Istanbul Metro

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Istanbul Metro
İstanbul Metrosu

Istanbul Metro Logo.svg


METRO-MAP-ISTANBUL.png
Background
Owner Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality
Locale Istanbul
Transit type Rapid transit
Number of lines 3 European lines (1 in service, will be extended; 2 under construction);
2 Asian lines (1 in service, will be extended; 1 under construction)
Number of stations 58 in service;
23 under construction
Operation
Began operation 1989 (M1 als light rail); 2000 (M2)
Operator(s) İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş.
Number of vehicles 268 [1][2]
Technical
System length In service:
83 km (51.6 mi)[3]
Under construction (Including M2 extension, M3 and M6):
39.4 km (24.5 mi)[4][5]
Yenikapı-Aksaray tunnel (connection with LRT):
0.6 km (0.4 mi)
Golden Horn metro bridge:
0.936 km (0.6 mi)
Marmaray tunnel:
13.6 km (8.5 mi)
Total:
94.06 km (58.4 mi)
Track gauge 1435 mm

The Istanbul Metro (Turkish: İstanbul Metrosu) is a rapid transit underground railway network that serves the city of Istanbul, Turkey. It is operated by İstanbul Ulaşım (Istanbul Transport), a public enterprise, controlled by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Founded in 1989, it now includes 58 stations in service, with 23 more under construction. The system currently consists of four lines named M1, M2, M3 and M4. More lines are under construction or planned: M5 (Üsküdar-Çekmeköy/Sancaktepe) is on the Asian side; while M6 (Kabataş-Mahmutbey), M7 (Bakırköy-Beylikdüzü) and Mini-Metro (Levent-Hisarüstü) will be on the European side.[6]

Contents

History [edit]

Tünel [edit]

Main article: Tünel

The oldest underground urban rail line in Istanbul is the Tünel, which entered service on January 17, 1875.[7] It is the world's second-oldest subterranean urban rail line after the London Underground (1863), and the first subterranean urban rail line in continental Europe; though the first full subway line with multiple underground stations in continental Europe was Line 1 of the Budapest Metro (1896).

Istanbul Metro [edit]

Line Route Length Stations Notes
M1A Atatürk Havalimanı (Airport) ↔ Aksaray 20,0 km 18 construction works for southern extension to Yenikapi on the way.
M1B Otogar ↔ Esenler 2 km 2 construction works in western direction (to Kirazlı) on the way.
M2 Şişhane ↔ Hacıosman–Seyrantepe 20,0 km 13 southern extension to Yenikapı on the way.
M3 Kirazlı ↔ Metrokent–Olimpiyat 15,9 km 11 southern extension to Bakırköy planned.
M4 Kadıköy ↔ Kartal 26,5 km 16 3 more stations on the south-eastern end are planned.
M5 Üsküdar ↔ Çekmeköy–Sancaktepe 20,0 km 16 (under construction) line under construction, opening: 2015
M6 Kabataş ↔ Mahmutbey 25,0 km 18 (planned) planned line
M7 Bakırköy ↔ Beylikdüzu 25,0 km 15 (planned) planned line
MM Levent ↔ Hisarüstü 4,2 km 5 (under construction) line under construction, opening: 2014

European side [edit]

Levent station of the Istanbul Metro

The first master plan for a full metro network in Istanbul, titled Avant Projet d'un Métropolitain à Constantinople and conceived by the French engineer L. Guerby, dates to January 10, 1912. The plan comprised a total of 24 subway stations between the Topkapı and Şişli districts and included a connection through the Golden Horn. Each station would have a 75 metre platform next to the rail line, while the distance between stations varied from 220 to 975 metres. The blueprints of the project, which was never realized, are today displayed at the Istanbul Technical University Museum.

In 1936 the French urban planner Henri Prost proposed a metro network between the districts of Taksim and Beyazıt, to the north and south of the Golden Horn, respectively.[8][9] In October 1951 the Dutch firm Nedeco proposed a similar route between Taksim and Beyazıt, and in September 1952 the Director of the Paris Transportation Department, Marc Langevin, prepared a 14-chapter report together with his associate Louis Meizzonet for the implementation of the project and its integration with the other means of public transportation in the city. However, these plans never came into effect and all proposals were put on hold until 1987, when the planning for the current Istanbul Metro was made.

Şişli station of the Istanbul Metro in front of Istanbul Cevahir, Europe's largest mall.

Construction works for the first 'modern' mass transit railway system started in 1989. The M1 was initially called "Hafif Metro" (light rail), although it was built as a full scale metro line. It was extended from Aksaray towards the western suburbs, reaching Atatürk Airport in the south west in 2002.[10]

Construction of the M2, began on September 11, 1992, but faced many challenges due to the numerous archaeological sites that were discovered during the drilling process, which slowed down or fully stopped the construction of many stations especially at south. Taking into account the seismic activity in Istanbul, the entire subway network was built with the cut-and-cover method[citation needed] to withstand an earthquake of up to 9.0 on the Richter magnitude scale.[11][12]

The first section between Taksim and 4. Levent entered service, after some delays, on September 16, 2000. This line is 8.5 km (5.3 mi) long and has 6 stations, which all look similar but are in different colours. In 2000, there were 8 Alstom-built 4-car train sets in service, which ran every 5 minutes on average and transported 130,000 passengers daily. On January 30, 2009, the first train sets built by Eurotem entered service.[13] Eurotem will build a total of 92 new wagons for the M2 line.[13][14] As of January 30, 2009, a total of 34 train sets, each with 4 cars, were being used on the M2 line.[14]

Gayrettepe station of the Istanbul Metro

A northern extension from 4. Levent to Maslak was opened on January 30, 2009.[15] On September 2, 2010 the northern (temporary) terminus Darüşşafaka followed.[16] The southern extension of the M2 line from Taksim to Yenikapı, across the Golden Horn on a bridge and underground through the historic peninsula, has thus far been completed up to the Şişhane station in Beyoğlu, which also entered service on January 30, 2009.[15] When completed, the Taksim-Yenikapı extension will be 5.2 km long, with four stations (including the Taksim and Şişhane stations currently in service.) The total cost of the extension will be $593 million.[13] At Yenikapı it will intersect with the extended light metro and the suburban train lines.

The trip between the Şişhane station in Beyoğlu and the Haciosman station in Maslak is 20 km (12.4 mi) long and takes 27 minutes; including Şişhane - Taksim (1.65 km, 2 minutes), Taksim - 4. Levent (8.5 km, 12 minutes), and 4. Levent - Haciosman (8.1 km, 12 minutes.)[17]

The total length of the European side of the M2 line will reach 23 km (14.3 mi) when all 16 stations from Hacıosman to Yenikapı will be completed;[18][19][20] not including the 936 metres long Golden Horn metro bridge,[21] the 0.6 km long Taksim-Kabataş tunnel connection with the Seabus port,[22] the 0.6 km long Yenikapı-Aksaray tunnel connection with the line M1,[20] and the 13.6 km long Marmaray tunnel.[23]

Asian side [edit]

On the Asian side, construction is in progress of the remaining portion of the 26.5 km (16.5 mi) long M4 line from Kadıköy to Kaynarca, yielding a total of 19 stations.[24] It cost € 751 million and was built by the Astaldi / Makyol / Gülermak consortium.[25] The first section opened on August 17, 2012, terminating in Kartal. Construction of the 20 km (12.4 mi) long M5 line from Üsküdar via Ümraniye to Sancaktepe started in March 2012.[26]

The Marmaray tunnel (Bosphorus undersea railway tunnel) will connect the Asian and European metro lines. According to the scheduled construction timeline, the projected opening date is October 29, 2013.

Rapid transit lines in Istanbul and current expansions of the network

Line symbols [edit]

  • Line symbol of the M1

  • Line symbol of the M2

  • Line symbol of the M3

  • Line symbol of the M4

  • Line symbol of the M5 (planned)

  • Line symbol of the M6 (under construction)

  • Line symbol of the M7 (planned)

  • Line symbol of the Mini-Metro (under construction)

Stations [edit]

Map of the Istanbul rail transit network
Levent subway station
Taksim subway station
Osmanbey subway station
Yenisahra subway station
Bostancı subway station, the only station with 3 tracks in the M4.
The modern underground funicular line which connects the Taksim subway station with the Kabataş Seabus port since 2006.

European side [edit]

M1 metro line (formerly also known as Istanbul LRT) [edit]

Main article: Istanbul LRT

The M1 with a total length of 22 km and 18 stations entered service on September 3, 1989. Combined with the tramway line T4 the total length of former LRT network is 32 kilometres. The line M1 runs totally segregated from road-traffic and has been constructed without level crossings, so it is a fully developed underground railway line. From south-east to south-west:

  1. Yenikapı (under construction)
  2. Aksaray
  3. Emniyet-Fatih
  4. Topkapı-Ulutbatlı
  5. Bayrampaşa-Maltepe
  6. Sağmalcılar
  7. Kartaltepe-Kocatepe
  8. Otogar-Esenler
  9. Terazidere
  10. Davutpaşa - YTU
  11. Merter
  12. Zeytinburnu
  13. Bakırköy-İncirli
  14. Ataköy-Şirinevler
  15. Yenibosna
  16. DTM-Fuar Merkezi
  17. Atatürk-Havalimanı

M2 metro line [edit]

Main article: M2 (İstanbul Metro)

From north to south: Hacıosman-Şişhane metro line (opened on 16 September 2000)[18][19][20]

  1. Hacıosman
  2. Darüşşafaka
  3. Atatürk Oto Sanayi
  4. İTÜ - Ayazağa
  5. Seyrantepe - Stadyum
  6. Sanayi Mahallesi
  7. 4. Levent
  8. Levent
  9. Gayrettepe
  10. Şişli - Mecidiyeköy
  11. Osmanbey
  12. Taksim
  13. Şişhane
  14. Unkapanı (under construction)
  15. Şehzadebaşı (under construction)
  16. Yenikapı (under construction)

M3 metro line [edit]

Main article: M3 (İstanbul Metro)

From north to south: Kirazlı-Başakşehir-Olimpiyat metro line (opened on 10 September 2012)

  1. Kirazlı
  2. Yenimahalle
  3. Mahmutbey
  4. İstoç
  5. İkitelli Sanayi
  6. Turgut Özal
  7. Siteler
  8. Başak Konutları
  9. MetroKent

The route splits to form a 'Y' at the İkitelli Sanayi station with the following two northwesterly stations:

  1. Ziya Gökalp Mahallesi
  2. Olimpiyat Parkı

Asian side [edit]

M4 metro line [edit]

Main article: M4 (İstanbul Metro)

From west to east: Kadıköy-Kaynarca metro line (opened on 17 August 2012)[27]

  1. Kadıköy
  2. Ayrılıkçeşmesi (under construction)
  3. Acıbadem
  4. Ünalan
  5. Göztepe
  6. Yenisahra
  7. Kozyatağı
  8. Bostancı
  9. Küçükyalı
  10. Maltepe
  11. Huzurevi
  12. Gülsuyu
  13. Cevizli[disambiguation needed]
  14. Hastane
  15. Soğanlık
  16. Kartal
  17. Yakacık (under construction)
  18. Pendik (under construction)
  19. Kaynarca (under construction)

Track gauge and electrification [edit]

M1 [edit]

  • Traction: Overhead line wire
  • Gauge: 1,435 mm (56.5 in)

M2 [edit]

  • Traction: Sidebar electrification
  • Gauge: 1,435 mm (56.5 in)

M3 [edit]

  • Traction: Overhead line wire
  • Gauge: 1,435 mm (56.5 in)

M4 [edit]

  • Traction: Rigid catenary electrification[28]
  • Gauge: 1,435 mm (56.5 in)

Rolling stock [edit]

Although line M1 is a full metro line, its rollig stock - in use since 1989 - is made up of typical light rail cars. These are partly the same as those used on light rail line T4. The first Istanbul full metro rolling stocks which entered service on September 16, 2000, on the Taksim - 4. Levent line were built by Alstom. These trains are air conditioned and equipped with LCD screens. On January 30, 2009, the first 8 trains (each with 4 wagons) built by Eurotem (the Turkish factory of Hyundai Rotem) entered service.[29] Today the system has 124 trains.[30] These trains are also air conditioned and equipped with LCD screens, as well as dynamic route map showing the location and direction of the train.[31]

In September 2009, CAF signed a contract to supply 144 units for the İstanbul metro (M4), amounting to 1.156.159 euros. These metro units, each consisting of 4 cars, with a total length per unit of 90 meters and a maximum transport capacity of 1300 passengers.[32]

Alignment and interchanges [edit]

The lines are fully underground and has no connection between them. All station names are on the bus lines as well.

M2 Line has interchange between F1 in Taksim and a new interchange tunnel is almost finished between Zincirlikuyu Metrobus station and Gayrettepe station.[33] When the line completed, there will be an interchange at the Yenikapı Marmaray station and İDO Ferry Port; from where it is possible to take the high-speed catamaran Seabus for going to Bursa, Bandırma or Yalova; as well as the other Seabus ports in İstanbul such as Bostancı, Kadıköy, Bakırköy, and Kabataş.

M4 Line has vapur (traditional ferry), motorboat, İDO and nostalgic tram interchange at Kadıköy which is heart of İstanbul's Asian side. When Ayrılıkçeşme Station Complex's construction is finished, Marmaray and M4 will meet here. Also at Ünalan / Uzunçayır, the line has Metrobus interchange just like Gayrettepe in M2.

Operating hours [edit]

The Metro operates from 6 a.m. to approximately 0.30 p.m. every 7–10 minutes, but in intervals of 5 minutes during peak-hours.

Fare structure [edit]

There is a flat fare - 3.00 TL,[34] paid in tokens (which are also valid on the funicular, modern tram, LRT, buses and trans-Bosporus ferry boats.) Akbil tickets/cards are also valid. This is the most popular method for long distance travelling. The Akbil ticket is valid in all metros, trams, light rails, funiculars, ferry boats & buses. Ferryboat and bus fares are not flat, so the price of this transfer ticket also varies depending on the distance to be covered in the bus or ferryboat. This ticket is very useful because it costs less (buying metro, tram, light rail, funicular, ferryboat and bus tickets separately costs more.) It also helps to avoid long queues at the light rail and ferryboat stations.

Future extension projects and plans [edit]

Existing network (including projects)

European side [edit]

Asian side [edit]

M4 metro line [edit]

  1. Yakacık (under construction)
  2. Pendik (under construction)
  3. Kaynarca (under construction)

M5 metro line [edit]

  • M5 Üsküdar-Çekmeköy metro line will be the second West-East metro line of Anatolian (Asian) side (Ground breaking ceremony held on 6 June 2012[35])
  1. Üsküdar (under construction)
  2. Fıstıkağacı (under construction)
  3. Bağlarbaşı (under construction)
  4. Altunizade (under construction)
  5. Kısıklı (under construction)
  6. Libadiye (under construction)
  7. 50'nci Yıl - Çarşı (under construction)
  8. Ümraniye (under construction)
  9. İnkılâp (under construction)
  10. Çakmak (under construction)
  11. Ihlamurkuyu (under construction)
  12. Altınşehir (under construction)
  13. Lise[disambiguation needed] (under construction)
  14. Dudullu (under construction)
  15. Toplukonut (under construction)
  16. Çekmeköy / Sancaktepe (under construction)
Future lines within the network: M5 (under construction), M6 (planned), M7 (planned) and Mini-Metro (under construction)

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/default.asp?page=raylisistemler&category=m2
  2. ^ http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Pages/Haber.aspx?NewsID=20523
  3. ^ http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/rayl%C4%B1-sistemler.aspx
  4. ^ http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/rayl%C4%B1-sistemler/m3-ba%C5%9Faksehir-olimpiyatk%C3%B6y.aspx
  5. ^ http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/SubSites/raylisistemler/Pages/uskudar-umraniye-cekmekoy-sancaktepe.aspx
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ "The Tunnel". IETT. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 
  8. ^ TMMOB: "İstanbul Ulaştırmasının Dünü, Bugünü" (Güngör Evren)
  9. ^ Yıldız Technical University Faculty of Architecture Magazine (Megaron): "İki Fransız mimarı Henri Prost ve August Perret'nin İstanbul ile ilgili çalışmaları" (Işık Aydemir)
  10. ^ [2]
  11. ^ NTV-MSNBC: "10 soruda İstanbul Metrosu" (17 September 2000)
  12. ^ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: "İstanbul Metrosu: Taksim – 4. Levent"
  13. ^ a b c "Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim-Yenikapı Metro Hattı". Ibb.gov.tr. 2002-01-23. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  14. ^ a b "İstanbul Ulaşım: Metro Şişhane'den Maslak'a uzandı". Istanbululasim.com. 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
  15. ^ a b "Metro, Şişhane’den Maslak’a uzadı". Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  16. ^ istanbululasim.net
  17. ^ > [http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/default.asp?page=haberler&category=guncelhaberler&article=539&process=read
  18. ^ a b Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim - 4. Levent metro hattı
  19. ^ a b Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim-Ayazağa-Hacıosman metro hattı
  20. ^ a b c Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim-Yenikapı metro hattı
  21. ^ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Golden Horn metro bridge
  22. ^ "FUNİKÜLER SİSTEM Taksim - Kabataş". İstanbul Ulaşım. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 
  23. ^ Railway Technology: Marmaray Railway Engineering Project, Istanbul, Turkey
  24. ^ [3]
  25. ^ "Kadiköy - Kartal metro opened by Prime Minister  - Railway Gazette". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 19 August 2012. 
  26. ^ http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Pages/Haber.aspx?NewsID=20368
  27. ^ http://adcdn.noc.com.tr/70fb6fcb0ed3058931a0a3d55233ac34.swf
  28. ^ http://www.bukemtelekom.com/Portals/6/_KadikoyKartal/KadikoyKartal_01.jpg
  29. ^ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Taksim-Yenikapı Metro Hattı
  30. ^ http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/default.asp?page=raylisistemler&category=m2
  31. ^ İstanbul Ulaşım: Metro Şişhane'den Maslak'a uzandı
  32. ^ http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/SubSites/raylisistemler/Pages/kadikoy-kartal120.aspx
  33. ^ http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Pages/Haber.aspx?NewsID=19719
  34. ^ http://www.istanbul-ulasim.com.tr/passenger-services/fares.aspx
  35. ^ http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_hatt%C4%B1

External links [edit]

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