Purple

This article is about the color. For other uses, see Purple (disambiguation).

Purple
Common connotations
royalty, nobility, Lent, Easter, Mardi Gras
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#800080
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(128, 0, 128)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 50%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)	(30, 68, 308°)
Source	HTML
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Purple is a range of hues of color occurring between red and blue. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as a deep, rich shade between crimson and violet.

In the ancient world, purple was the color worn by Roman Emperors and magistrates, and later by Roman Catholic bishops. Since that time, purple has been commonly associated with royalty and piety.

Etymology

The word 'purple' comes from the Old English word purpul which derives from the Latin purpura, in turn from the Greek πορφύρα (porphura), name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail.

The first recorded use of the word 'purple' in English was in the year AD 975.

Varieties and uses of purple

See also:

• Shades of purple
• List of colors

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  Purple is the color of royalty. A ticket for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (1953).
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  Purple is the color of piety. Monseigneur Eijk, Bishop of Groningen, the Netherlands
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  The purple tie of British Prime Minister David Cameron. Purple has become a popular color for the neckties of world leaders; it is less aggressive than red, but more active than blue.
• The Purple Heart is awarded to U.S. soldiers who are wounded or killed in action.
  The Purple Heart is awarded to U.S. soldiers who are wounded or killed in action.
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  Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, France
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  Amethyst gemstones
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  A purple oak (Fagus sylvatica)
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  Eggplants
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  Plums (Prunus domestica)
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  fuchsia in the RGB color model is purple at maximum brighness. The color is named for the flower, which is named for German scientist Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566), one of the founders of the modern science of botany.
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  The color magenta is very similar to fuchsia. In color printing, it is a primary color, along with cyan and yellow. It takes its name from a battle in 1859 at the city of Magenta. Italy.
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  Purple eye shadow is intended to create the illusion of depth and to attract attention to the eyes.

Purple vs. violet

Violet
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#8F00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(143, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(274°, 100%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)	(43, 134, 278°)
Source	HTML Color Chart @274
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

In the traditional color wheel used by painters, violet and purple are both placed between red and blue. Purple occupies the space closer to red, between crimson and violet. Violet is closer to blue, and is usually less intense and bright than purple.

While the two colors look similar, from the point of view of optics there are important differences. Violet is a spectral, or real color- it occupies its own place at the end of the spectrum of light, and it has its own wavelength; (approximately 380–420 nm). It was one of the colors of the spectrum first identified by Isaac Newton in 1672, whereas purple is simply a combination of two colors, red and blue. There is no such thing as the "wavelength of purple light"; it only exists as a combination.

Pure violet cannot be accurately reproduced by the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. It is approximated by mixing blue light at high intensity with less intense red light on a black screen. The resulting color has the same hue but a lower saturation than pure violet.

One curious psychophysical difference between purple and violet is their appearance with an increase of light intensity. Violet, as it brightens, looks more and more blue. The same effect does not happen with purple. This is the result of what is known as the Bezold-Brücke shift.

While the scientific definitions of violet and purple are clear, the cultural definitions are more varied. The color known in antiquity as Tyrian purple ranged from crimson to a deep bluish-purple, depending upon how it was made. The color called purple by the French and Germans today, pourpre and Purpur, is closer to what Americans and the British call crimson, though in German, Purpurrot ("purple-red") is usually used to avoid confusion.

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  The color violet
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  the color purple
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  In the traditional Boutet color circle (1708), purple is shown between crimson and violet.
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  The coat of arms of the Sablon quarter of the French city of Metz. The French and Germans call this background color purple (pourpre/Purpur), while Americans and the British call it crimson.

In art and history

In prehistory and the ancient world -Tyrian purple

Main article: Tyrian purple

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at Basilica of San Vitale

Tyrian Purple
Colour coordinates
Hex triplet	#66023C
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(102, 2, 60)
HSV (h, s, v)	(325°, 98%, 40%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)	(21, 49, 346°)
Source	Tyrian Purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Purple was one of the first colors used in prehistoric art. The artists of Pech Merle cave other Neolithic sites in France used sticks of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 B.C.

Beginning in about 1500 B.C., the citizens of Sidon and Tyre, the citizens of two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia, (present day Lebanon), began to exploit a remarkable new source of purple; a sea snail called the spiny dye-murex. This deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple, or imperial purple.

The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at the ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There a remarkable transformation took place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain the desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting.

Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Old Testament; In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet.". The term used for purple in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple. In the Iliad of Homer, the belt of Ajax is purple, and the tails of the horses of Trojan warriors are dipped in purple. In the Odyssey, the blankets on the wedding bed of Odysseus are purple. In the poems of Sappho (6th century B.C.) she celebrates the skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of Lydia who made purple footware, and in the play of Aeschylus (525–456 B.C.), Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her husband Agamemnon by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In the Bible, it was described the color worn by the priests of Yahweh. In 950 B.C., King Solomon was reported to have to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem.

Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the Emperor of the Macedonian Empire), the emperor of the Seleucid Empire, and the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple.

During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held, the general being honored wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold. The commander of the army wore a purple cloak, called a paludamentum. During the Roman Empire, purple was reserved for the Emperors. The Emperor Caligula had a the King of Mauritania assassinated for wearing a purple mantle better than his own. Nero made it punishable by death for anyone else to wear the color. The imperial robes of Roman emperors were Tyrian purple trimmed in metallic gold thread. The badge of office of a Roman Senator was a stripe of Tyrian purple on their white toga.

The color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from a reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer Vitruvius, (1st century B.C.), the murex coming from northern waters, probably murex brandaris, produced a more bluish color than those of the south, probably murex trunculus. The most valued shades were said to be those closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the robes of the Emperor Justinian in Ravenna. The chemical composition of the dye from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo, and indigo was sometimes used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished. What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its lustre, richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price.

In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color a handkerchief. In the year 2000 a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original formula, cost two thousand euro.

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  Outline of a hand in Pech Merle cave, France, made between sixteen and twenty-five thousand years ago,
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  An Egyptian bowl colored with Egyptian blue, with motifs painted in dark manganese purple. (between 1550 and 1450 B.C.)
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  Tyrian purple was made from a sea snail called murex
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  Dye bath of Tyrian purple
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  Cloth dyed with Tyrian purple The color could vary from crimson to deep purple, depending upon the type of murex sea-snail and how it was made.

Purple in the Byzantine Empire and Carolingian Europe

Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the Byzantine Empire continued the use of purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial documents and the pages of the Bible. Gospel manuscripts were written in gold lettering on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple. Empresses gave birth in the Purple Chamber, and the Emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate them from Emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank.

In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing a mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed, and gradually scarlet, made with dye from the cochineal insect, became the royal color in Europe.

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  The Empress Theodora, the wife of the Emperor Justinian, dressed in Tyrian purple. (6th century).
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  A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor Charlemagne in 800. The bishops and cardinals wear purple, and the Pope wears white.
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  A fragment of the shroud in which the Emperor Charlemagne was buried in 814. It was made of gold and Tyrian purple from Constantinople.

The Middle Ages and The Renaissance

In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should wear scarlet, made with cochnieal, since the deep Tyrian purple from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed with the less expensive indigo, overlaid with scarlet from cochineal.

While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of the clergy, and they often square violet or purple caps and robes, or black robes with purple trim. Purple robes were particularly worn by students of divinity.

Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes.

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  A 12th century painting of Saint Peter consecrating Hermagoras, wearing purple, as a bishop.
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  Madonna and child by Giotto (1266–1320)
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  In the Ghent Altarpiece (1422) by Jan van Eyck, the popes and bishops are wearing wearing purple robes.
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  A purple-clad angel from the Resurrection of Christ by Raphael (1483–1520)

18th and 19th centuries

In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine the Great and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But In the 19th century, that changed.

In 1856, an eighteen-year old British chemistry student named William Henry Perkin was trying to make a synthetic quinine. His experiments produced instead the first synthetic aniline dye, a purple shade called mauveine, shortened simply to mauve . It took its name from from the mallow flower, which is the same color. The new color quickly became fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria I wore a silk gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton, so almost anyone could wear mauve. It was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion.

Purple was popular with the pre-Raphaelite painters in Britain, including Arthur Hughes, who loved bright colors and romantic scenes.

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  Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, by Fyodor Rokotov. (State Hermitage Museum).
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  In England, pre-Raphaelite painters like Arthur Hughes were particularly enchanted by purple and violet. This is April Love (1856).
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  Purple and mauve were in style throughout Europe in the 1860s, thanks to the invention of the synthetic dye mauveine in 1856.
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  Portrait of Felix Pissarro (1881), by Camille Pissarro
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  Portrait of Caroline Remy de Guebhard, by Pierre-August Renoir (1841–1919).

20th and 21st centuries

At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the German painter Gustave Klimt, who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets.

In the 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty; King George VI (1896-1952), wore purple in his official portrait, and it was prominent in every feature of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth IIin 1953, from the invitations to the stage design inside Westminister Abbey. But at the same time, it was becoming associated with social change; with the Women's Suffrage movement for the right to vote for women in the early decades of the century, with Feminism in the 1970s, and with the psychedelic drug culture of the 1960s.

In the early 20th century, purple, green and white were the colors of the Women's Suffrage movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally suceeding with the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a tribute to the Suffragettes, it became the color of the women's liberation movement.

In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses, were required to wear a purple triangle.

In the 1960s, it was also associated with hallucinogenic drugs, and with the music of Jimi Hendrix, particularly the 1967 song Purple Haze. Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the American musician Prince.

The Purple Rain Protest was a protest against apartheid that took place in Cape Town, South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police water cannon with purple dye sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to the slogan The Purple Shall Govern.

The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate leaders.

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  Gustav Klimt portrait of woman with a purple hat (1912).
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  King George VI (1895-1952) wore purple in his official portrait.
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  The Coronation portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip (1953) has three different shades of purple in the train, curtains and crown.
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  Program from a Women's Suffrage march (1913).
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  A pennant from the Women's Suffrage movement in the state of Indiana.
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  Symbol of the Feminist movement in the United States (1970s). The purple color was chosen as a tribute to the Suffragette movement a half-century earlier.
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  Purple Haze, a classic anthem of the 1960s by Jimi Hendrix.
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  The album Purple Rain, by Prince.
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  Five presidents in the oval office. The two more recent presidents, George Bush and Barack Obama, are wearing purple ties.

In science and nature

The optics of purple

Purple, unlike violet, is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum. It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton, and it does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason it is called a non-spectral color. It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. It is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue.

In color theory, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves). The spectral colors violet and indigo are not purples according to color theory but they are purples according to common English usage since they are between red and blue.

In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is usually placed between crimson and violet In a slightly different variation, on the color wheel, it is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (See Shades of purple). ,

In the RGB color model, named for the colors red, green and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on a black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness.

In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta, or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding a certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment).

On a chromaticity diagram, the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human color perception. The color magenta used in the CMYK printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. Some common confusion exists concerning the color names "purple" and "violet". Purple is a mixture of red and blue light, whereas violet is a spectral color.

On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram, violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line is known as the line of purples, or the purple line.

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  On a computer or television screen, purple colors are created by mixing red and blue light. This is called the RGB color model.
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  The CIE xy chromaticity diagram

Pigments

• Hematite and Manganese are the oldest pigments used for the color purple. They were used by Neolithic artists in the form of sticks, like charcoal, or ground and powdered and mixed with fat, and used as a paint. Hematite is a reddish iron oxide which, when ground coarsely, makes a purple pigment. Manganese was also used in Roman times to color glass purple.
• Han purple was the first synthetic purple pigment, invented in China in about 700 B.C. It was used in wall paintings and pottery and other applications. In color it was very close to indigo, which had a similar chemical structure. Han purple was very unstable, and sometimes was the result of the chemical breakdown of Han blue.

During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuili with red ochre, cinnabar or minium. They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red.

• Cobalt violet was the first modern synthetic color in the purple family, manufactured in 1859. It was found, along with cobalt blue, in the palette of Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Georges Seurat. It was stable, but had low tinting power and was expensive, so quickly went out of use.
• Manganese violet was a stronger color than cobalt violet, and replaced it on the market.
• Quinacridone violet, one of a a modern synthetic organic family of colors, was discovered in 1896 but not marketed until 1955. It is sold today under a number of brand names.

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  Manganese pigments were used in the neolithic paintings in the Lascaux cave, France.
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  Hematite was often used as the red-purple color in the cave paintings of Neolithic artists.
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  A sample of purpurite, or manganese phosphate, from the Packrat Mine in Southern California.
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  A swatch of cobalt violet, popular among the French impressionists.
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  Manganese violet was a synthetic pigment invented in the mid-nineteenth century.
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  Quinacridone violet, a synthetic organic pigment sold under many different names.

Dyes

The most famous purple dye in the ancient world was Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea snail called the murex, found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above).

In western Polynesia, residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple from the sea urchin. In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the purpura, found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while the Aztecs used it for paintings of ideograms, where it symbolized royalty.

in the Middle Ages dyers believed that mixing two different colors to dye cloth was unnatural and diabolic. Those who dyed blue fabric and red fabric were members of different guilds, and were forbidden to dye any other colors than those of their own guild. Most purple fabric was made by the dyers who worked with red, and who used dye from madder or cochineal, so Medieval violet colors were inclined toward red.

Orcein, or purple moss, was another common purple dye. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Hebrews, and was made from a Mediterranean lichen called archil or dyer's moss (Roccella tinctoria), combined with an ammoniac, usually urine. Orcein began to achieve popularity again in the 19th century, when violet and purple became the color of demi-mourning, worn after a widow or widower had worn black for a certain time, before he or she returned to wearing ordinary colors.

From the Middle Ages onward, purple and violet dyes for the clothing of common people were often made from the blackberry or other red fruit of the genus rubus, or from the mulberry. All of these dyes were more reddish than bluish, and faded easily with washing and exposure to sunlight.

A popular new dye which arrived in Europe from the New World during the Renaissance was made from the wood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum), which grew in Spanish Mexico. Depending on the different minerals added to the dye, it produced a blue, red, black or, with the addition of alum, a purple color, It made a good color, but, like earlier dyes, it did not resist sunlight or washing.

In the 18th century, chemists in England, France and Germany began to create the first synthetic dyes. Two synthetic purple dyes were invented at about the same time. Cudbear is a dye extracted from orchil lichens that can be used to dye wool and silk, without the use of mordant. Cudbear was developed by Dr Cuthbert Gordon of Scotland: production began in 1758, The lichen is first boiled in a solution of ammonium carbonate. The mixture is then cooled and ammonia is added and the mixture is kept damp for 3–4 weeks. Then the lichen is dried and ground to powder. The manufacture details were carefully protected, with a ten-feet high wall being built around the manufacturing facility, and staff consisting of Highlanders sworn to secrecy.

French purple was developed in France at about the same time. The lichen is extracted by urine or ammonia. Then the extract is acidified, the dissolved dye precipitates and is washed. Then it is dissolved in ammonia again, the solution is heated in air until it becomes purple, then it is precipitated with calcium chloride; the resulting dye was more solid and stable than other purples.

Cobalt violet is a synthetic pigment that was invented in the second half of the 19th century, and is made by a similar process as cobalt blue, cerulean blue and cobalt green. It is the violet pigment most commonly used today by artists.

Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered serendipitously in 1856. Its chemical name is 3-amino-2,±9-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-(p-tolylamino)phenazinium acetate.

Fuchsine was another synthetic dye made shortly after mauveine. It produced a brilliant fuchsia color.

In the 1950s, a new family of purple and violet synthetic organic pigments called quinacridone came onto the market. It had originally been discovered in 1896, but were not synthetized until 1936, and not manufactured until the 1950s. The colors in the group range from deep red to bluish purple in color, and have the molecular formula C₂₀H₁₂N₂O₂. They have strong resistance to sunlight and washing, and are widely used today in oil paints, water colors, and acrylics, as well as in automobile coatings and other industrial coatings.

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  Blackberries were sometimes used to make purple dye in the Middle Ages.
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  This lichen, growing on a tree in Scotland, was used in the 18th century to make a common purple dye called Cudbear.
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  A sample of silk dyed with the original mauveine dye.
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  A sample of fuchsine dye

Animals

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  The purple frog is a species of amphibian found in India.
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  Pseudanthias pascalus or Purple Queenfish.
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  The purple sea urchin from Mexico.
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  A purple heron in flight (South Africa).
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  A purple finch (North America).
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  The Lorius domicella, or Purple-Naped Lory, from Indonesia.
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  The Imperial Amazon parrot is featured on the national flag of Dominica, making it the only national flag in the world with a violet or purple color.
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  The Purple Honeycreeper from South America does not appear to be purple at all. How it received its name is a mystery.

Why grapes, eggplants and pansies are purple

Grapes, eggplants, pansies and other fruits, vegetables and flowers are purple because they contain natural pigments called Anthocyanins. These pigments are found in the leaves, roots, steyms, vegetables, fruits and flowers of all plants. The aid photosynthesis by blocking harmful wavelengths of light that would damage the leaves. In flowers, the purple Anthocyanins help attract insects who pollinate the flowers. Not all Anthocyanins are purple; they vary in color from red to purple to blue, green or yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.

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  The purple colors of this cauliflower, grapes, fruits, vegetables and flowers comes from natural pigments called Anthocyanins.
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  Anthocyanins range in color from red to purple to green, blue and yellow, depending upon the level of their pH.
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  Anthocyanins also account for the purple color in these copper beech trees, and in purple autumn leaves.
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  Anthocyanins produce the purple color in blood oranges.

Plants and flowers

• Purple needlegrass is the state grass of California.

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  Eggplant is popular in cuisines all around the world. These are Indian eggplants.
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  An artichoke flower in blossom in Dalat, Vietnam
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  Iris germanica flowers
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  Syringa vulgaris, or lilac blossoms
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  Medicago sativa, known as alfalfa in the U.S. and lucerne in the U.K.
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  The Aster alpinus, or alpine aster, is native to the European mountains, including the Alps, while a subspecies is found in Canada and the United States.
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  Lavender flowers.
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  A purle rose.
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  Wisteria covers a garden in Rapallo, Italy.

Microbiology

• Purple bacteria are proteobacteria that are phototrophic, that is, capable of producing energy through photosynthesis.

• In April 2007 it was suggested that early archaea may have used retinal, a purple pigment, instead of chlorophyll, to extract energy from the sun. If so, large areas of the ocean and shoreline would have been colored purple; this is called the Purple Earth hypothesis.

Astronomy

• One of the stars in the Pleiades, called Pleione, is sometimes called Purple Pleione because, being a fast spinning star, it has a purple hue caused by its blue-white color being obscured by a spinning ring of electrically excited red hydrogen gas.
• The Purple Forbidden enclosure is a name used in traditional Chinese astronomy for those Chinese constellations that surround the North Celestial Pole.

Associations and symbolism

Royalty

• In Europe, since the time of the Tyrian purple worn by Roman Emperors, purple has been the color most associated with royalty. It is still used by the British Royal Family and other royalty in Europe as a ceremonial color on special occasions.

• Queen Elizabeth II and President Francois Mitterrand open the Channel Tunnel (1994).
  Queen Elizabeth II and President Francois Mitterrand open the Channel Tunnel (1994).
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  Margrethe II, the Queen of Denmark (2010).

Piety, faith, penitence, and theology

In the west, purple or violet is the color most associated with piety and faith. In the year 1464, shortly after the fall of Constantinople, which stopped the supply of Tyrian purple to Europe, Pope Paul II changed the color worn by Cardinals from purple to red, dyed with expensive cochineal. The next higher rank, Bishops, were given the purple color, made then from a less-expensive mixture of indigo and cochineal.

In the Roman Catholic liturgy, purple symbolizes penitence; priests wear a purple garment when they hear confession. Purple is also worn by priests during Lent and Easter. Since the Vatican II Council (1962–65), priests wear purple rather than black when officiating at funerals- it was decided that black, as the color of mourning, should not be a formal part of a religious service. Purple robes are also worn as part of the academic dress worn at graduation and university ceremonies by students of theology.

Purple is also often worn by pastors of Protestant churches, and by bishops of the Episcopal Church of the United States.

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  In the Roman Catholic church, Cardinals wear red and Bishops wear purple
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  Katharine Schori, Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church of the United States.

Vanity, extravagance, individualism

In Europe and America, purple is the color most associated with vanity, extravagance, and individualism. Among the seven major sins, it represents vanity. It is a color which is designed to attract attention.

The artificial and the unconventional

Purple is the color most often associated with the artificial and the unconventional. It is the major color that occurs the least frequently in nature, and was the first color to be synthesized.

Ambiguity and ambivalence

Purple is the color most associated with ambiguity. Like other colors made by combining two primary colors, it is seen as uncertain and equivocal.

Mourning

In Britain, purple is sometimes associated with mourning. In Victorian times, close relatives wore black for the first year following a death ("deep mourning") , and then replaced it with purple or dark green trimmed with black. This is rarely practiced today.

In culture and society

Asian culture

• In China, purple represents spiritual awareness , physical and mental healing, strength and abundance. A red purple symbolizes luck and fame. The Chinese word for purple, zi, is connected with the North Star, Polaris, or zi Wei in

• Chinese. In Chinese astrology the North Star was the home of the Celestial Emperor, the ruler of the heavens (As noted above, the area around the North Star is called the Purple Forbidden Enclosure in Chinese astronomy). For that reason the forbidden city in Beijing was also known as the purple forbidden city (zi Jin cheng).

• In Chinese painting, the color purple represents the harmony of the universe because it is a combination of red and blue (Yin and yang respectively).

• In Japan, purple is the color of privilege and wealth, the color associated with the Japanese aristocracy. The word for purple Is murasaki, which is also the name of the wisteria flower

• Purple was a popular color introduced into Japanese dress during the Heian Period (794–1185). The dye was made from the root of the alkanet plant (Anchusa officinalis), also known as murasaki in Japanese. At about the same time, Japanese painters began to use a pigment made from the same plant.

• In Thailand, widows in mourning wear the color purple. Purple is also associated with Saturday on the Thai solar calendar.

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  Han purple and Han blue were synthetic colors made by artisans in China during the Han dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.) or even earlier.
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  A Japanese woman in the kimono stye popular in the Heian Period (794–1185)
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  Emperor Komyo of Japan. (1322-1380). Purple was the color of the aristocracy in Japan.

Billiard games

• Purple is the color of the ball in Snooker Plus with a 10-point value.
• In the game of pool, purple is the color of the 4-solid and the 12-striped balls.

Geography

• Purple Mountain is located on the eastern side of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China. Its peaks are often found enveloped in mysterious purple clouds at dawn and dusk, hence comes its name "Purple Mountain". The Purple Mountain Observatory is located there.

Literature

• Alice Walker, author of The Color Purple, said, "Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender."
• Purple prose refers to pretentious or overly embellished literature. For example, a paragraph containing an excessive number of long and unusual words is called a purple passage.

Military

• The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed during their service.
• In the US and United Kingdom militaries, purple refers to programs or assignments that are "joint", i. e., that are not confined to a single service such as the army or navy, but apply to the entire defense establishment. In the armed forces of Canada, the purple trades are occupations and careers – typically related to logistics or other support – that are not strongly linked to one of the Canadian Forces' three major 'environments' or 'elements': sea, land, or air.

Music

• Deep Purple is a popular rock band.
• "Deep Purple" (song) is also the name of a popular song that was the favorite of Babe Ruth.
• "Hail to purple" is a line in the Northwestern University alma mater.
• Purple are a British tribute band to Deep Purple.
• The Mulberry Purple is a popular modern rock band.
• "Purple People Eater" was one of the biggest rock and roll hits of 1958.
• "Purple Haze" is one of the most popular songs by Jimi Hendrix.
• "Tha Purple" is a song performed by the duo Pablo and Victor.
• Purple is the favorite color of the pop celebrity Prince. His 1984 film and album Purple Rain is one of his best known works. The title track is Prince's signature song and is nearly always played in concert to this day. Prince encourages his fans to wear purple to his concerts.
• "Start Wearing Purple" is a song by Gogol Bordello.
• Purple Ribbon Records is a hip-hop record label owned by rapper Big Boi of the rap duo Outkast. 2005 saw the release of the mixtape Got Purp? Vol 2 featuring the Purple Ribbon All-Stars and other artists on the label. In this case, purple refers to a particular quality of marijuana.
• Purple is a 1994 album by the band Stone Temple Pilots.
• Purple is also the name of a track by rap artist Nas.
• Purple Music, Inc is a company in Switzerland that produces house music.
• The New Riders of the Purple Sage is an American country rock band. The group emerged from the psychedelic rock scene in San Francisco in 1969, and its original lineup included members of the Grateful Dead.
• "The Purple Bottle" is a song by Animal Collective.
• Purple Line is a song by Korean band, TVXQ.
• Purple Rain is Prince's iconic signature song, featured in his Purple Rain album, which was the soundtrack for the Purple Rain film, starred by him.

Parapsychology

• In parapsychology, people with a purple auras are said to have a love of ritual and ceremony.

People

• There is a woman named Barbara Meislin in Tiburon, California who is called The Purple Lady.
• Singer Prince is often referred to as 'The Purple One', or 'His Royal Purpleness' by fans and the media alike. He starred in a film called Purple Rain and released a single entitled Purple Rain from his Purple Rain album, one of the best selling albums of all time. There are also various references to the color purple in Prince songs and media.

Politics

• In British politics, purple is used to represent the United Kingdom Independence Party, a right-wing Eurosceptic party.
• In the politics of the Netherlands, Purple (Dutch: paars) means a coalition government consisting of liberals and social democrats (symbolized by the colors blue and red, respectively), as opposed to the more common coalitions of the Christian Democrats with one of the other two. Between 1994 and 2002 there were two Purple cabinets, both lead by Prime Minister Wim Kok.
• In the Politics of Belgium, as with the Netherlands, a purple government includes liberal and social-democratic parties in coalition. Belgium was governed by Purple governments from 1999 to 2007 under the leadership of Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt.
• In United States politics, a purple state is a state equally balanced between Republicans (currently symbolized by red) and Democrats (currently symbolized as blue).

• The symbol of the United Kingdom Independence Party
  The symbol of the United Kingdom Independence Party

Rhyme

• Few, if any words used in modern English rhyme with the word "purple." However, some have tried as indicated below:
  • Robert Burns rhymes purple with "curple" in his Epistle to Mrs. Scott. Burns is, as far as we can tell, the only writer to have used the word. A curple refers to 1) the small of the waist before the flare of the hips or 2) a derriere, rump or behind.
  • In the song Grace Kelly by Mika the word purple is rhymed with "hurtful".
  • In his hit song "Dang Me," Roger Miller sings these lines:

Roses are red, violets are purple

Sugar is sweet and so is maple surple [sic]

Science fiction

• In the Star Trek universe, Klingons have purple blood.
• In Star Wars the character Mace Windu is the only character with a purple lightsaber.
• Purple is a color commonly used by Decepticons and Predacons in various Transformers media.

Sexuality

• In early October 2010, Canadian teenager Brittany McMillan promulgated the observance of a new commemoration called Spirit Day, the first observance of which took place on October 20, 2010, in which people wear the color purple to show support for LGBT young people who are victims of bullying. Many Hollywood celebrities wore purple on this day to show their support of this cause.
• At the 24 June 2007 San Francisco Gay Pride Parade, Yahoo passed out 3 7/16" in diameter round plastic stickers with a picture of a gay man or woman imaged as one of the Yahoo Gay Pride avatars against an HTML/CSS Purple background that said Out, Proud, and Purple.
• In the mid 1970s, there was a gay piano bar at 2223 Market St. between Noe and Castro in San Francisco called the Purple Pickle.
• The purple hand is an LGBT symbol that derives from an incident which occurred on Halloween night (31 October), 1969, when sixty members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Society for Individual Rights (SIR) staged a protest at the San Francisco Examiner in response to a series of news articles disparaging LGBT people in San Francisco's gay bars and clubs.

Sports

• The National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Lakers, Phoenix Suns and Sacramento Kings use purple as their primary color, though the Lakers formerly used the term "Forum Blue", in reference to their old arena The Forum.
• In Indian Premier League, purple is the primary color of the Kolkata Knight Riders.
• The National Hockey League's Los Angeles Kings use purple as one of their primary colors.
• In Major League Baseball, purple is one of the primary colors for the Colorado Rockies.
• In the National Football League, the Minnesota Vikings and Baltimore Ravens use purple as main colors.
• The Australian Football League's Fremantle Football Club use purple as one of their primary colors.
• In Association football (soccer) Belgian Eerste Klasse club and former Europa League winner RSC Anderlecht, Italian Serie A club Fiorentina and Australian A-League Club Perth Glory use purple as one of their primary colors.
• Melbourne Storm from Australia's National Rugby League use purple as one of their primary colors.
• In the NCAA, the Kansas State Wildcats, TCU Horned Frogs, Niagara University Purple Eagles and Northwestern Wildcats feature purple as their primary team color. The Northwestern student body voted in 1972 to change the team name to "Purple Haze." The University of Washington Huskies, Alcorn State University Braves, LSU Tigers and James Madison Dukes primary team colors are purple and gold. Royal Purple is also one of the official colors of East Carolina University. Also in the world of college football, purple is the primary team color on the University of Evansville Purple Aces.
• Costa Rica's Primera División soccer team Deportivo Saprissa's main color is purple, and their nickname is the "Monstruo Morado", or "Purple Monster".
• In tennis, the official colors of the Wimbledon championships are deep green and purple (traditionally called mauve).

Transpersonal psychology

• In 1976, a chart by Timothy Leary and Robert Anton Wilson called The Periodic Table of Energy outlining the philosophy of Dr. Timothy Leary (The Eight Circuit Model of Consciousness) was given out by the Starflight Network, a group in Berkeley, California that was founded by Robert Anton Wilson to promulgate Dr. Timothy Leary's philosophy. The Eighth or Psycho-Atomic Circuit was represented on the chart by the color psychedelic purple.

Transportation planning

• The MBTA Commuter Rail in Boston is designated with purple markings, and thus is sometimes called the Purple Line.
• The LACMTA Purple Line is a subway that goes down part of Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles that it has been proposed be extended all the way down Wilshire Boulevard to the Pacific Ocean.
• The Chicago Transit Authority's "L" line from Linden Street in Wilmette to Howard Street or the Loop (depending on time of day) is known as the Purple Line.
• The Flushing Local/Express (often called the 7 train) of the New York City Subway is designated by a purple circle behind the train number. It is the only numbered train in the New York City subway system that does not share its color with any other train line.
• San Francisco’s light rail service, the Muni Metro, designates the L Taraval light rail line, which travels to the Parkside neighborhood, with a solid purple disc on which is inscribed the train letter in white.
• The Tokyo Metro Hanz mon Line is color-coded purple on maps, signage and rolling stock.
• The Purple Line, previously designated as the Bi-County Transitway, is a proposed 16-mile (25 km) transit line to link the Red, Green and Orange lines of the Washington Metro transportation system, in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C.
• The Philippine Light Rail Transit system in Metro Manila designate Line 2 as the Purple Line. Line 2 runs from Santolan in Pasig-Marikina area up to Recto in Manila. Other light transit systems in Metro were designated as the Blue Line (MRT-3, running along EDSA) and Yellow Line (running from Baclaran to Roosevelt Ave.).

Vexillology

• Today only one nation in the world has purple or violet in its national flag; the Flag of Dominica, an island in the Caribbean, features a Sisserou parrot, a national symbol.

• The lower band of the flag of the second Spanish republic (1931–39) was colored a tone of purple, to represent the common people, unlike other nations of Europe where purple represented royalty.

• In Japan, the prefecture of Tokyo's flag is purple, as is the flag of Ichikawa,

• Porpora, or purpure, was not one of the usual tinctures in European heraldry, being added at a late date to bring the number of colors plus metals to seven, so that they could be given planetary associations. The classic early example of purpure is in the coat of arms of the Kingdom of León: argent, a lion purpure, as early as 1245.

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  Dominca is the only nation in the world to use purple or violet in its flag. It features a Sisserou parrot, a national symbol.
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  Coat of arms of the Kingdom of León (1245).

Video games

• In Role-playing games such as Pokémon and Final Fantasy, purple is often used to depict psychic energy or dark magic. In Kingdom Hearts, purple is often mixed with black to depict darkness.
• In MMORPG games such as World Of Warcraft, purple means an Item of high value.
• In the Borderlands series, purple weapons are the second rarest.
• Strange Adventures in Infinite Space (SAIS) is a hybrid strategy/adventure computer game in which players explore a "plausibly implausible" (fictional) region of the Milky Way galaxy called The Purple Void.

See also

• Carmine (color)
• Cerise (color)
• Crimson (color)
• Indigo
• Lavender (color)
• List of colors
• Magenta
• Orchid (color)
• Purple (cipher machine)
• Purple Mark
• Purpure
• Raspberry (color)
• Rose (color)
• Ruby (color)
• Shades of purple
• Tyrian purple
• Variations of magenta
• Violet (color)
• Shades of violet
• Ultramarine

References

• Ball, Philip (2001). Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour. Hazan (French translation). ISBN 978-2-7541-0503-3.
• Heller, Eva (2009). Psychologie de la couleur - Effets et symboliques. Pyramyd (French translation). ISBN 978-2-35017-156-2.
• Pastoureau, Michel (2005). Le petit livre des couleurs. Editions du Panama. ISBN 978-2-7578-0310-3.
• Gage, John (1993). Colour and Culture - Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation). ISBN 978-2-87811-295-5.
• Gage, John (2006). La Couleur dans l'art. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-2-87811-325-9.
• Varichon, Anne (2000). Couleurs - pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples. Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02084697-4.
• Zuffi, Stefano (2012). Color in Art. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0111-5.
• Roelofs, Isabelle (2012). La couleur- expliqee aux artistes. Groupe Eyrolles. ISBN 978-2-212-13486-5.
• "The perception of color", from Schiffman, H.R. (1990). Sensation and perception: An integrated approach (3rd edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.