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[[Tengrism]] and [[Neopaganism]] counted together are represented by 1.700.000 followers or 1.1% of the total population of Russia, thus constitute the third-largest religion after [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Tengrism is a term defining the traditional ethnic and [[shamanism|shamanic]] religions of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Turco-Mongol]] peoples, and modern movements reviving them started amidst the Turkic and Turco-Mongol nations within Russia. [[Neopaganism]] in Russia is primarily represented by the revival of the [[ethnic religion]]s of the [[Russians]] (Slavic), but also by those of some [[peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] ethnic minorities of Russia.
[[Tengrism]] and [[Neopaganism]] counted together are represented by 1.700.000 followers or 1.1% of the total population of Russia, thus constitute the third-largest religion after [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Tengrism is a term defining the traditional ethnic and [[shamanism|shamanic]] religions of the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Turco-Mongol]] peoples, and modern movements reviving them started amidst the Turkic and Turco-Mongol nations within Russia. [[Neopaganism]] in Russia is primarily represented by the revival of the [[ethnic religion]]s of the [[Russians]] (Slavic), but also by those of some [[peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] and [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] ethnic minorities of Russia.


[[Caucasian Neopaganism]] (''iazychestvo'') and [[Rodnovery]] (Slavic Neopaganism) are primarily represented by significant followings in [[North Ossetia–Alania]] (29%), [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (12%), [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] (3%), [[Orenburg Oblast]] (over 3%), [[Kemerovo Oblast]] (over 3%), 2% to 3% in [[Dagestan]], [[Astrakhan Oblast]], [[Kaluga Oblast]], [[Tyumen Oblast]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]] and [[Magadan Oblast]]. [[Slavic Neopaganism]] is also present in many of the federal subjects of [[Western Russia]] in percentages ranging between 1% and 2%.<ref name="2012charts"/>
[[Caucasian Neopaganism]] and [[Rodnovery]] (Slavic Neopaganism) are primarily represented by significant followings in [[North Ossetia–Alania]] (29%), [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (12%), [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] (3%), [[Orenburg Oblast]] (over 3%), [[Kemerovo Oblast]] (over 3%), 2% to 3% in [[Dagestan]], [[Astrakhan Oblast]], [[Kaluga Oblast]], [[Tyumen Oblast]], [[Irkutsk Oblast]] and [[Magadan Oblast]]. [[Slavic Neopaganism]] is also present in many of the federal subjects of [[Western Russia]] in percentages ranging between 1% and 2%.<ref name="2012charts"/>


Pagans have faced violence in many parts of Russia, especially in Muslim dominated areas. Aslan Tsipinov, one of the main advocates for Caucasian Neopaganism in [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] was murdered by Islamists in 2010<ref>http://www.rferl.org/content/north_caucasus_insurgents_ethnographer_murder/2272112.html</ref>. Just months before his death, Tsipinov was ordered by the radicals to stop popularizing Circassian (Kabardian) pagan rituals<ref>http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37312</ref>. Practitioners of the [[Mari Traditional Religion]], often referred as the ''"Europe's last Pagans"'' also face wide spread harassment from the government officials<ref>http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/geraldine-fagan/russias-last-surviving-pagans-targeted-by-law-enforcement</ref>. However, in regions such as [[Abkhazia]] (part of the Caucasus, but outside Russia) and Ossetia, paganism enjoy widespread support from the majority population<ref>http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/1014509</ref>. In [[North Ossetia–Alania]], the pagans accounted for as much as 30% of the ethnic Ossetian population in 2002, but declined to 20.3% in 2006<ref>http://krotov.info/libr_min/17_r/osch/in.htm</ref>.
Pagans have faced violence in many parts of Russia, especially in Muslim dominated areas. Aslan Tsipinov, one of the main advocates for Caucasian Neopaganism in [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] was murdered by Islamists in 2010.<ref>''[http://www.rferl.org/content/north_caucasus_insurgents_ethnographer_murder/2272112.html North Caucasus Insurgency Admits Killing Circassian Ethnographer]''. Caucasus Report, 2010. ''Retrieved 24-09-2012''.</ref> Just months before his death, Tsipinov was ordered by the radicals to stop popularizing [[Circassian]] (Kabardian) Pagan rituals.<ref>Valery Dzutsev. ''[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=37312 High-profile Murders in Kabardino-Balkaria Underscore the Government’s Inability to Control Situation in the Republic]''. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 1,2011. ''Retrieved 24-09-2012''.</ref> Practitioners of the [[Mari Traditional Religion]], often referred as the ''"Europe's last Pagans"'' also face wide spread harassment from the government officials.<ref>Geraldine Fagan. ''[http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/geraldine-fagan/russias-last-surviving-pagans-targeted-by-law-enforcement Soviet anti-religion has returned, claim Europe's last surviving pagans]''. odRussia, 2010. ''Retrieved 24-09-2012''.</ref> However, in regions such as [[Abkhazia]] (part of the Caucasus, but outside Russia) and Ossetia, paganism enjoy widespread support from the majority population<ref>http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/1014509</ref>. In [[North Ossetia–Alania]], the pagans accounted for as much as 30% of the ethnic Ossetian population in 2002, declined to 20.3% in 2006,<ref>''[http://krotov.info/libr_min/17_r/osch/in.htm Религиозная жизнь современной Северной Осетии - The religious life in modern North Ossetia]''. ''Retrieved 24-09-2012''.</ref> growing again to 29% in 2012.


The first [[Slavic Neopaganism|Rodnover]] association in Russia was registered in 1994. Rodnover groups in the Russian Federation include the Slavic Communities Union based in [[Kaluga]]. The largest worship cult is that of [[Rod (god)|Rod]]. Lesser deities include [[Perun]] and [[Dazhbog]]. Russian centers of Rodnovery are situated also in [[Dolgoprudny]], [[Pskov]] and other cities. [[Moscow]] has several pagan temples.<ref>[http://www.paganism.ru/comm-msp.htm Московская Славянская Языческая Община]. Rodoslav , Smagoslav, et al. Moscow Slavic Pagan Community. Slavic Paganism. 2001-6-22. Accessed 2011-12-27.</ref>
The first [[Slavic Neopaganism|Rodnover]] association in Russia was registered in 1994. Rodnover groups in the Russian Federation include the Slavic Communities Union based in [[Kaluga]]. The largest worship cult is that of [[Rod (god)|Rod]]. Lesser deities include [[Perun]] and [[Dazhbog]]. Russian centers of Rodnovery are situated also in [[Dolgoprudny]], [[Pskov]] and other cities. [[Moscow]] has several pagan temples.<ref>[http://www.paganism.ru/comm-msp.htm Московская Славянская Языческая Община]. Rodoslav , Smagoslav, et al. Moscow Slavic Pagan Community. Slavic Paganism. 2001-6-22. Accessed 2011-12-27.</ref>

Revision as of 18:10, 24 September 2012

Religion in Russia (2012)[1]

  Russian Orthodox (41%)
  Muslim (6.5%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (4.1%)
  Other Orthodox (1.4%)
  Tengrist and Neopagan (1.1%)
  Others (7.9%)
  Spiritual but not religious (25.1%)
  Atheist and non-religious (12.9%)

Many different religions have adherents in Russia. The preamble to the 1997 law regulating religious organizations names Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism as important in Russian history. Orthodox Christianity (Russian: Православие Pravoslavije) is Russia's traditional and largest religion, deemed a part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997.[2] Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia. About 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.[3] However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis.[4]

In August 2012 the first-ever sociological survey and mapping of religious adherents in Russia based on self-identification was published, with data on 79 out of 83 of the federal subjects of Russia.[5][6] Out of a population of 143.200.000 the survey found that 58.800.000 or 41% are Russian Orthodox, 9.400.000 or 6.5% are Muslims (including Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, and a majority of unaffiliated Muslims), 5.900.000 or 4.1% are unaffiliated Christians, 2.100.000 or 1.4% adhere to other Orthodox Churches (including Georgian, Armenian, Serbian and other churches), 1.700.000 or 1.1% are Tengrists (Turco-Mongol shamanic religions and new religions) or Pagans (including Rodnovery, Caucasian Neopaganism and Uralic Neopaganism), 700.000 or 0.4% are Buddhists (mostly Vajrayana), 400.000 or 0.2% are Orthodox Old Believers, 300.000 or 0.2% are Protestants, 140.000 are Hindus and Krishnaites, 140.000 are Catholics, 140.000 are Jews.[1] The Bahá'í Faith in Russia (Вера Бахаи), according to Association of Religion Data Archives was estimated at about 18.990 in 2005.[7] The remaining population is made up of 36.000.000 or 25.1% "spiritual but not religious" people and 18.600.000 or 12.9% atheist and non-religious people.[1]

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow
Ivolginsky Datsan in Buryatia

Sociological approaches

Areas in Russia with a Muslim majority.
Areas in Russia with a Buddhist majority.

The so-called "ethnic approach" is primarily useful when applied towards ethnic religious communities that are small and/or compact enough to be "left out" of normal public opinion polls. It based on an assumption that 100% of population of every ethnic minority are adherents of their group's traditional religion. A good example of such a religious community is Assyrian Church of the East, represented in Russia by ethnic Assyrians. With the body of followers of less than 15,000, it wouldn't show up or would fall within the margin of error on any reasonable religious self-identification poll, and its size can only be reasonably inferred from census data using the ethnic approach.

Saint Petersburg Mosque

The ethnic approach is sometimes misused to artificially "inflate" prevalence of certain religions. For example, according to the Russian census of 2002, at least 14 million people in Russia belong to traditional Islamic ethnic groups, including registered migrants (Tatars, Bashkirs, etcetera). Consequently, it is often claimed that Islam has 14 million (or even 20-25 million) adherents in Russia.[8] However it should be noted that Russia does not have birth-right citizenship, and the children born to immigrants are not granted Russian passports. Also, among the traditional Islamic ethnic groups, there are large number of people who no longer practice Islam.[9]

One can get radically different results by estimating the number of observant followers of every religion, the reason being that members of many ethnic groups often choose to self-identify as adherents to a certain religion for cultural reasons, although they would not fit any traditional religiousness criteria (church attendance, familiarity with basic dogmas of their faith). For example, even though a majority of ethnic Russians self-identify as Russian Orthodox, less than 10% of them attend church services more than once a month and only 2-4% are considered to be integrated into church life (воцерковленные).[10] It is difficult to estimate observance of self-identified followers of other religions. The only faiths which are likely not to suffer from this phenomenon as strongly are those without ethnic basis in the country: most branches of Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism and Krishnaism.

Yet another way of comparing relative popularity of various religions in Russia is to look at the numbers of registered local congregations (Christian parishes, Muslim mosques, and so on). According to the Ministry of Justice (MOJ), there were 21.664 registered religious organizations in Russia as of January 1, 2004, including 20.403 local congregations. 10.767 were Russian Orthodox; 3.397 were Muslim; almost 5.000 were various Protestant organizations and groups; 267 were Old Believers; 256 were Jewish; 235 were Roman Catholic; 180 were Buddhist. However, religions can vary significantly in numbers of followers per congregation, and some religions may be somewhat "under-registered" for various reasons.

One experiences similar problems when trying to determine the number of atheists in Russia. As discussed above, the majority of Russians are non-observant, and more than 50% never attend church services of any kind. On the other hand, numbers of those self-identifying as "non-religious" are much lower, and, further, vary wildly from poll to poll (from 14% to 36%).

Religions

Russian Orthodoxy

Further information: Russian Orthodox Church

The ancestors of many of today’s Russians adopted Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century.[4] The Church claimed a membership of 80 million in 2005.[11] According to a 2007 poll by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center, 63% of respondents considered themselves Russian Orthodox.[12]

As of a 2012 sociological survey on religious adherence, 58.800.000 people or 41% of the total population of Russia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church. It is the religion of 21% to 40% of the population in most of the federal subjects of Russia, 41% to 60% in a group of them mostly in Western Russia (including Yamalia and Perm Krai), and over 60% only in Kursk Oblast (69%), Voronezh Oblast (62%), Lipetsk Oblast (71%), Tambov Oblast (78%), Penza Oblast (63%), Ulyanovsk Oblast (61%), Mordovia (69%) and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (69%).[1]

Other Christians

Main article: Christianity in Russia

Other Orthodox Churches, including the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, etcetera, comprise 1.4% (2.100.000) of the total population of Russia. They are practiced by the ethnic minorities of Georgian Russians, Armenian Russians, and Serbians. These churches comprise over 4% of the population in Tyumen Oblast (9%), Kostroma Oblast (8%), Irkutsk Oblast (6%), the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (6%), Chelyabinsk Oblast (5%), Astrakhan Oblast (4%) and Chuvashia (4%).[1]

The Old Believers constitute 0.2% (400.000) of the total population of the country, but their numbers heighten to 1% and over in Smolensk Oblast (1.6%), Altay (1.2%), Magadan Oblast (1%) and Mari El (Marelia) (1%).[1]

Protestantism in various denominations, both historical and Evangelical or Pentecostal, is the religion of 0.2% (300.000) of the peoples of Russia. Their number is 1% or over only in Tuva (1.8%), Udmurtia (1.4%) and Altay (1%). The Catholic Church is the religion of 140.000 Russian citizens, thus less than 0.1% of the total. It is concentrated in Western Russia with numbers ranging between 0.1% and 0.7% in most of the federal subjects.[1]

Unaffiliated generic "Christians" form 4.1% (5.900.000) of the total population of Russia, with numbers ranging between 1% to 8% in most of its federal subjects, and over 8% only in Nenetia (14%), North Ossetia–Alania (10%), Tver Oblast (9%) and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (9%).[1] Vissarionism is a new syncretic religious movement based on Christian and Eastern religious ideas, which has a small following in southern Krasnoyarsk. Its leader, Vissarion, claims to be a reincarnation of Jesus.

Islam

Main article: Islam in Russia

Islam is the second largest religion in Russia after Russian Orthodoxy. It is the traditional or predominant religion amongst some Caucasian ethnicities (notably the Chechens, the Ingush and the Adyghe), and amongst some Turkic peoples (notably the Tatars, the Bashkirs).

Altogether, Muslims in Russia are 9.400.000 or 6.5% of the total population as of 2012 (the survey doesn't include detailed data for the traditionally Islamic states of Chechenia and Ingushetia). Notwithstanding, various differences split the Muslim population in different groups. According to the survey, most of the Muslims (precisely 6.700.000 or 4.6% of the total population) are "unaffiliated" to any Islamic schools and branches or Islamic organisation. These unaffiliated Muslims constitute significant percentages of over 10% in Kabardino-Balkaria (49%), Bashkortostan (38%), Karachay-Cherkessia (34%), Tatarstan (31%), Yamalia (13%), Orenburg Oblast (11%), Adygea (11%) and Astrakhan Oblast (11%). Most of the regions of Siberia have an unaffiliated Muslim population of 1% to 2%.[1]

Sunni Islam is the religion of 2.400.000 of the Muslims, or 1.6% of the total population of Russia. It has significant following of more than 10% of the population only in Dagestan (49%) and Karachay-Cherkessia (13%). Percentages higher than 2% are found in Kabardino-Balkaria (5%), Yugra (Khantia-Mansia) (5%), Yamalia (4%), Astrakhan Oblast (3%), Chelyabinsk Oblast (3%) and Tyumen Oblast (2%). Yakutia has a population of Sunnis ranging between 1% and 2%. Many other federal subjects have a Muslim population of 0.1% to 0.9%.[1]

Shia Islam is a minority of 300.000 people (0.2% of the total population of Russia). It is primarily represented in Dagestan (2%), Adygea (1%), Karachay-Cherkessia (1%), Kabardino-Balkaria (1%), Novgorod Oblast (1%), Penza Oblast (1%), Tatarstan (1%) and Yugra (1%).[1] Russia has an estimated 3 million to 4 million Muslim migrants, both legal and illegal, from the ex-Soviet states.[13]

Thence, the federal subjects of Russia with an absolute majority (more than 50%) are Kabardino-Balkaria (55%) and Dagestan (51%). Significant percentages (over 5%) can be found in Karachay-Cherkessia (48%), Bashkortostan (38%), Tatarstan (32%), Yamalia (17%), Adygea (12%), Astrakhan Oblast (14%), Orenburg Oblast (11%) and Yugra (6%).[1]

Tengrism and Neopaganism

Further information: Slavic Neopaganism, Caucasian Neopaganism, and Uralic Neopaganism
Further information: Tengrism and Shamanism in Siberia

Tengrism and Neopaganism counted together are represented by 1.700.000 followers or 1.1% of the total population of Russia, thus constitute the third-largest religion after Christianity and Islam. Tengrism is a term defining the traditional ethnic and shamanic religions of the Turkic and Turco-Mongol peoples, and modern movements reviving them started amidst the Turkic and Turco-Mongol nations within Russia. Neopaganism in Russia is primarily represented by the revival of the ethnic religions of the Russians (Slavic), but also by those of some Caucasian and Finno-Ugric ethnic minorities of Russia.

Caucasian Neopaganism and Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism) are primarily represented by significant followings in North Ossetia–Alania (29%), Karachay-Cherkessia (12%), Kabardino-Balkaria (3%), Orenburg Oblast (over 3%), Kemerovo Oblast (over 3%), 2% to 3% in Dagestan, Astrakhan Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast and Magadan Oblast. Slavic Neopaganism is also present in many of the federal subjects of Western Russia in percentages ranging between 1% and 2%.[1]

Pagans have faced violence in many parts of Russia, especially in Muslim dominated areas. Aslan Tsipinov, one of the main advocates for Caucasian Neopaganism in Kabardino-Balkaria was murdered by Islamists in 2010.[14] Just months before his death, Tsipinov was ordered by the radicals to stop popularizing Circassian (Kabardian) Pagan rituals.[15] Practitioners of the Mari Traditional Religion, often referred as the "Europe's last Pagans" also face wide spread harassment from the government officials.[16] However, in regions such as Abkhazia (part of the Caucasus, but outside Russia) and Ossetia, paganism enjoy widespread support from the majority population[17]. In North Ossetia–Alania, the pagans accounted for as much as 30% of the ethnic Ossetian population in 2002, declined to 20.3% in 2006,[18] growing again to 29% in 2012.

The first Rodnover association in Russia was registered in 1994. Rodnover groups in the Russian Federation include the Slavic Communities Union based in Kaluga. The largest worship cult is that of Rod. Lesser deities include Perun and Dazhbog. Russian centers of Rodnovery are situated also in Dolgoprudny, Pskov and other cities. Moscow has several pagan temples.[19]

Uralic Neopaganism is practiced by the Finno-Ugric ethnic minorities of Russia (primarily the Mari, the Udmurts and the Komi). The Mari Traditional Religion is practiced by 6% of the population of Mari El according to the 2012 survey.[1] Other studies report higher percentages (15%).[20] Paganism is practiced by between 2% and 3% of the population of Udmurtia and the Perm Krai, and between 1% and 2% of the population of the Komi Republic.[1] Uralic Neopagan movements can be found amongst the other Finno-Ugric minorities of Central Russia.

Tengrism and Turco-Mongol shamanic religions are found primarily in Siberia and the Russian Far East. About 13% of the inhabitants of Altay adhere to such religions (including Burkhanism), 13% of the population of Yakutia (28.2% according to another survey[21], 8% of Tuva, 3% of Buryatia, between 2% and 3% of Khakassia, Buryatia and Kamchatka.[1] The survey excluded detailed data on Chukotka with a large population of Chukchi shamanists. Vattisen Yaly is practiced by a ethnic Chuvash in Chuvashia.

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism in Russia

Buddhism is practiced by 700.000 people in Russia, or 0.4% of the total federal population. It is present almost exclusively in its Vajrayana (Tibetan) schools. It is the traditional religion amongst some Turkic and Mongolic ethnicities in Russia (Kalmyks, Buryats and Tuvans). It is the religion of the 62% of the total population of Tuva, 38% of Kalmykia and 20% of Buryatia.[1]

It also has a following in Zabaykalsky Krai (6%, primarily ethnic Buryats), Mari El (2%, presumibly Mari converts), and Moscow Oblast (1%). It has a following of 0.5% to 0.9% in Tomsk Oblast, Yakutia, Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast.[1]

Hinduism and Krishnaism

Main article: Hinduism in Russia

Krishnaism and broader Hinduism have gathered a following among Russians mostly through missionary work carried out by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness and other groups. Moreover, forms of indigenous Hindu movements (called Slavic Vedism) have sprung up, with ties to Slavic Neopaganism.[22] These movements have been fueled by the growth of interest in the common Indo-European roots of Europe and India — being Russia a place of particular importance for the myths regarding the origins of the Indo-European peoples —, and the 2007 excavation of an ancient Vishnu cult image in the Volga region.[23] Russian Vedists and Hindus have established several temples across the country, including the Temple of the Seven Rishi[24] and the planned large Hindu temple in Moscow.

Hinduism in Russia is practiced by 140.000 people according to the 2012 survey. It constitutes 1.6% of the population of Altay, 0.5% in Samara Oblast, 0.4% in Khakassia, Kalmykia, Bryansk Oblast, Kamchatka, Kurgan Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, 0.2% to 0.3% in Yamalia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Rostov Oblast, and 0.1% to 0.2% in other federal subjects.[1]

Bhagavad Gita trial

Main article: Bhagavad Gita trial in Russia
Wikinews has related news:
Wikinews has related news:

A group linked to the Christian Orthodox Church had demanded a ban owing to conflict of interests between the Russian followers of Krishna and the local authorities in the Siberian region of Tomsk. The case was dismissed by the federal judge on 28th of December 2011.[25]

Russian ambassador Alexander Kadakin condemned the "madmen" seeking the ban, said the following underlining that Russia was a secular country:[26]

Russia is a secular and democratic country where all religions enjoy equal respect... Even more applicable it is to the holy scriptures of various faiths -- whether it is the Bible, the Holy Quran, Torah, Avesta and, of course, Bhagvad Gita -- the great source of wisdom for the people of India and the world.

Post the ban, 15,000 Indians in Moscow, and followers of the Iskcon in Russia appealed to the Indian government to intervene to resolve the issue.[27] The move triggered strong protests by Members of Parliament as they wanted the Indian Government to take up the matter strongly with Russia. The final hearing in the Tomsk district court was then scheduled on 28 December, after the court agreeing to seek the opinion of the Russian Ombudsman on human rights in Tomsk Oblast and of Indologists from Moscow and St Petersburg.[28]

Judaism

Further information: History of the Jews in Russia

There are 140.000 practicing Jews in Russia as of 2012, the ethnic Jewish population being actually larger (205.000). They are mostly concentrated in Kamchatka Krai (0.4%), Saint Petersburg (0.4%), Kursk Oblast (0.4%), Khabarovsk Krai (0.4%), Buryatia (between 0.2% and 0.3%), the Jewish Autonomous Okrug (between 0.2% and 0.3%), Kalmykia (between 0.2% and 0.3%) and Kabardino-Balkaria (between 0.2% and 0.3%).[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t 2012 Survey Charts. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  2. ^ Bell, Imogen. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  3. ^ "[[:Template:Ru icon]]Сведения o религиозных организациях, зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации По данным Федеральной регистрационной службы". December 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  4. ^ a b Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. "Russia". Retrieved 2007-12-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Olga Filina (Ogonek Magazine). Mapping Russia's Religious Landscape. Russia and India Report. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  6. ^ Верю — не верю. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  7. ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  8. ^ Fact Box: Muslims In Russia
  9. ^ Готовы ли русские жить по шариату
  10. ^ Как пишутся страшные сказки о Церкви
  11. ^ Page, Jeremy (2005-08-05). "The rise of Russian Muslims worries Orthodox Church". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  12. ^ "[[:Template:Ru icon]]Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше". religare.ru. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  13. ^ Russia: CIS Migrants
  14. ^ North Caucasus Insurgency Admits Killing Circassian Ethnographer. Caucasus Report, 2010. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  15. ^ Valery Dzutsev. High-profile Murders in Kabardino-Balkaria Underscore the Government’s Inability to Control Situation in the Republic. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 1,2011. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  16. ^ Geraldine Fagan. Soviet anti-religion has returned, claim Europe's last surviving pagans. odRussia, 2010. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  17. ^ http://www.newsland.ru/news/detail/id/1014509
  18. ^ Религиозная жизнь современной Северной Осетии - The religious life in modern North Ossetia. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  19. ^ Московская Славянская Языческая Община. Rodoslav , Smagoslav, et al. Moscow Slavic Pagan Community. Slavic Paganism. 2001-6-22. Accessed 2011-12-27.
  20. ^ Nikolaus von Twickel. Europe's Last Pagans Worship in Mari-El Grove. Saint Petersburg Times, 2009.
  21. ^ Современная религиозная ситуация в Республике Саха (Якутия): проблемы и перспективы. religare.ru
  22. ^ Michael Strmiska. Modern Paganism in World Cultures. Chapter Six: The Revival of Ukrainian Native Faith by Adrian Ivakhiv. pp. 209-239.
  23. ^ Ancient Vishnu idol found in Russian town" Times of India 4 Jan 2007
  24. ^ Храма Семи Риши
  25. ^ "Gita row: Russia court refuses to ban Bhagvad Gita". NDTV. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  26. ^ "Declare Bhagavad Gita as national book, demands BJP". Hindustan Times. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  27. ^ "20 DEC, 2011, 03.49PM IST, IANS Gita row snowballs, India raises issue at 'highest levels'". The Economic Times. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
  28. ^ "Gita ban: Russian court suspended verdict till 28 Dec". The Statesman. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
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