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Mobile application development is the process by which application software is developed for small low-power handheld devices such as personal digital assistants, enterprise digital assistants or mobile phones. These applications are either pre-installed on phones during manufacture, downloaded by customers from various mobile software distribution platforms, or web applications delivered over HTTP which use server-side or client-side processing (e.g. JavaScript) to provide an "application-like" experience within a Web browser.

Execution environments

Android, iOS, BlackBerry, HP webOS, Symbian OS, and Windows Mobile support typical application binaries as found on personal computers with code which executes in the native machine format of the processor (the ARM architecture is a dominant design used on many current models). Windows Mobile can also be compiled to x86 executables for debugging on a PC without a processor emulator, and also supports the Portable Executable (PE) format associated with the .NET Framework. Windows Mobile, Android, HP webOS and iOS offer free SDKs and integrated development environments to developers.

Platform development environment

Each of the platforms for mobile applications also has an integrated development environment which provides tools to allow a developer to write, test and deploy applications into the target platform environment.

The following table summarises the elements in each of the development environments.

	Programming language	Debuggers available	Emulator available	Integrated development environment available	Cross-platform deployment	Installer packaging options	Development tool cost
Adobe AIR	Action Script, HTML, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	Yes	Flash Builder, Flash Professional	iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), Android, BlackBerry	The native distribution format of each platform	Flash Builder, Flash Professional - Commercial licenses available Adobe AIR SDK (command line tool) - Free
Airplay SDK (now Marmalade)	C, C++	Yes	Yes	Visual Studio, XCode	All native: Android, BlackBerry, BREW, iOS (iPhone), Maemo, Palm/webOS, Samsung bada, Symbian, Windows Mobile 6.x and desktop, OSX	The native distribution format of each platform	Commercial licenses available
alcheMo	Java	Debugger integrated in Visual Studio, Eclipse or XCode	Emulator is available in corresponding IDE	Visual Studio, Eclipse, XCode	Android, BREW, iOS (iPhone), Windows Mobile	The native distribution format of each platform	Commercial licenses available
Android	Java but portions of code can be in C, C++	Debugger integrated in Eclipse, standalone debugging monitor available	Yes	Eclipse, Project Kenai Android plugin for NetBeans	Android only, because of Dalvik VM, March 2009	apk	Free
AppFurnace	JavaScript	Yes	Yes, emulate within web IDE and test live on device.	Cloud Based IDE	Android and iOS	The native distribution format of each platform	Free to use, test and demo. Costs to publish an app.
Application Craft	JavaScript, HTML5, CSS	Yes	Yes, Emulator used is Ripple	Cloud Based IDE	All platforms: Android, iOS, Blackberry, Windows Mobile, Bada, WebOS, Symbian. Mobile, Desktop and Tablet	Cloud/ browser based	Free and Open Source
Appcelerator	JavaScript	Yes, in Titanium Studio, currently in beta.	Emulator is available using 3rd party tools	Internal SDK	Android, iPhone; BlackBerry planned	The native distribution format of each platform	Apache 2.0 license, commercial licenses available
Appception	HTML5, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	Yes	Cloud-based IDE	Android	The native distribution format of each platform	Free and Commercial licenses available
appMobi	HTML5 (JavaScript, CSS3, HTML5)	Yes, XDK (Google Chrome App Store)	Yes, In XDK	Integrates with developer's preferred tool (VS, Notepad ++, VI)	iOS, Android, HTML5 Web Apps, HTML5 Hybrid Apps	The native distribution format of each platform	No Charge
Aqua	C, C++, JavaScript	Yes	Yes	Visual Studio, XCode, Eclipse	Android, BlackBerry Playbook, iOS, Palm/webOS, Samsung bada, Windows Mobile 6.x, Windows Desktop	The native distribution format of each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
Basic4android	Visual Basic	Yes	Yes	Yes	Android	apk	Commercial licenses available
BatteryTech	C, C++	Yes	Native Platform Emulators (iOS, Android...)	Eclipse, Visual Studio, XCode	Android, iOS (iPhone), Windows, OSX	The native distribution format of each platform	Commercial licenses available
Bedrock (now webMethods Mobile Designer)	Java	Yes	Yes	Eclipse	Java ME, Android, BREW, BlackBerry, Nintendo DS, iOS (iPhone/iPad), Palm/webOS, Sony PSP, Samsung bada, Symbian, Windows Mobile, Windows Phone 7, Windows Desktop, OSX	The native distribution format of each platform	Commercial licenses available
BlackBerry	Java	Debugger integrated in IDE	Yes	Eclipse	BlackBerry only, because of RIM API	alx, cod	Free
Blueprint	XML routed through Yahoo Mobile servers and displayed in native browsers	None beyond a schema check	N/A, translates to web or mobile as needed	N/A, any XML editor	N/A, translates to web or mobile as needed	Combined config upload at Yahoo with self-hosted dynamic XML	Any XML editor
BREW	C; the APIs are provided in C with a C++ style interface	Debugger support for the native ARM target code.Can use Visual Studio to debug the x86 testing code	No Emulator for the target ARM code, has a simulator for the x86 testing code	Visual Studio 6.0, Visual Studio 2003 .NET, Visual Studio 2005	Compile for the specific BREW version available on the handset	OTA	Related dev fees typically needed for Brew App Certification - VeriSign annual fee for becoming a certified developer. Realview ARM compiler for BREW (the free GNU C/C++ is available, but with limited function and support). TRUE BREW testing fee for distributing the application.
Canappi	mdsl, easy to learn programming language dedicated to mobile solutions, from which iOS, Android, ... code is generated	Native Platform Debuggers (iOS, Android...)	Native Platform Emulators (iOS, Android...)	Eclipse, with mdsl plugin, Apple Interface Builder and Balsamiq for graphical UI design	iOS, Android. Design tools like Interface Builder can be used in a cross-platform way. You create your GUI once in Interface Builder you generate code for all platform, all resolutions from a single file.	Native deployment for each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
CellSDK	C#	Yes	Yes	Visual Studio and MonoDevelop	Android, iOS and Windows Phone	The native distribution format of the platform	Free and commercial licenses available
Celsius	Java	Yes	Yes	Eclipse	Java ME, Android, BlackBerry, iPhone, Symbian, Windows Mobile	The native distribution format of each platform of a Java binary	Commercial licenses available
CloudPact	HTML, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	Yes	Web based IDE both on Cloud and as downloadable version	Android, BlackBerry, iPhone, Windows Mobile	OTA deployment or the native distribution format of each platform	Free limited trial and Enterprise plans available
CoStore	Web-based drag-and-drop	N/A	Yes	Web-based app builder	iOS, Android, HTML5	Native deployment for each platform or web-based	Free unlimited trial; commercial licenses available for deployment
Corona SDK	Lua	Yes	Yes	Xcode	iOS, Android, NOOK Color	Native deployment for each platform	Free unlimited trial; commercial licenses available for deployment
DragonRAD	Visual drag & drop tiles	Yes	Uses 3rd party emulators	Proprietary IDE	Android, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile	OTA deployment	Free & commercial licenses available
FeedHenry	HTML, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	Yes	Studio includes full IDE and Eclipse Plug-in	Apple iPhone & iPad, Android, Windows Phone 7, Blackberry, Nokia WRT.	The native distribution format of each platform	Free, Professional and Enterprise Plans available
GeneXus for Mobile and Smart Devices	Knowledge Representation and Declarative Modeling for easy development, then code is automatically generated for each platform	No	Publish in the Cloud, test native in the device (No emulator required)	Proprietary IDE	Android, Apple iOS (iPhone, iPad), BlackBerry and even HTML5 if desired	The native distribution format of each platform and also Cloud/browser based	Free to try, Commercial and Enterprise licenses available
Gideros Mobile	Lua	No	Yes	Proprietary IDE	iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Android	The native distribution format of each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
iOS SDK	Objective-C	Debugger integrated in Xcode IDE	Bundled with iPhone SDK, integrated with Xcode IDE	Xcode	iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch	Only via App Store, needs review and approval by Apple Inc.	Tools are free for an Intel-based Mac. Simulator testing is free, but installing on a device needs a fee for a developer signing key
iOS SDK	Object Pascal	Debugger integrated in Xcode IDE	Included in Delphi XE2 professional or higher	Embarcadero Delphi XE2	iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch	Only via App Store, needs review and approval by Apple Inc.	Development requires Intel-based Mac besides the IDE on Windows. Design is on Windows, Compilation and deployment has to be done on Mac. Simulator testing is free, but installing on a device needs a fee for a developer signing key
IwGame Engine	C/C++	Visual Studio / XCode debuggers	Yes, via the Marmalade SDK simulator	Visual Studio / XCode	[iPhone, iPod and iPad, Android, Bada, Blackberry BBX (Playbook), Symbian, WebOS, Windows Mobile, Mobile Linux, LG-TV, Windows Desktop, Mac OSX]	The native distribution format of each platform	Engine is free and open source, uses the Marmalade SDK -^[1]
Java ME	Java	Yes	Free emulator, Sun Java Wireless Toolkit, mpowerplayer	Eclipse, LMA NetBeans Mobility Pack	Yes although many VM implementations have device specific bugs necessitating separate builds	Jad/Jar packaging; PRC files under Palm OS	Free
JMango	JMango	N/A	N/A	JMango Flash IDE	Java ME, Android, Bada, BlackBerry, iPhone, Windows Mobile 6, Windows Phone 7	The native distribution format of each platform	Free
July Systems Mi™ Platform	Java, HTML, Groovy, FreeMarker, Java Script	Yes	Yes	IDE – Eclipse with GUI Editor	iOS, Android, Blackberry, WP7, Mobile Web, HTML5, QT	Native distribution format for each platform	Commercial licenses available
Kony	Graphical Drag and Drop	Yes	Yes, utilizes Native Platform Emulators( iOS, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone 7)	Eclipse-based	Yes. Support for full OS-native, hybrid, and wrapper applications. Includes Android, BlackBerry, iOS, Java ME, Palm/webOS, Symbian, Windows Phone 7. Mobile web browser support (WML through to device-optimized HTML5)	The native distribution format of each platform	Commercial licenses available
Lazarus	Object Pascal	Yes, can debug in IDE via ActiveSync for Windows CE	Uses the emulators of the platforms	Lazarus IDE, including integrated GUI designer and debugger	Compiled language available for Windows CE, Linux-based devices, SymbianOS port in development	The native distribution format of each platform	Free
Macromedia Flash Lite	ActionScript	Yes	Bundled with IDE	Macromedia Flash MX2004/8, Eclipse	Yes	SIS / CAB deployment or OTA/IR/Bluetooth SWF files	Varies, free but limited with MTASC
Microbrowser based	XHTML (WAP 2.0), WML (WAP 1.2)	Yes	Many	Many	Basic page rendering with per page customizations for different browsers	N/A	Free
Meme IDE	MemeScript	Validation is provided in the problems view	Yes, Android emulator can be integrated	Eclipse RCP	Android, Windows Mobile	The native distribution format if each platform	Free for development
MobiFlex	Visual drag & drop tiles	N/A	N/A, runs on phone in seconds	Web Portal, comes with data management add-ins	Android, iPhone	N/A	Free for development only
MobileNationHQ	Visual paradigm/javascript	N/A	N/A instant cloud-based deployment	Integrated SaaS environment	Android, iPhone	N/A	Free and Commercial licenses available
Moscrif	JavaScript	N/A	Bundled with Moscrif SDK	Internal SDK (Mono based)	All native: Android, iOS (iPhone), Samsung bada, Symbian, Windows Mobile	The native distribution format of each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
Mono for Android	C#	Yes	Yes	Visual Studio 2005 and MonoDevelop	Android	The native distribution format of the platform
MonoTouch	C#	Yes	Yes	Visual Studio 2005 and MonoDevelop	iOS	The native distribution format of the platform
MoSync	C, C++, Lua, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	Yes	Eclipse, Visual Studio 2005 and later, MoBuild w/ text editors	Android, Java ME, Moblin, iOS (iPhone), Smartphone 2003, Symbian, Windows Mobile (Pocket PC), Blackberry (experimental)	SIS, CAB, JAD, JAR, APK, OTA deployment	Free, GPL 2.0, Free Indie Subscription; commercial subscription available
Toura Mulberry	HTML5, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	No, 3rd party tools	No, 3rd party tools	Android, iOS, Mobile Web	The native distribution format of each platform, OTA deployment,	Free
NeoMAD	Java	Yes	Uses 3rd party emulators	Eclipse and Netbeans plugin	Java ME, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone 7, iOS (iPhone) and Samsung bada coming soon	The native distribution format of each platform	Commercial licenses available
.NET Compact Framework	C#, VB.NET, Basic4ppc	Yes	Free emulator, source code available, also bundled with IDE	Visual Studio 2008, 2005, 2003, Basic4ppc IDE	Windows Mobile, Windows CE, Symbian-based devices via third party tools	OTA deployment, CAB files, ActiveSync	Most tools free, but commercial editions of Visual Studio needed for visual designers
NS BASIC/App Studio	Visual Basic	Yes	No, Test in Chrome or Safari Browser	Proprietary IDE	iPhone, iPad, iPad Touch, Android 2.1+	Java Web App or native deployment using Phonegap	Evaluation Version & Commercial Licenses available
OpenPlug	ActionScript, XML	Yes	Yes	OpenPlug ELIPS plugin for Adobe Flash Builder	Android, iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch), Symbian, Windows Mobile	The native distribution format of each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
Palm OS	C, C++, Pascal	Yes	OS 1.0 - 4.1: Free Emulator provided by PalmSource (Access); OS 5.0: - 5.4 Device-specific Simulators provided by Palm (palmOne)	Palm OS Development System (Eclipse), CodeWarrior, PocketStudio, HB++, Satellite Forms	Palm OS handhelds, or Windows Mobile with StyleTap emulator	PRC files, PalmSource Installer (.psi)	Free (POSE or GCC for Palm OS), or commercial (CodeWarrior), or various commercial rapid-development frameworks
Particle SDK	Java, ActionScript	Yes	Yes	Eclipse plugin with GUI editor	Android, BlackBerry, iOS, webOS, and Windows Phone 7 mobile devices plus Flash, HTML5 web apps	The native distribution format of each platform	Currently in free beta. Commercial license will be available.
PhoneGap	HTML, CSS, JavaScript	Yes	No, 3rd party tools	No, 3rd party tools	iPhone, Android, Windows Phone, BlackBerry, Symbian, Palm	The native distribution format of each platform	MIT license
Python	Python	Yes	Add-on to Nokia Emulator	Several, including plugins for Eclipse	Interpreted language available natively only on Nokia Series60 (and desktops) though ports exist to other mobile platforms, including PalmOS	Sis deployment with py2sis or can use Python Runtime	Free
Qt SDK	C++, QML	Yes	Yes	Qt Creator	Symbian platform, Maemo, MeeGo, Linux, Windows, Mac OS X	The native distribution format of each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
RareWire - App Creation Studio	XML	Yes	Free emulator. Download and install on device.	Cloud Based IDE	iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod touch), Android (coming soon)	The native distribution format of each platform	Free to use, test and demo. Costs to publish an app.
Resco MobileForms Toolkit	C#	Yes	Yes	Visual Studio	Windows Mobile (Pocket PC), Windows CE, Android, iOS, Smartphone	The native distribution format of each platform	Free & commercial licenses available
Rhomobile	Ruby with HTML interface features compiled through an interpreter into native applications.	Yes	N/A, applications can run in Win32 runner, or in device emulators for supported platforms.	xCode or Eclipse, on-demand RhoHub version includes full IDE	Yes, supports iOS (incl. 3.0) on iPhone and iPad, Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional, Mobile Windows 6.0 Standard, BlackBerry 4.6, 4.7, 5.0, 6.0 (BlackBerry 4.2 and 4.5 supported but database access is very slow on these devices), Symbian and Android 1.6 and higher	OTA deployment, iOS through App store, .SIS, .CAB, .APK, .COD	Rhodes is free and open source under the MIT License, RhoSync is under GPL or commercial, Commercial support available. Subscription for RhoHub
Smartface Platform	Drag-and-drop tools and action editing	No, not needed	Yes	Smartface Designer	Yes: Android, BlackBerry, J2ME, Symbian S60	The native distribution format of each platform	Community licenses available
Stencyl	Drag and drop editor based on MIT Scratch, Objective-C	Yes	Yes	Xcode	iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch)	The native distribution format of each platform.	Free and commercial development licenses.
Symbian	C++	Yes	Free Emulator	Many choices	Compile per target	SIS deployment	Commercial and free tools available
Tiggzi Mobile App Builder	Web-based, visual editor, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, jQuery Mobile, PhoneGap	Yes, in special debug window	No need, test right in browser or device	Web-based, can also export to Eclipse or Maven project	Mobile Web (HTML/JS/CSS), iOS, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone 7	The native distribution format of each platform or mobile Web (HTML/JS/CSS)	Free and paid monthly subscriptions for development, hosting options available
TotalCross	Java	Yes	Yes	Eclipse, TKN Mobile Studio for TotalCross	Android, BlackBerry, iOS (iPhone, iPad), Palm OS, Windows Mobile. Windows Phone 7, Symbian planned	The native distribution format of each platform (cab, jad, apk, pdb/prc, deb)	SDK is open source and free for desktop development. VM for target devices must be licensed
Unity	C#, JavaScript, Boo, other .NET-based languages	Yes	Remote used to simulate device interaction before app is uploaded to the device.	Unity Editor, also works with Visual Studios and MonoDevelop.	Android, iOS (iPhone/iPad), PC, Mac, desktop browser, XBOX360, PS3, Wii. BlackBerry Playbook, Nokia Symbian, Roku 2 and others available through company's Union program.	The native distribution format of each platform.	Free and commercial development licenses.
WebORB Integration Server	C#, VB.NET, Java, PHP, ActionScript, JavaScript, Objective-C, XML	Yes	Uses emulator for corresponding mobile SDKs	Works with Eclipse, Visual Studio, intelliJ IDEA and Amethyst IDE	Android, iOS (iPhone/iPad), BlackBerry Playbook, Windows Phone7	The native distribution format of each platform	Free development licenses; Free and Commercial deployment licenses
webOS	JavaScript, CSS, HTML, C and C++ through the PDK	Yes	Free emulator	Eclipse	webOS, Palm only	OTA deployment, webOS through App store, Web URL, Precentral, .ipk	Free
WinDev Mobile	WLanguage	Yes	Yes	WinDev Mobile, Android DSK	Android, Windows Mobile	OTA deployment, apk, CAB files, ActiveSync	Commercial licenses available
Windows Mobile	C, C++	Yes	Free emulator (source code available), also bundled with IDE	Visual Studio 2010, 2008, 2005, eMbedded VC++ (free), Satellite Forms	Windows Mobile, Windows FU, Windows CE	OTA deployment, CAB files, ActiveSync	Free command-line tools or eMbedded VC++, or Visual Studio (Standard edition or better)
Windows Phone	C#	Yes	Free emulator, also bundled with IDE	Visual Studio 2010	Windows Phone	OTA deployment, XAP files
IBM Worklight	Choice of standard HTML5, CSS and JavaScript, native languages or a combination of both	Yes	Bundled with the IDE as well as device SDK integration	Eclipse-based plug-in	Yes, supports Android, BlackBerry, iOS and Windows Phone 7, as well as modern mobile browsers for web apps	The native distribution format of each platform	Free evaluation version, commercial licenses available
Fivespark	Web-based point and click	N/A	Preview in desktop browser	Web-based app builder	Android, BlackBerry, iOS and Windows Phone 7 plus other modern mobile browsers	HTML5 OTA	Free for development
mobileFX Studio 7	J2me, Java, HTML5, JavaScript	Yes, WTK for J2me, Integration with Chrome V8 Debugger for JavaScript	Yes, WTK and BlackBerry SDK for J2me, WebKit Browsers, iPhone, iPad and Android devices for HTML5/JavaScript	mobileFX Studio 7 (Windows XP, Windows 7)	PhoneGap platforms and native compilers for J2me (BlackBerry, NOKIA S40/S60, SE JP7/8, Motorola, Samsung, LG, etc)	OTA (SMS), Bluetooth (OBEX), OTA (Hosting), QRCode-to-mobile	Free

Mobile application testing

The application is first tested within the development environment using emulators. Later it is subjected to field testing. Emulators provide inexpensive way to test the applications on mobile phones to which we may not have physical access. Here is a list of free tools for testing application across the most popular mobile operating systems.

Google Android Emulator^[2]

It is Android Emulator which is patched to run on a Windows PC as a standalone app without having to download and install the complete and complex Android SDK, and can be even installed and Android compatible apps can be tested on it.

Official Android SDK Emulator^[3]

It includes a mobile device emulator which mimics all of the hardware and software features of a typical mobile device (without the calls).

MobiOne^[4]

MobiOne Developer is a mobile Web IDE for Windows that helps developers to code, test, debug, package and deploy mobile Web applications to devices such as iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, and the Palm Pre.

TestiPhone^[5]

It is a web browser based simulator for quickly testing iPhone web applications. This tool has been tested and works using Internet Explorer 7, Firefox 2 and Safari 3.

iPhoney^[6]

It gives a pixel-accurate web browsing environment and it is powered by Safari. It can be used while developing web sites for the iPhone. It is not an iPhone simulator but instead is designed for web developers who want to create 320 by 480 (or 480 by 320) websites for use with iPhone.iPhoney will only run on Mac OS X 10.4.7 or later.

BlackBerry Simulator^[7]

There are a variety of official BlackBerry simulators available to emulate the functionality of actual BlackBerry products. With any of the BlackBerry device simulators, we can test how the BlackBerry device software, screen, keyboard and trackwheel will work with application.

Tools

FoneMonkey: This is a free Mobile Application Testing tool for iPhone applications^[8]
Robotium: This is an automation tool for Android Mobile Application^[9]
Sikuli: This is a visual technology to automate and test graphical user interfaces (GUI) using images.
Deviceanywhere: This is an automation tool for Mobile Application across all platforms, all devices.^[10]
MITE: A Mobile content testing and validation tool for Mobile Web application.^[11]

Application stores

Several initiatives exist both from mobile vendor and mobile operators around the world. Application developers^[12] can propose and publish their applications on the stores, being rewarded by a revenue sharing of the selling price. Most famous is Apple's App Store, where only approved applications may be distributed and run on iOS devices (otherwise known as a walled garden). With extraordinary speed Google's Android Market counting (at the moment) the 2nd largest number of apps and which are running on devices with Android OS. HP / Palm, Inc have also created the Palm App Catalog where HP / Palm, Inc webOS device users can download applications directly from the device or send a link to the application via a unique web distribution method. Recently, mobile operators such as Telefonica Group and Telecom Italia have launched cross-platform application stores for their subscribers.

Patents

There are numerous patent applications pending for new mobile phone apps. Most of these are in the technological fields of Business methods, Database management, Data transfer and Operator interface.^[13]

Patent enforcement

On May 31, 2011, Lodsys asserted two of its four patents: U.S. Patent No. 7,620,565 ("the '565 patent") on a "customer-based design module" and U.S. Patent No. 7,222,078 ("the '078 patent") on "Methods and Systems for Gathering Information from Units of a Commodity Across a Network." against the following application developers:^[14]

Combay
Iconfactory
Illusion Labs
Shovelmate
Quickoffice
Richard Shinderman of Brooklyn, New York
Wulven Game Studios of Hanoi, Vietnam

References

Mobile Application Development

[1] Mobile Game and App Programming Tutorials | DrMop

[2] Download Google Android Emulator

[3] Android Emulator | Android Developers

[4] ttp://www.genuitec.com/mobile/

[5] ttp://www.testiphone.com/

[6] Marketcircle | iPhoney

[7] BlackBerry

[8] » FoneMonkey:Free Mobile Application Testing tool for iphone apps Mobile Application Testing

[9] » Robotium : Automation tool for Android Mobile Application Mobile Application Testing

[10] Keynote DeviceAnywhere - Mobile App Testing and Lifecycle Management

[11] » MITE (Mobile Interactive Testing Enviornment) Mobile Application Testing

[12] Mobile Application Development http://www.webmapsolutions.com/mobile-arcgis-paper-gps-data-collection

[13] Nowotarski et al, “Increasing Allowance Rates by Selectively Targeting Patent Class” IPwatchdog, April 6, 2011

[14] Florian Meuller, “Lodsys sues 7 app developers in Eastern Texas, disagrees with Apple; Android also targeted”, FOSS Patents blog, May 31, 2011

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