Wind power in the United Kingdom: Difference between revisions
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In the year to [[31 March]] [[2005]], onshore wind farms, according to Ofgem, produced 1,734 GW·h (an average of 198 MW) but this is expected to rise to 2,500 GW·h (an average of 285 MW) in the following year, so there is considerable scope for further growth (16,600 MW peak capacity had been installed in Germany by 2004.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/wind_energy_en.htm</ref> |
In the year to [[31 March]] [[2005]], onshore wind farms, according to Ofgem, produced 1,734 GW·h (an average of 198 MW) but this is expected to rise to 2,500 GW·h (an average of 285 MW) in the following year, so there is considerable scope for further growth (16,600 MW peak capacity had been installed in Germany by 2004.<ref>http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/wind_energy_en.htm</ref> |
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According to [[DTI]] figures onshore wind farms in the UK generated 769 [[GW·h]] in 2005, while offshore farms generated 204 GW·h.<ref>http://www.dtistats.net/energystats/dukes06.pdf</ref> This compares to a total electricity consumption of 407,265 GW·h for the same year, meaning that the combined on and offshore contribution to UK electricity generation was less than 0.25%. |
According to [[DTI]] figures onshore wind farms in the UK generated 769 [[GW·h]] in 2005, while offshore farms generated 204 GW·h.<ref>http://www.dtistats.net/energystats/dukes06.pdf</ref> This compares to a total electricity consumption of 407,265 GW·h for the same year, meaning that the combined on and offshore contribution to UK electricity generation was less than 0.25%. In 2007 the planning permission problem was exacerbated by a shortage of spare parts for certain models of generator, which put some turbines out of action for over six months, triggering clauses in planning consents requiring removal of the non-functional turbines.<ref>[http://www.whitehaven-news.co.uk/unknown/viewarticle.aspx?c=397&id=566730 Whitehaven News article, 22 Nov 2007, on problems at Lowca and Oldside windfarms], accessed 2007-12-15</ref><ref>Siddall, David [http://www.whitehaven-news.co.uk/unknown/viewarticle.aspx?c=397&id=571309 Whitehaven News follow-up article on Lowca problems, 6 Dec 2007], accessed 2007-12-15</ref> |
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===List of built and proposed onshore wind farms=== |
===List of built and proposed onshore wind farms=== |
Revision as of 10:15, 16 December 2007
Wind power in the United Kingdom passed the milestone of 2 GW installed capacity on 9 February 2007 with the opening of the Braes O'Doune wind farm, near Stirling.[1] The UK became the 7th country in the world to reach this capacity. The world leader in wind power is Germany with 20.6 GW installed.[1]
Currently, approximately 1.5% of UK electricity is generated by wind power (with a total of around 4.5% of UK electricity coming from all renewable sources [2]). This is expected to rise dramatically in coming years, as a result of UK Energy Policy strongly supporting new renewable energy generating capacity. In the short to medium term, the bulk of this new capacity is expected to be provided by onshore and offshore wind power.
Through the mechanism of Renewables Obligation Certificates, British electricity suppliers are now required by law to provide a proportion of their sales from renewable sources such as wind power or pay a penalty fee. The ROCs are the principal form of subsidy for UK wind power, providing around half of the revenue from wind generation[3]. Wind energy is also exempt from the climate change levy which is paid by fossil-fuel and nuclear generators.
Governments targets anticipate a capacity utilisation factor (CF) of 30%, implying that 2GW of installed capacity will provide an average of 600MW to the national grid. A study by the Renewable Energy Foundation found that in practice only a few Scottish wind farms achieved this level, while turbines in lowland England were much less efficient, some operating at less than 10% of capacity[4]. The foundation argued that too much subsidy had encouraged wind development on poor sites.
Offshore wind farms
The UK has been estimated to have over a third of Europe's total offshore wind resource, which is equivalent to three times the electricity needs of the nation at current rates of electricity consumption.
The first developments in UK offshore wind power came about through the now discontinued Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO), leading to two wind farms, Blyth Offshore and Gunfleet sands.[5] The NFFO was introduced as part of the Electricity Act 1989 and obliged UK electricity supply companies to secure specified amounts of electricity from non-fossil sources,[6] which provided the initial spur for the commercial development of renewable energy in the UK.
Round 1
In 1998 the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) began discussions with the government to draw up formal procedures for negotiating with the Crown Estate, the owner of almost all the UK coastline out to distance of 12 nautical miles (22.2 km). The result was a set of guidelines published in 1999, and a huge increase in the number of applications submitted. Eighteen of the applications were granted permission to proceed in April 2001, in what has become known as round one of UK offshore wind development.
The first of the round one projects completed, and the first large scale offshore wind farm in the UK, North Hoyle, was commissioned in December 2003. The second, Scroby Sands, was completed one year later in December 2004, followed by the 90 MW Kentish Flats in 2005. The fourth, Barrow Offshore, with 30 turbines, finished construction in July 2006. Seven of the remaining projects have received consent from the planning authorities, while the remaining four are still awaiting consent, including the Shell Flat site off the coast of Lancashire.
Round 2
Lessons learnt from round one, particularly the difficulty in getting planning consent for offshore wind farms, together with the increasing pressure to reduce CO2 emissions, prompted the department of trade and industry (DTI) to develop a strategic framework for the offshore wind industry. The result, known as Round 2, was announced in December 2003 with 15 projects with a combined capacity of 7.2 GW. By far the largest of these are the 1 GW London Array and the 1.2 GW Triton Knoll.[7]
List of built and proposed offshore wind farms
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Scrobysands04.11.2005.a.jpg/220px-Scrobysands04.11.2005.a.jpg)
Farm | Completed | Power (MW) | No. Turbines | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blyth Offshore | December 2000 | 4 | 2 | Evaluation project |
North Hoyle | December 2003 | 60 | 30 | The UK's first major offshore wind farm |
Scroby Sands | December 2004 | 60 | 30 | |
Kentish Flats | December 2005 | 90 | 30 | |
Barrow | May 2006 | 90 | 30 | Fewer turbines built than originally planned. |
Burbo Bank | 90 | 25 | Construction started May 2006 [9] | |
Beatrice | 10 | 2 | Evaluation project. Construction started 2006 [10] | |
Lynn/Inner Dowsing | 194 | 54 | Construction started March 2007 [11] | |
Gunfleet Sands | 108 | 30 | Construction to start in 2007 [12] | |
Solway Firth | 180 | 60 | Construction to begin early 2007 [13] | |
London Array | 1,000 | 341 | Permission granted December 18, 2006 [14] | |
Thanet | 300 | 100 | Permission granted December 18, 2006 [15] | |
Greater Gabbard | 500 | 140 | Approved. Turbines to be delivered in 2009 and 2010.[16] | |
Rhyl Flats | 90 | 25 | Construction began July 2007 [17] | |
Cromer | 108 | 30 | Withdrawn after approval [18] | |
Scarweather Sands | 108 | 30 | Approved [19] | |
Ormonde | 108 | 30 | Approved. Construction to begin in 2008[20]. | |
Shell Flat | 180 | 90 | Resubmitted for planning consent | |
Teesside/Redcar | 90 | 30 | Submitted (TWA) [21] | |
Gwynt y Môr | 750 | up to 250 | planning application submitted [22] | |
Sheringham Shoal | 315 | up to 108 | planning application submitted [23] | |
Walney | 160/440 | 93 | planning application submitted [24] | |
Lincs | 250 | 83 | planning application submitted [25] | |
Docking Shoal | 500 | up to 83 | planning application to be submitted end of 2006 [26] | |
Race Bank | 500 | up to 83 | planning application to be submitted mid 2007 [27] | |
Triton Knoll | 1,200 | |||
West Duddon | 500 | |||
Atlantic Array | 1,500 | 350 | Planning stage, pending SEA, construction 2013-2018[28] |
Onshore wind farms
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Greenpark_wind_turbine_arp.jpg/200px-Greenpark_wind_turbine_arp.jpg)
The first windfarms in the UK were built onshore, and they currently generate more power than the offshore farms. A March 2006 report by the British Wind Energy Association forecast that onshore windfarms will be able to supply 6,000 MW peak, or on average nearly 5% of the national electricity requirement, by 2010.[29] Despite this potential, gaining planning permission for onshore wind farms is proving difficult, with many schemes stalled in the planning system, and a high rate of refusal.[30]
In the year to 31 March 2005, onshore wind farms, according to Ofgem, produced 1,734 GW·h (an average of 198 MW) but this is expected to rise to 2,500 GW·h (an average of 285 MW) in the following year, so there is considerable scope for further growth (16,600 MW peak capacity had been installed in Germany by 2004.[31]
According to DTI figures onshore wind farms in the UK generated 769 GW·h in 2005, while offshore farms generated 204 GW·h.[32] This compares to a total electricity consumption of 407,265 GW·h for the same year, meaning that the combined on and offshore contribution to UK electricity generation was less than 0.25%. In 2007 the planning permission problem was exacerbated by a shortage of spare parts for certain models of generator, which put some turbines out of action for over six months, triggering clauses in planning consents requiring removal of the non-functional turbines.[33][34]
List of built and proposed onshore wind farms
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Farm | Completed | Power (MW) | Turbines | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Delabole[36] | December 1991 | 4.0 | 10 | The UK's first commercial wind farm, owned by Good Energy |
Blood Hill[37] | December 1992 | 2.25 | 10 | Located near Great Yarmouth |
Hollin Hill [38] | June 1993 | 9.2 | 23 | |
Harlock Hill[39] | April 1997 | 2.5 | 5 | Part of the Baywind Co-Op. Upgraded in 2001 |
Haverigg[40] | July 1998 | 3/5 | 4 | Part of the Baywind Co-Op. |
Bears Downs [41][42] | July 2001 | 9.6 | 16 | |
Crystal Rig | May 2004 | 50 | 20 | |
Hadyard Hill | March 2006 | 120 | 52 | |
Burton Wold [43] | March 2006 | 20 | 10 | |
Caton Moor | July 2006 | 16 | 8 | Recently upgraded |
Westmill[44] | due April 2008 | 6.5 | 5 | A co-op windfarm near Oxford |
Walkway, High Swainston[45] | 2008 | 21 | 7 | Near Sedgefield |
Butterwick Moor [46] | 2009 | 30 | 10 | Close to the Walkway development, also near Sedgefield |
See also
- British Wind Energy Association
- Baywind Energy Co-operative
- Good Energy
- Ecotricity
- Renewable energy in Scotland
- Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom
- Energy policy of the United Kingdom
- Green electricity in the United Kingdom
- Renewable energy in the European Union
- Wind power
- Wind power in Scotland
- Wind turbines (UK domestic)
References
- ^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6344215.stm
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/media/news/070918.html
- ^ http://www.countryguardian.net/ROC%20Etherington%202006%201.htm
- ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/09/nwind09.xml
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/offshore/info.html
- ^ http://test.netgates.co.uk/nre/nffo.html
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/offshore/round-2map.html
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/offshore.asp
- ^ http://www.burbo.info/page.dsp?area=38
- ^ http://www.beatricewind.co.uk/timeline/
- ^ http://www.centrica.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=933
- ^ http://www.gunfleetsands.co.uk/Home.htm
- ^ http://www.eon-uk.com/pressRelease.aspx?id=1043&month=0&year=0&p=2
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/6188133.stm
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/6188133.stm
- ^ http://www.greatergabbard.com/opencontent/default.asp
- ^ http://www.npower-renewables.com/rhylflats/
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/offshore.asp
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/offshore.asp
- ^ http://www.seapower-generation.co.uk/eis.htm
- ^ http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/sys_06/dddownloaddisplay.asp?chap=true&sp=sys_Table3_3
- ^ http://www.npower-renewables.com/gwyntymor/index.asp
- ^ http://www.scira.co.uk/newsevents/newspage.htm
- ^ http://www.wowind.co.uk/
- ^ http://www.centrica.com/index.asp?pageid=42&newsID=1012
- ^ http://www.centrica.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=1005
- ^ http://www.centrica.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=1006
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/6664005.stm
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/media/news/060327.html
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/media/news/070302.html
- ^ http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/sectors/wind_energy_en.htm
- ^ http://www.dtistats.net/energystats/dukes06.pdf
- ^ Whitehaven News article, 22 Nov 2007, on problems at Lowca and Oldside windfarms, accessed 2007-12-15
- ^ Siddall, David Whitehaven News follow-up article on Lowca problems, 6 Dec 2007, accessed 2007-12-15
- ^ http://www.bwea.com/offshore/round1.html
- ^ http://www.good-energy.co.uk/gyo_ppa_case_delabole
- ^ http://www.eon-uk.com/451.aspx
- ^ http://www.eprl.co.uk/assets/windpower/overview.html
- ^ http://www.baywind.co.uk/harlockhill.php
- ^ http://www.baywind.co.uk/haveriggii.php
- ^ http://www.npower-renewables.com/bearsdown/index.asp
- ^ http://www.embracewind.com/weekend/turbinespotlocs.html
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/content/articles/2006/03/29/burton_wold_wind_farm_feature.shtml
- ^ http://www.westmill.coop/
- ^ http://www.yes2wind.com/nonflash_details.php?Region=North+East+England&SiteId=319
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6767733.stm
External links
- Wind and Renewable Energy Resources for the UK REUK.co.uk
- COWRIE Collaborative offshore wind research into the environment
- UK wind farm performance 2005
- The Renewable Energy Centre Wind Power in the UK.
- The Sustainable Energy Alliance UK renewable energy supporters organisation
- A Sea Change: The Wind Farm Revolution