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===Chemistry===
===Chemistry===
Limes contain numerous [[furanocoumarin]] compounds, including [[limettin]] (also called [[citropten]]), [[bergapten]], [[isopimpinellin]], xanthotoxin (also called [[methoxsalen]]), and [[psoralen]].<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993">{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=1993 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=331–35 |title=Phototoxic coumarins in limes |authors=Nigg HN, Nordby HE, Beier RC, Dillman A, Macias C, Hansen RC |pmid=8505017 |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4|url=https://eurekamag.com/pdf/002/002671183.pdf}}</ref> Little is known about the phototoxicity of limettin<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=2010 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |title=Limettin and furocoumarins in beverages containing citrus juices or extracts |authors=Gorgus E, Lohr C, Raquet N, Guth S, Schrenk D |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.021 |pmid=19770019}}</ref> but in any case bergapten appears to be the primary furanocoumarin compound responsible for phytophotodermatitis in limes.<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993" /><ref name="McGovern-Barkley">{{cite web |work=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm |title=Phytophotodermatitis. Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society|date=2000 |access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> Lime [[peel (fruit)|peels]] contain higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than lime pulp (by one or two orders of magnitude),<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993" /> and so lime peels are considerably more phototoxic than lime pulp. [[Persian lime]]s appear to be more phototoxic than [[Key lime]]s.<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993" />
Limes contain numerous [[furanocoumarin]] compounds, including [[limettin]] (also called [[citropten]]), [[bergapten]], [[isopimpinellin]], xanthotoxin (also called [[methoxsalen]]), and [[psoralen]].<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993">{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=1993 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=331–35 |title=Phototoxic coumarins in limes |last1=Nigg |first1=H. N. |last2=Nordby |first2=H. E. |last3=Beier |first3=R. C. |last4=Dillman |first4=A. |last5=Macias |first5=C. |last6=Hansen |first6=R. C. |pmid=8505017 |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4|url=https://eurekamag.com/pdf/002/002671183.pdf}}</ref> Little is known about the phototoxicity of limettin<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=2010 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |title=Limettin and furocoumarins in beverages containing citrus juices or extracts |last1=Gorgus |first1=E. |last2=Lohr |first2=C. |last3=Raquet |first3=N. |last4=Guth |first4=S. |last5=Schrenk |first5=D. |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.021 |pmid=19770019}}</ref> but in any case bergapten appears to be the primary furanocoumarin compound responsible for phytophotodermatitis in limes.<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993" /><ref name="McGovern-Barkley">{{cite web |work=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm |title=Phytophotodermatitis. Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society|date=2000 |access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> Lime [[peel (fruit)|peels]] contain higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than lime pulp (by one or two orders of magnitude),<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993" /> and so lime peels are considerably more phototoxic than lime pulp. [[Persian lime]]s appear to be more phototoxic than [[Key lime]]s.<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993" />


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 16:12, 24 October 2018

For other uses, see Lime (disambiguation).
Lime and blossom
Kaffir lime fruit
Zesting a lime
Lime (Citrus latifolia) essential oil

A lime (from French lime, from Arabic līma, from Persian līmū, "lemon")[1] is a hybrid citrus fruit, which is typically round, green in color, 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.[2]

There are several species of citrus trees whose fruits are called limes, including the Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Persian lime, kaffir lime, and desert lime. Limes are a rich source of vitamin C, sour and are often used to accent the flavours of foods and beverages. They are grown year-round.[3] Plants with fruit called "limes" have diverse genetic origins; limes do not form a monophyletic group.

Plants known as "lime"

The difficulty in identifying exactly which species of fruit are called lime in different parts of the English-speaking world (and the same problem applies to homonyms in other European languages) is increased by the botanical complexity of the citrus genus itself, to which the majority of limes belong. Species of this genus hybridise readily, and it is only recently that genetic studies have started to throw light on the structure of the genus. The majority of cultivated species are in reality hybrids, produced from the citron (Citrus medica), the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), the pomelo (Citrus maxima) and in particular with many lime varieties, the micrantha (Citrus micrantha).

Note that the tree species known in Britain as lime trees (Tilia sp.), called linden in other dialects of English, are broadleaf temperate plants unrelated to the citrus fruits.

History

Lemon and lime production – 2016
Country Production (millions of tonnes)
 India
3.0
 Mexico
2.4
 People's Republic of China
2.3
 Argentina
1.7
 Brazil
1.3
World
17.3
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[9]
Nutrition of limes, raw
Limes, whole and in cross section
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy126 kJ (30 kcal)
10.5 g
Sugars1.7 g
Dietary fiber2.8 g
0.2 g
0.7 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.03 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.2 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.217 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.046 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
8 μg
Vitamin C
32%
29.1 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
33 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
1%
6 mg
Phosphorus
1%
18 mg
Potassium
3%
102 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water88.3 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[10] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[11]

Although the precise origin is uncertain, wild limes are believed to have first grown in Indonesia or Southeast Asia, and then were transported to the Mediterranean region and north Africa around 1000 CE.[2]

To prevent scurvy during the 19th century, British sailors were issued a daily allowance of citrus, such as lemon, and later switched to lime.[12] The use of citrus was initially a closely guarded military secret, as scurvy was a common scourge of various national navies, and the ability to remain at sea for lengthy periods without contracting the disorder was a huge benefit for the military. The British sailor thus acquired the nickname, "Limey" because of their usage of limes.[13]

Production

In 2016, global production of lemons and limes was 17.3 million tonnes, led by India with 17% of the world total (table). Mexico and China were other major producers.

Uses

Limes have higher contents of sugars and acids than lemons do.[2] Lime juice may be squeezed from fresh limes, or purchased in bottles in both unsweetened and sweetened varieties. Lime juice is used to make limeade, and as an ingredient (typically as sour mix) in many cocktails.

Lime pickles are an integral part of Indian cuisine. South Indian cuisine is heavily based on lime; having either lemon pickle or lime pickle is considered an essential of Onam Sadhya.

In cooking, lime is valued both for the acidity of its juice and the floral aroma of its zest. It is a common ingredient in authentic Mexican, Vietnamese and Thai dishes. Lime soup is a traditional dish from the Mexican state of Yucatan. It is also used for its pickling properties in ceviche. Some guacamole recipes call for lime juice.

The use of dried limes (called black lime or loomi) as a flavouring is typical of Persian cuisine and Iraqi cuisine, as well as in Persian Gulf-style baharat (a spice mixture that is also called kabsa or kebsa).

Lime is an ingredient of many cuisines from India, and many varieties of pickles are made, e.g. sweetened lime pickle, salted pickle, and lime chutney.

Key lime gives the character flavoring to the American dessert known as Key lime pie. In Australia, desert lime is used for making marmalade.

Lime is an ingredient in several highball cocktails, often based on gin, such as gin and tonic, the gimlet and the Rickey. Freshly squeezed lime juice is also considered a key ingredient in margaritas, although sometimes lemon juice is substituted.

Lime extracts and lime essential oils are frequently used in perfumes, cleaning products, and aromatherapy.

Nutrition and research

Raw limes are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates and less than 1% each of fat and protein (table). Only vitamin C content at 35% of the Daily Value (DV) per 100 g serving is significant for nutrition, with other nutrients present in low DV amounts (table). Lime juice contains slightly less citric acid than lemon juice (about 47 g/l), nearly twice the citric acid of grapefruit juice, and about five times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice.[14]

Lime pulp and peel contain diverse phytochemicals, including polyphenols and terpenes,[15] many of which are under basic research for their potential properties in humans.[16]

Toxicity

Contact with lime peel or lime juice followed by exposure to ultraviolet light may lead to phytophotodermatitis,[17] which is sometimes called margarita photodermatitis[18][19] or lime disease[20] (not to be confused with Lyme disease). Bartenders handling limes and other citrus fruits while preparing cocktails may develop phytophotodermatitis.[21]

Chemistry

Limes contain numerous furanocoumarin compounds, including limettin (also called citropten), bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin (also called methoxsalen), and psoralen.[22] Little is known about the phototoxicity of limettin[23] but in any case bergapten appears to be the primary furanocoumarin compound responsible for phytophotodermatitis in limes.[22][24] Lime peels contain higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than lime pulp (by one or two orders of magnitude),[22] and so lime peels are considerably more phototoxic than lime pulp. Persian limes appear to be more phototoxic than Key limes.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: lime". www.ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Lime". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Rotter, Ben. "Fruit Data: Yield, Sugar, Acidity, Tannin". Improved Winemaking. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c Plattner, Kristy (26 September 2014). "Fresh-Market Limes" (PDF). USDA Economic Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015.
  5. ^ Curk, Franck; Ancillo, Gema; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Perrier, Xavier; Jacquemoud-Collet, Jean-Pierre; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2014). "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2". BMC Genetics. 15. doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Li, Xiaomeng; Xie, Rangjin; Lu, Zhenhua; Zhou, Zhiqin (July 2010). "The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Wall, Tim (18 January 2011). "Citrus Fruit Gets Paternity Test". Discovery.com. Discovery. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Australian Blood Lime". homecitrusgrowers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "World Regions/Production Quantity for lemons and limes, 2016; from pick lists". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  10. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  11. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  12. ^ Lewis, HE (3 February 1971). "State of knowledge about scurvy". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 65 (1). Section of the History of Medicine, publisher not shown: 39–42. PMC 1644345. PMID 4552518.
  13. ^ "Limey". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products" (PDF). Journal of Endourology. 22 (3): 567–70. doi:10.1089/end.2007.0304. PMC 2637791. PMID 18290732.
  15. ^ "Evaluation of Citrus aurantifolia peel and leaves extracts for their chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities". J Sci Food Agric. 92 (15): 2960–67. 2012. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5708. PMID 22589172. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Bioactive compounds from Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) juice induce apoptosis in human pancreatic cells". J Agric Food Chem. 57 (22): 10933–42. 2009. doi:10.1021/jf901718u. PMID 19919125. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Hankinson, Andrew; Lloyd, Benjamin; Alweis, Richard (2014). "Lime-induced phytophotodermatitis". J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 4 (4). doi:10.3402/jchimp.v4.25090. PMID 25317269.
  18. ^ Riahi, Ryan R.; Cohen, Philip R.; Robinson, Floyd W.; Gray, James M. (June 2009). "What Caused The Rash On This Man's Wrist And Hand?". The Dermatologist. 11 (6).
  19. ^ Abramowitz, Alan I.; Resnik, Kenneth S.; Cohen, Kenneth R. (1993). "Margarita Photodermatitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 328 (12): 891. doi:10.1056/NEJM199303253281220. PMID 8441448.
  20. ^ Weber, Ian C; Davis, Charles P; Greeson, David M (1999). "Phytophotodermatitis: The other 'lime' disease". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17 (2): 235–237. doi:10.1016/s0736-4679(98)00159-0. ISSN 0736-4679. PMID 10195477.
  21. ^ L. Kanerva (2000). Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. Springer. p. 318. ISBN 978-3-540-64046-2. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b c d Nigg, H. N.; Nordby, H. E.; Beier, R. C.; Dillman, A.; Macias, C.; Hansen, R. C. (1993). "Phototoxic coumarins in limes" (PDF). Food Chem Toxicol. 31 (5): 331–35. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4. PMID 8505017.
  23. ^ Gorgus, E.; Lohr, C.; Raquet, N.; Guth, S.; Schrenk, D. (2010). "Limettin and furocoumarins in beverages containing citrus juices or extracts". Food Chem Toxicol. 48 (1): 93–98. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.021. PMID 19770019.
  24. ^ McGovern, Thomas W; Barkley, Theodore M (2000). "Phytophotodermatitis. Botanical Dermatology". The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology. Internet Dermatology Society. Retrieved 23 October 2018.

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