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===Resurgence and stigma===
===Resurgence and stigma===


A resurgence of barebacking in first-world gay communities during the 1990s has been a frequent topic for gay columnists and editorialists in ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'', [[Genre magazine|''Genre'' magazine]], and [[Out Magazine|''Out'' magazine]].<ref name=Finlayson1998>{{Cite news|title=The Human Condition: Johnny be good |last=Finlayson |first=Iain |author-link=Iain Finlayson |date=21 June 1998 |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-human-condition-johnny-be-good-1166398.html |quote=Whatever happened to that condom moment? 'Bareback', or unprotected, sex is still practiced by up to a third of gay men - because, despite the dangers, it feels liberated, sensuous and like one in the eye for 'sex police'}}</ref> Many of these articles express concern over bareback sex's popularity, and liken it to irresponsible and reckless behavior, despite the fact that a third of gay men take part in the practice.<ref name=Finlayson1998/> An article in the online resource ''The Body'' lists no fewer than 22 reasons why barebacking has become increasingly acceptable in the gay community.<ref name=sowadsky>See Rick Sowadsky, "Barebacking in the Gay Community," [http://www.thebody.com/content/art2276.html The Body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103084619/http://www.thebody.com/content/art2276.html |date=2008-11-03 }} (May, 1999).</ref> Some of the reasons listed are: the recent perception of HIV as a treatable illness one can live with, insufficient sex education, use of drugs such as crystal meth in sexual settings, and fetishization of bareback sex on various porn and dating sites.
A resurgence of barebacking in first-world gay communities during the 1990s has been a frequent topic for gay columnists and editorialists in ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'', [[Genre magazine|''Genre'' magazine]], and [[Out Magazine|''Out'' magazine]].<ref name=Finlayson1998>{{Cite news|title=The Human Condition: Johnny be good |last=Finlayson |first=Iain |author-link=Iain Finlayson |date=21 June 1998 |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-human-condition-johnny-be-good-1166398.html |quote=Whatever happened to that condom moment? 'Bareback', or unprotected, sex is still practiced by up to a third of gay men - because, despite the dangers, it feels liberated, sensuous and like one in the eye for 'sex police'}}</ref> Many of these articles express concern over bareback sex's popularity, and liken it to irresponsible and reckless behavior, despite the fact that a third of gay men take part in the practice.<ref name=Finlayson1998/> An article in the online resource ''The Body'' lists no fewer than 22 reasons why barebacking has become increasingly acceptable in the gay community.<ref name=sowadsky>See Rick Sowadsky, "Barebacking in the Gay Community," [http://www.thebody.com/content/art2276.html The Body] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103084619/http://www.thebody.com/content/art2276.html |date=2008-11-03 }} (May, 1999).</ref> Some of the reasons listed are: the recent perception of HIV as a treatable illness one can live with, insufficient sex education, use of drugs such as [[methamphetamine]] in sexual settings, and fetishization of bareback sex on various porn and dating sites.


Academic works suggest that barebacking is a way to reach for transcendence, to overcome the boredom of everyday average life in a hyper-rationalized society.<ref>{{citation |last=Holmes |first=Dave |year=2006 |title=Raw Sex as Limit Experience: A Foucauldian Analysis of Unsafe Anal Sex between Men |last2=O'Byrne |first2=Patrick |last3=Gastaldo |first3=Denise |journal=Social Theory & Health |pages=319–333 |volume=4 |issue=4 |issn=1477-8211 |oclc=366722101 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700077}} and {{citation |last=Martin |first=James |year=2006 |title=Transcendence Among Gay Men: Implications for HIV Prevention |journal=Sexualities |pages=214–235 |volume=9 |issue=2 |issn=1363-4607 |oclc=441346802 |doi=10.1177/1363460706058398}}</ref> Some men are dispensing with condoms in the context of seroconcordant sex (sex between two men of the same HIV status). Early articulations of barebacking generally refer to sex between two HIV-positive men, whereby barebacking could be considered an early harm reduction strategy, similar to [[serosorting]], which was later endorsed by some public health authorities in the USA.<ref name="Race 2010"/>
Academic works suggest that barebacking is a way to reach for transcendence, to overcome the boredom of everyday average life in a hyper-rationalized society.<ref>{{citation |last=Holmes |first=Dave |year=2006 |title=Raw Sex as Limit Experience: A Foucauldian Analysis of Unsafe Anal Sex between Men |last2=O'Byrne |first2=Patrick |last3=Gastaldo |first3=Denise |journal=Social Theory & Health |pages=319–333 |volume=4 |issue=4 |issn=1477-8211 |oclc=366722101 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700077}} and {{citation |last=Martin |first=James |year=2006 |title=Transcendence Among Gay Men: Implications for HIV Prevention |journal=Sexualities |pages=214–235 |volume=9 |issue=2 |issn=1363-4607 |oclc=441346802 |doi=10.1177/1363460706058398}}</ref> Some men are dispensing with condoms in the context of seroconcordant sex (sex between two men of the same HIV status). Early articulations of barebacking generally refer to sex between two HIV-positive men, whereby barebacking could be considered an early harm reduction strategy, similar to [[serosorting]], which was later endorsed by some public health authorities in the USA.<ref name="Race 2010"/>

Revision as of 19:41, 3 February 2021

Bareback sex is physical sexual activity, especially sexual penetration, without the use of a condom.[1] The topic primarily concerns anal sex between men who have sex with men without the use of a condom, and may be distinguished from unprotected sex because bareback sex denotes the deliberate act of forgoing condom use.[2][3]

A slang term, bareback sex comes from the equestrian term bareback, which refers to the practice of riding a horse without a saddle.

Etymology

It is not known when the term (as sexual slang) was first used, although its use did gain momentum in the 1960s with the first appearance in print (as analogous reference) occurring in 1968.[4] The term was used by G.I.'s during the Vietnam War when sex without the use of a condom was known as "going in" or "riding" bareback.[5] The term was included in the 1972 publication, Playboy's Book of Forbidden Words: A Liberated Dictionary of Improper English.[6]

The term appeared occasionally in print until the 1980s and then in context to the AIDS epidemic and the discussion of sexual practices. It did not have widespread use in LGBT culture until 1997, when there was an increase of discussion regarding condomless sex (as reflected in print publications).[7]

The term bareback sex is now used less frequently among heterosexuals.[8] A 2009 survey by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene found that heterosexual women are more likely to have unprotected anal intercourse than gay and bisexual men.[9][10]

History and culture

Further information: Condom

Initially used for contraceptive purposes, condoms also came to be used to limit or prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), even after other contraceptive methods were developed. As AIDS emerged and the sexual transmission of HIV became known in the 1980s, the use of condoms to prevent infection became much more widespread, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM) who engage in anal sex. At the beginning of the AIDS crisis, in the context of the invention and development of safe sex, the uptake of condoms among Western MSM was so widespread and effective that condom use became established as a norm for sex between men. From 1995, several high-profile HIV positive men[who?] declared their refusal to wear condoms with other HIV positive men in gay publications, dubbing the practice barebacking. While these early articulations of barebacking expressed a concern for HIV prevention, in that they generally referred to dispensing with condoms in the context of sex between people of the same HIV status, the moral panic which ensued was so pronounced that barebacking came to be framed as a rebellious and transgressive erotic practice for HIV positive and HIV negative people alike, irrespective of the risks of HIV transmission.[11]

Resurgence and stigma

A resurgence of barebacking in first-world gay communities during the 1990s has been a frequent topic for gay columnists and editorialists in The Advocate, Genre magazine, and Out magazine.[12] Many of these articles express concern over bareback sex's popularity, and liken it to irresponsible and reckless behavior, despite the fact that a third of gay men take part in the practice.[12] An article in the online resource The Body lists no fewer than 22 reasons why barebacking has become increasingly acceptable in the gay community.[13] Some of the reasons listed are: the recent perception of HIV as a treatable illness one can live with, insufficient sex education, use of drugs such as methamphetamine in sexual settings, and fetishization of bareback sex on various porn and dating sites.

Academic works suggest that barebacking is a way to reach for transcendence, to overcome the boredom of everyday average life in a hyper-rationalized society.[14] Some men are dispensing with condoms in the context of seroconcordant sex (sex between two men of the same HIV status). Early articulations of barebacking generally refer to sex between two HIV-positive men, whereby barebacking could be considered an early harm reduction strategy, similar to serosorting, which was later endorsed by some public health authorities in the USA.[11]

Bareback sex has also become more acceptable since the introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). One of the most popular forms of PrEP is Truvada, a medication previously taken for HIV treatment that, when taken properly, has been shown to prevent HIV-negative users from contracting HIV from infected partners. While these drugs do not necessarily prevent the transmission of other STIs, they have stirred a discussion on what "safe" sex without the use of condoms really entails.

A 2005 study by Perry N. Halkitis concluded that the resurgence of barebacking led to an increase in sexually transmitted infections among the MSM community. The study found that of the 448 men who were familiar with barebacking, nearly half reported they had bareback sex in the last three months. In the San Francisco study, fewer men reported engaging in barebacking when the behavior was defined as intentional unprotected anal intercourse with a non-primary partner. Using this definition, 14% of the 390 men who were aware of barebacking reported engaging in the behavior in the past two years. Halkitis and Richard Wolitski also found that HIV-positive MSM were more likely to have bareback sex than were HIV-negative MSM.[15] A 2016 study by Joseph Brennan used textual analysis to read discourse on gay pornography performer Jake Lyons and his decision to perform for bareback studios. Brennan explored the stigma attached to the practice, in particular narratives of 'disposal and disgust' that became associated with the performer, and contributed to a decline in his career.[16]

Bugchasing

An extreme form of barebacking is bugchasing, in which seronegative gay men actively seek to be infected with HIV.[2][17] These men may seek to contract HIV in order to not have to constantly live in fear of becoming infected.[2][18]

Gay pornographic films

Bareback gay pornography was standard in "pre-condom" films from the 1970s and early 1980s. As awareness of the risk of AIDS developed, pornography producers came under pressure to use condoms, both for the health of the performers and to serve as role models for their viewers. By the early 1990s new pornographic videos usually featured the use of condoms for anal sex. However, beginning in the 1990s, an increasing number of studios have been devoted to the production of new films featuring men engaging in unprotected sex.[19] For example, San Francisco-based studio Treasure Island Media, whose work focuses in this area, has produced bareback films since 1999. Other companies that do so include Spunk Video, Lucas Entertainment, SEVP, and Eurocreme. Mainstream gay pornographic studios such as Kristen Bjorn Productions have featured the occasional bareback scene such as in "El Rancho" between performers who are real-life partners. Other studios such as Falcon Entertainment and Spunk Video have also reissued older pre-condom films.[20] Also, mainstream studios that consistently use condoms for anal sex scenes may sometimes choose editing techniques that make the presence of condoms somewhat ambiguous and less visually evident, and thus may encourage viewers to fantasize that barebacking is taking place, even though the performers are following safer-sex protocols. (In contrast, some mainstream directors use close-up shots of condom packets being opened, etc., to help clearly establish for the viewer that the sex is not bareback.)

Some bareback pornography studios say that they do not inquire whether their models are HIV positive, but assume that they are infected. For example, Hot Desert Knights (HDK) was one of the studios that initially operated on the assumption that all of their bareback models were HIV positive.[21] However, in February 2008 HDK announced that it would begin testing its models for HIV and engage in a process of "sero-sorting", which match HIV-positive performers with other HIV-positive performers, and negative with negative. Critics suggest that sero-sorting may not prevent the development of a multi-strain HIV "superinfection". By contrast, BelAmi is one of the studios that claimed from the beginning to test their bareback models for HIV before allowing them to participate in condom-free scenes. A notice on the BelAmi website states: "all our performers are regularly tested for the presence of HIV or other communicable diseases."[22]

Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation was formed to promote and facilitate STD testing and safety precautions among pornographic film actors.

Health risks

In addition to sexually transmitted infections, mechanical trauma are the same as in anal sex. Unprotected anal sex is a risk factor for formation of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in the recipient. In some people, ASA may cause autoimmune infertility. Antisperm antibodies impair fertilization, negatively affect the implantation process and impair growth and development of the embryo.[23][24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Partridge, Eric; Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (2006), The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: A-I (reprint ed.), Taylor & Francis, p. 92, ISBN 978-0-415-25937-8, Bareback - to engage in sex without a condom.
  2. ^ a b c Barebacking: Psychosocial and Public Health Approaches. CRC Press. 2006. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0789021748. Retrieved September 11, 2016. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Routledge Handbook of Sexuality, Health and Rights. Routledge. 2010. pp. 391–393. ISBN 978-1135272876. Retrieved September 11, 2016. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Rosenberg, Bernard and Joseph Bensman (1968). "Sexual Patterns in Three Ethnic Subcultures of an American Underclass". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (376): 70. Risk or no risk, boys are generally hostile to the idea of prophylaxis. One objection is phrased purely in terms of the pleasure principle, most colorfully by a Chicago boy who explains why he never uses anything like a rubber, 'I tried it once. lt's like riding a horse with a saddle instead of bareback.
  5. ^ Clark, Gregory R. (1990). Words of the Vietnam War: the Slang, Jargon. . .[etc.] McFarland & Company. p. 437. ISBN 978-0899504650. (under "Ride Bareback") "GI slang for having sexual intercourse without using a condom. See also p. 66 (under "Boom-Boom") "A GI that had his sex without the use of a condom was known as 'going in' or 'riding' bareback."
  6. ^ Wilson, Robert Anton (1972). Playboy's Book of Forbidden Words: A Liberated Dictionary of Improper English. Playboy Press. p. 20. BAREBACK - Intercourse without any form of contraception, as in "They went at it bareback."
  7. ^ Peyser, Marc (September 29, 1997). "A Deadly Dance: As AIDS Cases Decline Sharply, Some Gay Men Are Returning to Unsafe Sex. They Call It Barebacking". Newsweek. 130 (13): 136. See also The Advocate (Jul 8, 1997) p. 34 (and other various references in 1997; Out [Magazine] (6:1-6) 1997 (various references throughout.)
  8. ^ Mark Cichocki, R.N. "Link Between HIV Infection and Barebacking". About.com Health. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Women, Unprotected Anal Sex and HIV Risk" (PDF). New York City Health Department. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  10. ^ "Survey finds more straight women barebacking than gay men". PinkNews. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  11. ^ a b Race, Kane (2010), "Engaging in a Culture of Barebacking: Gay Men and the Risk of HIV Prevention", HIV Treatment and Prevention Technologies in International Perspective: 144–166, doi:10.1057/9780230297050_8, ISBN 978-0-230-23819-0
  12. ^ a b Finlayson, Iain (21 June 1998). "The Human Condition: Johnny be good". The Independent. Whatever happened to that condom moment? 'Bareback', or unprotected, sex is still practiced by up to a third of gay men - because, despite the dangers, it feels liberated, sensuous and like one in the eye for 'sex police'
  13. ^ See Rick Sowadsky, "Barebacking in the Gay Community," The Body Archived 2008-11-03 at the Wayback Machine (May, 1999).
  14. ^ Holmes, Dave; O'Byrne, Patrick; Gastaldo, Denise (2006), "Raw Sex as Limit Experience: A Foucauldian Analysis of Unsafe Anal Sex between Men", Social Theory & Health, 4 (4): 319–333, doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700077, ISSN 1477-8211, OCLC 366722101 and Martin, James (2006), "Transcendence Among Gay Men: Implications for HIV Prevention", Sexualities, 9 (2): 214–235, doi:10.1177/1363460706058398, ISSN 1363-4607, OCLC 441346802
  15. ^ Halkitis PN, Drescher J, Wilton L (2005). "Barebacking: psychosocial and public health approaches". Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy. 9 (3/4): 14–15. doi:10.1300/j236v09n03_01. ISBN 978-0-7890-2174-8.
  16. ^ Brennan, Joseph (2016). "'Bare-backing spoils everything. He's spoiled goods': Disposal and disgust, a study of retired power bottom twink Jake Lyons". Porn Studies. 3 (1): 20–33. doi:10.1080/23268743.2015.1074867.
  17. ^ Gregory A. Freeman, "In Search of Death," Rolling Stone, January 23, 2003 https://web.archive.org/web/20100406023402/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939950/bug_chasers; Gemma Aldridge, "Bug chasing: Men deliberately trying to catch HIV for sexual thrill in astonishing craze", Mirror, July 7, 2013, https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/bug-chasing-men-deliberately-trying-2033433
  18. ^ Robinson, Brandon Andrew. 2014. "Barebacking with Weber: Re-enchanting the Rational Sexual Order." Social Theory & Health 12: 235-250. DOI: 10.1057/sth.2014.4
  19. ^ Holt, Madeleine (4 March 2008). "HIV scandal in gay porn industry". BBC. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  20. ^ "Bareback Classics" (FVS 301) is an example of such a re-issue by Falcon. For Spunk Video reissues, see Christopher Rage.
  21. ^ J. C. Adams, "The Adams Report: The GayVN Awards Show Highlights" (2002), quotes Jackson Price, the then director of casting for HDK, as saying, "we assume everyone is positive," and as implying that HDK did not require disclosure of any model's HIV status. (This report no longer appears to be available online.)
  22. ^ "BelAmi Video On Demand". belamionline.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  23. ^ Restrepo, B.; Cardona-Maya, W. (October 2013). "Antisperm antibodies and fertility association". Actas Urologicas Espanolas. 37 (9): 571–578. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003. ISSN 1699-7980. PMID 23428233.
  24. ^ Rao, Kamini (2013-09-30). Principles & Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology (3 Vols). JP Medical Ltd. p. 311. ISBN 9789350907368.

Further reading

Documentary

  • Hogarth, Louise; Hitzel, Doug, The gift, Dream Out Loud Productions, OCLC 55743841, archived from the original (DVD video) on 2008-02-07, The Gift documents the phenomenon of deliberate HIV infection. The film follows the stories of two "bug chasers" who sought out "the gift" of HIV infection. Also interviewed are AIDS activist and author, Walt Odets, PhD, and HIV+ and HIV- men. The film explores the normalization and glamorization of HIV/AIDS and discusses the isolation and division caused by HIV status in the gay community.
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