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=== Ethnic groups ===
=== Ethnic groups ===
[[Image:Map of Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan, by district.svg|thumb||right|'''Ethnic groups of Afghanistan''' ''(districts with largest group; percentages are from [[Encyclopædia Iranica]],<ref name=Iranica2>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Dupree|first= L.|editor= [[Ehsan Yarshater]]|encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title= Af<u>gh</u>ānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy|url= http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f5/v1f5a040a.html| accessdate= December 29, 2007 |edition= Online Edition|publisher= [[Columbia University]]|location= United States}}</ref> [[CIA World Factbook]],<ref name="CIA" /> and [[The Asia Foundation]]<ref name="survey">''"A survey of the Afghan people - Afghanistan in 2006"'', ''The Asia Foundation'', technical assistance by the ''Centre for the Study of Developing Societies'' (CSDS; India) and ''Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research'' (ACSOR), Kabul, 2006, [http://www.asiafoundation.org/pdf/AG-survey06.pdf PDF]</ref>)''
<!--brown--> {{legend|#665600|36.4% to 42.0% [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]]}}
<!--light green--> {{legend|#58D87B|27.0% to 38.1% [[Tājik people|Tajik]]}}
<!--yellow--> {{legend|#FFF36D|9.0% to 18.9% [[Hazara people|Hazara]]}}
<!--red--> {{legend|#C3272B|6.0% to 6.8% [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]]}}
{{spaces|5}}{{smaller|1% to 3% [[Aimak]]}}
<!--orange--> {{legend|#FDA51F|1.7 to 3.0% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]}}
<!--gray--> {{legend|#D8C3C8|0.5% to 4.0% [[Baloch]]}}
{{spaces|5}}{{smaller|1.9% to 9.2% other ([[Pashai]], [[Hindki]], [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]], [[Brahui]], [[Hindkowans]], etc.)}}]]
[[File:US Army ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan -- circa 2001-09.jpg|thumb|Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan in 2001-09]]
[[File:US Army ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan -- circa 2001-09.jpg|thumb|Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan in 2001-09]]
Afghanistan has never conducted a national census as of yet to determine the exact make-over of its ethnic groups, so most figures are based on old records and rough estimates. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] states:{{Cquote|No national census has been conducted in Afghanistan since a partial count in 1979, and years of war and population dislocation have made an accurate ethnic count impossible. Current population estimates are therefore rough approximations, which show that [[Pashtuns]] comprise somewhat less than two-fifths of the population. The two largest Pashtun tribal groups are the [[Durrani|Durrānī]] and [[Ghilzai|Ghilzay]]. [[Tajiks]] are likely to account for some one-fourth of Afghans and [[Hazara people|Ḥazāra]] nearly one-fifth. [[Uzbeks]] and [[Aimaks|Chahar Aimaks]] each account for slightly more than 5 percent of the population and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] an even smaller portion.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan Afghanistan (Ethnic groups)], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>}}
Afghanistan has never conducted a national census as of yet to determine the exact make-over of its ethnic groups, so most figures are based on old records and rough estimates. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] states:{{Cquote|No national census has been conducted in Afghanistan since a partial count in 1979, and years of war and population dislocation have made an accurate ethnic count impossible. Current population estimates are therefore rough approximations, which show that [[Pashtuns]] comprise somewhat less than two-fifths of the population. The two largest Pashtun tribal groups are the [[Durrani|Durrānī]] and [[Ghilzai|Ghilzay]]. [[Tajiks]] are likely to account for some one-fourth of Afghans and [[Hazara people|Ḥazāra]] nearly one-fifth. [[Uzbeks]] and [[Aimaks|Chahar Aimaks]] each account for slightly more than 5 percent of the population and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] an even smaller portion.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan Afghanistan (Ethnic groups)], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>}}

Revision as of 01:04, 20 September 2010

This Article accounts for the population of Afghans by Natioanlity, For the Demographics of Ethnic Afghans, see Pashtun diaspora

Afghan children in Kabul

The population of Afghanistan is around 29,121,286 as of the year 2010,[1] which may or may not include the roughly 3 million Afghan refugees living outside the country. It is a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual society, reflecting its location astride historic trade and invasion routes between Western Asia, Central Asia, and Southern Asia. The majority of Afghanistan's population consist of the Iranic peoples, notably the Pashtuns and Tajiks,Baluch, and Aimak . The Pashtuns are the largest minority followed by Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch people|Baluch and others.[2]

Pashto and Dari (Persian) are the two official languages of the country. Persian is spoken by about half of the population and serves as a lingua franca for the majority. Pashto is spoken widely in the south, east and south west of the country as well as in neighboring western Pakistan. Uzbek and Turkmen are spoken in parts of the north. Smaller groups throughout the country also speak more than 30 other languages and numerous dialects.[3]

Islam is the religion of 99.7% of Afghanistan. An estimated 80% of the population practice Sunni Islam, following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence; 19% is Shi'a and about 1% or less follow other religions.[4] Despite attempts during the 1980s to secularize Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. In fact, Islam served as the principal basis for expressing opposition to the Soviet invasion. Likewise, Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional practices, provide the principal means of controlling personal conduct and settling legal disputes. Excluding urban populations in the principal cities, most Afghans are organized into tribal and other kinship-based groups, which follow their own traditional customs: for instance Pashtunwali.

Nationality and ethnicity

For more information see: History of Afghanistan and Afghan

The term "Afghan", historically synonymous with "Pashtun", is today the national identity of Afghanistan.[5] Despite being of various ethnicities, in a research poll that was conducted in Afghanistan in 2009, 72% of the population labelled their identity as Afghan first, before ethnicity.[6]

The modern Afghan national identity is derived from the rise of the Pashtun Hotaki and Durrani dynasties, especially with the establishment of the Durrani Empire (Afghan Empire) in the early-18th century. From 1747 until 1826, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his descendants held the monarchy in direct session. They were the first rulers of a Pashtun dominated sovereign state and were later replaced by the Pashtun Barakzai dynasty.

While national culture of Afghanistan is not uniform, at the same time, the various ethnic groups have no clear boundaries between each other and there is much overlap.[7] Additionally, ethnic groups are not racially homogenous and most are not native.

Since Afghan history is fraught with regional cleavages any notion of an Afghan nation state is absent until the rise of the Hotakis and Durranis in the early-18th century. Important figures from the past such as Avicenna and Rumi, who were of ethnic Tajik identity, are generally not identified as ethnic Afghans, at least according to academics, while they are generally included within the context of the collective history of the modern nation-state in the geographic sense.[8]

Pashtuns

Main articles: Pashtun people and Pashtun tribes
Tribal and religious leaders gather following a shura held by Afghan President Hamid Karzai.

Pashtuns (also known as Pakhtuns or ethnic Afghans) reside mainly in the eastern, southern and southwestern areas of Afghanistan but important colonies have also settled in some northern and northwestern parts as a result of relocation.[9] An even larger number of Pashtuns live in neighboring Pakistan where they are the second major ethnic group and exert considerable influence. Smaller groups of Pashtuns are also found in the eastern section of Iran.[10]

There are many conflicting theories about the origin of the Pashtun people, both among historians and the Pashtun themselves. A variety of ancient groups with eponyms similar to Pukhtun have been hypothesized as possible ancestors of modern Pashtuns. The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a people called Pactyans, living in the Achaemenid's Arachosia Satrap as early as the 1st millennium BC.[11] Some believe that Afghan is an adaptation of the Prakrit ethnonym Avagānā, attested in the 6th century CE. According to several scholars such as V. Minorsky, W.K. Frazier Tyler and M.C. Gillet, the name "Afghan" first appears in the 982 CE Hudud-al-Alam work. Al-Biruni referred to the Afghans in the 11th century as various tribes living on the western frontier mountains of Ancient India and Persia, which would be the Sulaiman Mountains.[9] According to other sources, some of these Pashtuns may be the Lost tribes of Israel that never returned and were converted to Islam during the Arab Empire. Thus, it is believed that the Pashtuns emerged from the area around the Sulaiman Mountains, and expanded to other places over time.[12] Between the 13th and 16th century some Pashtun tribes migrated from what is now Afghanistan to the Indian subcontinent, forming kingdoms within the Delhi Sultanate.[13]

The Afghan identity began to develop as Pashtun identity in and around the early 18th century, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani who united all the Pashtun tribes and formed the Afghan Empire.[14] Another boost took place under the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan who with British support further centralized the government. Pashtuns are the traditional rulers of Afghanistan since the rise of the Hotaki dynasty in 1709 or more specifically when the Durrani Empire was created in 1747.[15] The current Karzai administration, which is led by Hamid Karzai, is dominated by Pashtun ministers.[16]

Tajiks

Main articles: Persian people, Tājik people, Farsiwan, and Qizilbash

The Persian-speaking Tajiks are closely related to the Persians of Iran. Sub-groups of the Tajiks include the Farsiwan and the Qizilbash. The major difference between them is that they are generally of the Shia sect while the majority of Tajiks practice Sunni Islam. Just like the Pashtuns, the history of Tajiks is also unconfirmed, some scholars believe that they are natives of the land since the times when the region was recognized as Ariana. The area was ruled by ancient Persian emperors beyond the modern boundaries from first hand, but have lost power as the dominant group in the region due to other invading powers, so they were only able to rule and at the same time legitimize their rule as second- or even as immediate sub-rulers with strong influence on the foreigners - with the exception of the short 10-month rule of Habibullah Kalakani in 1929.[17]

Tajiks are the major ethnic group in Tajikistan, which borders Afghanistan in the north. Most Tajiks live in cities and towns, and often they are found working in government ministries and public services. They are also known for being bureaucrats, doctors, teachers, professors, merchants or traders, and so on. Some of them living in rural regions engage in farming and herding. The ethnic Tajiks are the closest rivals to Pashtuns for political power and prestige in Afghanistan.[18]

Hazaras

Main article: Hazara people

The Hazaras are a Persian-speaking people who reside mainly in the Hazarajat region. The Hazara seem to have partial Mongolian origins with some admixture from surrounding indigenous groups. Linguistically the Hazara speak a dialect of Persian, known as Hazaragi, and sometimes their variant is interspersed with Altaic words. It is commonly believed by many Afghans that the Hazara are descendants of Genghis Khan's army, which marched into the area during the 12th century. Proponents of this view hold that many of the Mongol soldiers and their family members settled in the area and remained there after the Mongol empire dissolved in the 13th century, converting to Islam and adopting local customs. Unlike most Afghans the Hazara are Shia, which has often set them apart from their neighbors. There are sizable Hazara communities in Pakistan particularly in the city of Quetta, and in Iran among the Afghan refugees.

Uzbeks

Main article: Uzbek people

The Uzbeks are the main Turkic people of Afghanistan and are found mainly in the northern regions of the country. Most likely the Uzbeks migrated with a wave of Turkic invaders and intermingled with local Iranian tribes over time to become the ethnic group they are today. By the 16th century the Uzbeks had settled throughout Central Asia and reached Afghanistan following the conquests of Muhammad Shaybani. Most Uzbeks are Sunni Muslim and are closely related to the Turkmen who also can be found in Afghanistan. The Uzbeks of Afghanistan are usually bilingual, fluent in both Persian and Uzbek.[19]

Turkmen

A Turkmen girl and baby from Afghanistan
Main article: Turkmen people

The Turkmen are the smaller Turkic group who can also be found in neighboring Turkmenistan and Iran particularly around Mashad. Largely Sunni Muslim, their origins are very similar to that of the Uzbeks. Unlike the Uzbeks, however, the Turkmen are traditionally a nomadic people (though they were forced to abandon this way of life in Turkmenistan itself under Soviet rule).[19]

Baluch

Main article: Baloch people

The Baluch are another Iranian ethnic group that numbers around 200,000 in Afghanistan. The main Baloch areas located in Balochistan province in Pakistan and Sistan and Baluchistan province of Iran. Many also live in southern Afghanistan. They are most likely an offshoot of the Kurds and reached Afghanistan sometime between 1000 and 1300 BCE. Mainly pastoral and desert dwellers, the Baluch are also Sunni Muslim.

Nuristani

Main article: Nuristani people

The Nuristani are an Indo-Iranian people, representing a fourth independent branch of the Aryan peoples (Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, and Dardic), who live in isolated regions of northeastern Afghanistan as well as across the border in the district of Chitral in Pakistan. They speak a variety of Nuristani languages. Better known historically as the Kafirs of what was once known as Kafiristan (land of pagans), they converted to Islam during the rule of Amir Abdur Rahman and their country was renamed "Nuristan", meaning "Land of Light" (as in the light of Islam). A small unconquered portion of Kafiristan inhabited by the Kalash tribe who still practice their pre-Islamic religion still exists across the border in highlands of Chitral, northwestern Pakistan. Many Nuristanis believe that they are the descendants of Alexander the Great's ancient Greeks, but there is a lack of genetic evidence for this and they are more than likely an isolated pocket of early Aryan invaders. Physically, the Nuristani are of the Mediterranean sub-stock with about one-third recessive blondism.[19] They are largely Sunni Muslims.

Other groups

Other smaller groups include Aimaks, Pashai, Brahuis, Pamiris, Kyrgyz, Gujjars, and etc.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Nationality

noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups of Afghanistan (districts with largest group; percentages are from Encyclopædia Iranica,[19] CIA World Factbook,[14] and The Asia Foundation[20])
  36.4% to 42.0% Pashtun
  27.0% to 38.1% Tajik
  9.0% to 18.9% Hazara
  6.0% to 6.8% Uzbek
     1% to 3% Aimak
  1.7 to 3.0% Turkmen
  0.5% to 4.0% Baloch
     1.9% to 9.2% other (Pashai, Hindki, Nuristani, Brahui, Hindkowans, etc.)
Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan in 2001-09

Afghanistan has never conducted a national census as of yet to determine the exact make-over of its ethnic groups, so most figures are based on old records and rough estimates. The Encyclopædia Britannica states:

No national census has been conducted in Afghanistan since a partial count in 1979, and years of war and population dislocation have made an accurate ethnic count impossible. Current population estimates are therefore rough approximations, which show that Pashtuns comprise somewhat less than two-fifths of the population. The two largest Pashtun tribal groups are the Durrānī and Ghilzay. Tajiks are likely to account for some one-fourth of Afghans and Ḥazāra nearly one-fifth. Uzbeks and Chahar Aimaks each account for slightly more than 5 percent of the population and Turkmen an even smaller portion.[21]

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Column templates
Type Family
Handles wiki
table code?†
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"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
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Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
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† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

Column-generating template families

The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.

Column templates
Type Family
Handles wiki
table code?†
 Responsive/
mobile suited 		Start template Column divider End template
Float "col-float" Yes Yes {{col-float}} {{col-float-break}} {{col-float-end}}
"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
{{col-begin-fixed}} or
{{col-begin-small}} 		{{col-break}} or
{{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} 		{{col-end}}

† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.

Languages

Main articles: Languages of Afghanistan, Dari (Persian), and Pashto language

Dari (Persian) and Pashto are the two official languages of Afghanistan. Pashto is also the language of the Afghan National Anthem.

An approximate distribution of first languages based on the CIA World Factbook is as following:[3]

Languages in Afghanistan (percentages are from CIA World Factbook:[3])
  50% Persian ("Dari")
  35% Pashto
  8% Uzbek
  3% Turkmen
  4% Balochi
     2% other (Nuristani, Pashai, Brahui, etc.)

The Encyclopædia Iranica gives the following list for the distribution of native languages:[22]

  • 35-42% Pashto
  • 42-47% Persian
  • 11-23% other
  • less than 10% of Afghans speak Pashto as a second language, but Persian is spoken as a second language by most of Afghans

According to "A survey of the Afghan people - Afghanistan in 2006", the first languages spoken are:[20]

  • Dari (Persian) 49%
  • Pashto 40%
  • Uzbek 9%
  • Turkmen 2%
  • as a second language, 37% of the population speak Persian, and 18% speak Pashto.

Religions

Further information: Islam in Afghanistan, Sikhism in Afghanistan, Hinduism in Afghanistan, Buddhism in Afghanistan, and Roman Catholicism in Afghanistan

Population

See also: Afghan refugees

As of July 2010, the population of Afghanistan is around 29,121,286[1] which may or may not include the roughly 3 million Afghan refugees living in Pakistan and Iran.
country comparison to the world: 38

Age structure

0–14 years: 44.5% (male 7,664,670; female 7,300,446)
15–64 years: 53% (male 9,147,846; female 8,679,800)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 394,572; female 422,603) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate

2.629% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Birth rate

45.46 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Death rate

19.56 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world:8

Net migration rate

21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2

Urbanization

urbanization population: 24% of the total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 5.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Literacy

Definition: Age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 28.1%
Male: 43.1%
Female: 12.6% (2000 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 8 years
male: 11 years
female: 4 years (2004)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 151.95 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 3
male: 156.01 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 147.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 44.64 years
country comparison to the world: 214
male: 44.47 years
female: 44.81 years (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate

6.53 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.01% (2001 est.)

According to Afghanistan’s National Aids Control Program (NACP), as of late 2008, 504 cases of HIV/AIDS have been documented.[23] In the same year it was estimated that up to 2,500 people may be infected nationwide.[24]


country comparison to the world: 168

HIV/AIDS - deaths

one

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria
animal contact diseases: rabies
note: H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Afghanistan.

References

  1. ^ a b Population of Afghanistan, CIA World Factbook
  2. ^ Ethnic groups of Afghanistan, CIA World Factbook
  3. ^ a b c Languages of Afghanistan, CIA World Factbook
  4. ^ Religions in Afghanistan, CIA World Factbook
  5. ^ "Afghan" (with ref. to "Afghanistan: iv. Ethnography") by Ch. M. Kieffer, Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition 2006: "From a more limited, ethnological point of view, “Afḡān” is the term by which the Persian-speakers of Afghanistan (and the non-Paṧtō-speaking ethnic groups generally) designate the Paṧtūn. The equation [of] Afghan [and] Paštūn has been propagated all the more, both in and beyond Afghanistan, because the Paštūn tribal confederation is by far the most important in the country, numerically and politically. ..."
  6. ^ ABC NEWS/BBC/ARD POLL – AFGHANISTAN: WHERE THINGS STAND, February 9th, 2009, p. 38-40
  7. ^ Peter R. Blood, ed. Afghanistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 2001.
  8. ^ Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. The Afghans. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. ISBN 0-631-19841-5
  9. ^ a b Morgenstierne, G. (1999). "AFGHĀN". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
  10. ^ People-in-Country Profile
  11. ^ Chapter 7 of The History of Herodotus (trans. George Rawlinson; originally written 440 BC) (retrieved 10 January 2007)
  12. ^ Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2608-8 (retrieved 7 June 2006).
  13. ^ From the Encyclopædia Britannica, Pashtun
  14. ^ a b Afghanistan, CIA World Factbook
  15. ^ Pashtuns Of Afghanistan
  16. ^ Afghan Government 2009, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
  17. ^ Richard S. Newell "Post-Soviet Afghanistan: The Position of the Minorities". Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 11 (Nov., 1989), pp. 1090-1108. Publisher: University of California Press
  18. ^ Tajiks of Afghanistan
  19. ^ a b c d L. Dupree (July 1982), "Afghānistān: (iv.) ethnocgraphy", in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006. Cite error: The named reference "Iranica2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b "A survey of the Afghan people - Afghanistan in 2006", The Asia Foundation, technical assistance by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS; India) and Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research (ACSOR), Kabul, 2006, PDF
  21. ^ Afghanistan (Ethnic groups), Encyclopædia Britannica
  22. ^ "Afghānistān: (v.) languages" by L. Dupree, Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition 2006.
  23. ^ Children at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan. December 1, 2008.
  24. ^ Number Of New HIV Cases Reported In Afghanistan Increasing, Health Ministry Says. July 11, 2008.

Further reading

  • Jawad, Nassim (1992). Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities. London: Minority Rights Group International. ISBN 0-946690-76-6.
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