaonanmen Line, Xindian Line, Xiaobitan Branch)
Taipei Metro Blue Line (Banqiao-Nangang Line, Tucheng Line)
Taipei Metro Orange Line (Zhonghe Line, Xinzhuang Line, Luzhou Line)
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line (Main line converted to ATO in 2010, Hōnanchō branch continues to use ATC/TASC)
Tokyo Metro Namboku Line
Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line
Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line (Kita-Ayase branch)
Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line (ATO trialled during the 1960s, trains now operated in manual mode)
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Toei Ōedo Line
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Toei Mita Line
Nankō Port Town Line in Osaka
Osaka Municipal Subway Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Osaka Municipal Subway Tanimachi Line (ATO trialled from October 1967 until February 1968, trains now operated in manual mode)
Fukuoka City Subway Kūkō Line
Fukuoka City Subway Hakozaki Line
Fukuoka City Subway Nanakuma Line
Saitama Rapid Railway Line (actually a continuation of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line)
Sendai Subway Nanboku Line (World's first railway system to use fuzzy logic to control the speed of trains)
Yokohama Municipal Subway Green Line
Nagoya Municipal Subway Sakura-dōri Line
Okinawa Monorail
MTR Kwun Tong Line - same system as Paris RER line A
MTR Tsuen Wan Line - same system as Paris RER line A
MTR Island Line - same system as Paris RER line A
MTR Tung Chung Line - same system as Paris RER line A
MTR Airport Express - same system as Paris RER line A
MTR Tseung Kwan O Line - same system as Paris RER line A
MTR East Rail Line
MTR West Rail Line (Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
MTR Ma On Shan Line (Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
Beijing Subway , 4, 8, 10 (Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
Beijing Subway Fangshan Line, Beijing Subway by Alstom Urbalis
Beijing Subway line 2, Beijing Subway by Alstom Urbalis
Beijing Subway line 6, Beijing Subway by Alstom Urbalis
Beijing Subway line 9, Beijing Subway by Alstom Urbalis
Wuhan Metro Line 1 (Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
Guangzhou Metro Line 3 (Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
Shenyang Metro Line 1 - Ansaldo STS CBTC
Shanghai Metro Lines 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11 (Line 11 from 2012) (Utilizes the SelTrac system with driver on board in case of emergencies)
Shenzhen Metro line 2, Shenzhen Metro by Alstom Urbalis
Shenzhen Metro line 5, Shenzhen Metro by Alstom Urbalis
Shanghai Metro Lines 13 by Alstom Urbalis
Kolkata Metro Line 1 and probably the future Line 2
Delhi Metro Red Line (Uses signalling systems supplied by Alstom)
Delhi Metro Yellow Line (Uses signalling systems supplied by Alstom)
Delhi Metro Blue Line (Uses LZB 700 signalling systems supplied by Siemens)
Delhi Metro Green Line Bombardier
Delhi Metro Violet Line (Uses signalling systems supplied by Bombardier Transportation)
Delhi Metro Airport Express (Uses RHEDA-2000 signalling systems supplied by Bombardier Transportation)
Africa [edit]
Algiers Metro - opened on 1 November 2011 - Siemens CBTC
Future system and lines [edit]
Taichung Subway Green line - UTO by Alstom Urbalis
Hong Kong Metro South Island Line (East) - UTO by Alstom Urbalis
Wuxi Metro Line 1 & Line 2 - by Alstom Urbalis
Ningbo Metro Line 1 - by Alstom Urbalis
Barcelona Metro line 2 - Siemens CBTC
Budapest Line 4 - Phase I. is expected to be completed in Spring 2014.
Macau - driverless elevated lightrail
Pilbara iron ore trains operated by Rio Tinto are proposed to be converted to driverless operation by 2013.[5][6][7]
São Paulo Line 4 opened in 2010 between the stations Paulista and Butantã
São Paulo Future Line 6 opened in 2014 between the stations Brasilândia to São Joaquim
São Paulo Metro line 1, line 2, line 3 by Alstom Urbalis
Amsterdam Metro 5 lines by Alstom Urbalis
Moscow's Third Interchange Circuit is expected to be completed in 2014.
Downtown MRT Line. Under construction. Opening in 2013, 2015 and 2017.
Malaga Metro Line 1 & Line 2 by Alstom Urbalis
New York City Subway IRT Flushing Line (7 train) converted to GoA2 automatic train operation by 2016.
Standard systems for driverless operation [edit]
- Alstom
- AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro
- SelTrac used for DLR
- Siemens
- VAL used in Lille, Rennes and other cities.
Defunct systems [edit]
Post Office Railway - subway connected main post offices and railway terminals in London.
Berlin M-Bahn
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Transport for London Tube Upgrade Plan
- ^ Weir, Kytja (June 2, 2011). "Metro: Trains to stay in manual mode for several years". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
- ^ [News] (2009-02-21). "L Subway service to be run by computers". Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ^ "MTA L Train Response to Squadron" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York). 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
- ^ The Australian newspaper 29 October 2008 p1
- ^ Iron-ore railway automation project, Western Australia
- ^ http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2012/07/driverless-ore-trains/
External links [edit]
- "UITP Automated Metro Observatory, a complete website with UTO Metro Resources"