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'''[[Same-sex marriage]]''' is legal nationwide in twelve countries: the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Spain]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]],<ref name="FAQ">{{Cite news | title= Same-Sex Marriage FAQ – - Gender-Neutral Marriage Laws|url=http://marriage.about.com/cs/samesexmarriage/a/samesex.htm |publisher=About.com |accessdate=2009-09-09}}</ref> [[Portugal]], [[Iceland]], [[Argentina]], [[Denmark]], and [[Brazil]].{{cn|date=May 2013}} It has been signed into law in [[Uruguay]] and [[New Zealand]] but will not come into effect until later in the year. In [[France]] it has been approved by lawmakers but awaits the signature of the president.
'''[[Same-sex marriage]]''' is legal nationwide in twelve countries: the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Spain]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]],<ref name="FAQ">{{Cite news | title= Same-Sex Marriage FAQ – - Gender-Neutral Marriage Laws|url=http://marriage.about.com/cs/samesexmarriage/a/samesex.htm |publisher=About.com |accessdate=2009-09-09}}</ref> [[Portugal]], [[Iceland]], [[Argentina]], [[Denmark]], and [[Brazil]].{{cn|date=May 2013}} It has been signed into law in [[Uruguay]] and [[New Zealand]] but will not come into effect until later in the year. In [[France]] it has been approved by lawmakers but awaits the signature of the president.


The [[District of Columbia]], three Native American tribes, and nine [[United States of America|American]] states perform same-sex marriages, those states being [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Iowa]], [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New York]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html | title = New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law | author = Nicholas Confessore | coauthors = Michael Barbaro | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = June 24, 2011 | accessdate = June 25, 2011 }}</ref> [[Same-sex marriage in Maine|Maine]], [[Same-sex marriage in Maryland|Maryland]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/s/same_sex_marriage/index.html | title = Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and Domestic Partnerships | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = December 7, 2012 | accessdate= December 10, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="FAQ"/> Two further U.S. states ([[Same-sex marriage in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] and [[Same-sex marriage in Delaware|Delaware]]) have passed same-sex marriage laws which become effective later in 2013. [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico City|Mexico City]] and [[Same-sex marriage in Quintana Roo|Quintana Roo]] also performs same-sex marriages,<ref>{{cite web | author=Associated Press | publisher=MSNBC | title=Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect | date=4 March 2010 | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35714490/ns/world_news-americas/#storyContinued | accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref> and their [[marriage certificate]]s are recognized in all 31 Mexican states. Several [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Brazil|Brazilian]] federative units (states, the Federal District and municipalities) have full marriage equality, those being Alagoas, Bahia, Sergipe, Espírito Santo, Piauí, São Paulo, Ceará, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Santa Catarina and Paraíba as well as the Federal District and the municipality of Santa Rita do Sapucaí in Minas Gerais, while a number of judicial districts of Rio de Janeiro will start to have partial marriage equality if local judges are willing to automatically issue their certificates in June (they are examined individually and validated in up to 15 days or denied since 17 April) instead of the notaries that issue them for different-sex couples; individual judges may issue marriage certificates in all of Brazil, and all Brazilian marriage certificates, issued in the name of states, apply for all purposes in the Law of Brazil as equal. Same sex marriage is recognised, but not performed, in Israel and some other jurisdictions in the United States and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The [[District of Columbia]], three Native American tribes, and nine [[United States of America|American]] states perform same-sex marriages, those states being [[Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut]], [[Iowa]], [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New York]],<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html | title = New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law | author = Nicholas Confessore | coauthors = Michael Barbaro | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = June 24, 2011 | accessdate = June 25, 2011 }}</ref> [[Same-sex marriage in Maine|Maine]], [[Same-sex marriage in Maryland|Maryland]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/s/same_sex_marriage/index.html | title = Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and Domestic Partnerships | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = December 7, 2012 | accessdate= December 10, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="FAQ"/> Two further U.S. states ([[Same-sex marriage in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] and [[Same-sex marriage in Delaware|Delaware]]) have passed same-sex marriage laws which become effective later in 2013. [[Same-sex marriage in Mexico City|Mexico City]] and [[Same-sex marriage in Quintana Roo|Quintana Roo]] also performs same-sex marriages,<ref>{{cite web | author=Associated Press | publisher=MSNBC | title=Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect | date=4 March 2010 | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35714490/ns/world_news-americas/#storyContinued | accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref> and their [[marriage certificate]]s are recognized in all 31 Mexican states. Same sex marriage is recognised, but not performed, in Israel and some other jurisdictions in the United States and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


Whether [[same-sex relationship|same-sex couples]] should be allowed to [[marriage|marry]] has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. Several regions and countries have passed [[statute|statutory]] and [[constitutional amendment]]s that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|last= Rauch|first=Jonathan| title=Virginia's New Jim Crow |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36314-2004Jun12.html |publisher=Washington Post |date=(June 13, 2004) |accessdate=2009-09-09}}</ref> Many governments have authorized [[civil union]]s or [[Cohabitation|unregistered cohabitation]] for same-sex couples, often providing most if not all the rights that marriage provides.
Whether [[same-sex relationship|same-sex couples]] should be allowed to [[marriage|marry]] has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. Several regions and countries have passed [[statute|statutory]] and [[constitutional amendment]]s that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{Cite news|last= Rauch|first=Jonathan| title=Virginia's New Jim Crow |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36314-2004Jun12.html |publisher=Washington Post |date=(June 13, 2004) |accessdate=2009-09-09}}</ref> Many governments have authorized [[civil union]]s or [[Cohabitation|unregistered cohabitation]] for same-sex couples, often providing most if not all the rights that marriage provides.

Revision as of 21:50, 14 May 2013

Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression
Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
  Death
  Prison; death not enforced
  Death under militias
  Prison, with arrests or detention
  Prison, not enforced1
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
  Marriage
  Extraterritorial marriage2
  Civil unions
  Limited domestic
  Limited foreign
  Optional certification
  None
  Restrictions of expression, not enforced
  Restrictions of association with arrests or detention

1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage legal

Recognized

Marriage not legal, but civil unions or registered partnerships legal
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ a b Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  14. ^ Spousal health insurance benefits
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBT portal

Same-sex marriage is legal nationwide in twelve countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden,[1] Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, Denmark, and Brazil.[citation needed] It has been signed into law in Uruguay and New Zealand but will not come into effect until later in the year. In France it has been approved by lawmakers but awaits the signature of the president.

The District of Columbia, three Native American tribes, and nine American states perform same-sex marriages, those states being Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York,[2] Maine, Maryland, and Washington.[3][1] Two further U.S. states (Rhode Island and Delaware) have passed same-sex marriage laws which become effective later in 2013. Mexico City and Quintana Roo also performs same-sex marriages,[4] and their marriage certificates are recognized in all 31 Mexican states. Same sex marriage is recognised, but not performed, in Israel and some other jurisdictions in the United States and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. Several regions and countries have passed statutory and constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.[5] Many governments have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples, often providing most if not all the rights that marriage provides.

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

International level

Several attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at the international level through strategic litigation, at the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations and at the European Court of Human Rights, both of which currently have not yet recognized an equal right to marry for same-sex couples. The Human Rights Committee case was in 1999, with two same-sex couples as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of New Zealand as the defender/respondent. The ECHR case was in 2010, with a same-sex couple as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of Austria as the respondents. Although both New Zealand and Austria then responded against the petitions then in each case, both countries now legally recognize same-sex unions in the form of civil unions.

National level

The first legislation in the world allowing for registered partnerships was enacted in Denmark in June 1989.[6] Before this bill, a number of countries had passed legislation recognizing same-sex couples under an unregistered cohabitation. Following Denmark, a series of countries, mostly European, passed bills that created various forms of same-sex civil union.

The first same-sex marriage bill ever voted on was passed in the Netherlands in December 2000 and went into force in 2001. Belgium passed a same-sex marriage bill in 2003, with Spain (2005), Canada (2005), and South Africa (2006) becoming the next three countries to pass such bills. Same-sex marriage was legalized in both Norway and Sweden in 2009 and in Portugal, Iceland, and Argentina in 2010. Denmark opened marriage to same-sex couples in 2012. Uruguay and New Zealand gave same-sex couples the right to marry in 2013.

As of May 2013, legislation to allow same sex marriage have been proposed, are pending, or have passed at least one legislative house in Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg, Nepal, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom as well as in the legislatures of several sub-national jurisdictions (in Scotland as well as parts of Australia, Mexico, and the United States).

Country Date Same-sex union Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Netherlands Netherlands June 1979 Unregistered cohabitation[7][8] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 1980 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[8] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands November 1984 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[8] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1986 Unregistered cohabitation[8][9] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden 1987 Unregistered cohabitation[8][10] — Passed n/a[nb 1] Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1989 Registered partnership[10][11] — 71 47 Signed Yes Yes2
Norway Norway July 1991 Unregistered cohabitation[12] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway April 1993 Registered partnership[13] 18 16 58 40 Signed Yes Yes2
Sweden Sweden June 1994 Registered partnership[14] — 171 141 n/a[nb 1] Yes Yes2
Spain Spain November 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[8] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada 1995 Marriage[15] - - 52 124 - No No
Hungary Hungary May 1996 Unregistered cohabitation[8][16] — 207 73 Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland June 1996 Registered partnership[17][18] — 44 1 Signed Yes Yes2
Netherlands Netherlands July 1997 Registered partnership[7] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 1997 Registered partnership[19] — Failed – No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic June 1998 Registered partnership[20] - - Failed – No No
France France October 1998 Civil solidarity pact[21] - - Failed – No No
Belgium Belgium January 1999 Registered partnership[22] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1999 Registered partnership (expansion)[23] — 61 48 Signed Yes Yes2
France France November 1999 Civil solidarity pact Passed 315 249 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic December 1999 Registered partnership[24] – – 69 91 – No No
Germany Germany November 2000 Life partnership Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 2000 Marriage 49 26 109 33 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[25] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Slovakia Slovakia 2000 Registered partnership[19] — Failed – No No
Portugal Portugal March 2001 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand April 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[26] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland September 2001 Registered partnership[27] — 99 84 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic October 2001 Registered partnership[28] – – Failed – No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[29] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belgium Belgium February 2003 Marriage 46 15 91 22 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[30] — 49 60 – No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[31] — 45 60 – No No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[32] — 43 61 – No No
Denmark Denmark June 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[33] — 11 94 – No No
Croatia Croatia July 2003 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg July 2004 Partnership[34] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2004 Civil partnership[35] 251 136 426 49 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany December 2004 Life partnership (expansion) Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 2004 Civil union[36] — 65 55 Signed Yes Yes
Norway Norway 2004 Marriage[37] — Failed – No No
Panama Panama 2004 Civil union[38] — Failed – No No
Czech Republic Czech Republic February 2005 Registered partnership – – Failed – No No
Andorra Andorra March 2005 Stable union of a couple — Passed Signed 3 Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia March 2005 Registered partnership – – Failed – No No
New Zealand New Zealand March 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[39][40] — 76 43 Signed Yes Yes
Switzerland Switzerland June 2005 Registered partnership[41] Nationwide referendum (58%) Yes Yes
Spain Spain July 2005 Marriage Vetoed 4 183 136 Signed Yes Yes
Canada Canada July 2005 Marriage[42] 47 21 158 133 Signed Yes Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2005 Registered partnership Passed 44 3 Signed Yes Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic March 2006 Registered partnership[43] 65 14 86 54 Vetoed 5 Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[44] — 49 62 – No No
Iceland Iceland June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[45][46] — 41 0 Signed Yes Yes2
France France June 2006 Civil solidarity pact (expansion)[47] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Marriage and civil partnership[48] 36 11 230 41 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal December 2006 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Vetoed No No
Colombia Colombia June 2007 Civil union[49] 29 34 62 43 – No No
Hungary Hungary December 2007 Registered partnership[50] — 185 154 Signed Yes No 6
Uruguay Uruguay December 2007 Cohabitation union[51][52] 17 5 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2008 Registered partnership (expansion)[53][54] — 54 0 Signed Yes Yes2
Norway Norway June 2008 Marriage[55] 23 17 84 41 Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Civil union[56] Constitutional referendum (63.93%) Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[57] — Failed – No No
Australia Australia November 2008 Unregistered cohabitation[58] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Sweden Sweden April 2009 Marriage[59] — 261 22 n/a[nb 1] Yes Yes
Hungary Hungary April 2009 Registered partnership — 199 159 Signed Yes Yes
France France May 2009 Foreign unions as PACS[60] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Finland Finland May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[61] — 108 29 Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[62] — 107 2 Signed Yes Yes2
Portugal Portugal August 2009 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[63] — Passed Vetoed No No
Uruguay Uruguay September 2009 Cohabitation union (expansion}[64][65] 17 6 40 13 Signed Yes Yes
Austria Austria December 2009 Registered partnership 44 8 110 64 Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Civil union[66] — Failed – No No
Hungary Hungary February 2010 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Vetoed 5 Yes Yes
Australia Australia February 2010 Marriage[67] 5 45 – – – No No
Portugal Portugal May 2010 Marriage[68] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[69] — 60 54 Signed Yes Yes2
Denmark Denmark June 2010 Marriage[70] — 52 57 – No No
Iceland Iceland June 2010 Marriage[71][72] — 49 0 Signed Yes Yes
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2010 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation[73][74] 48 4 Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Argentina July 2010 Marriage[75] 33 27 125 109 Signed Yes Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg August 2010 Partnership (expansion)[76] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Portugal Portugal August 2010 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[77][78] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany September 2010 Marriage[79] Failed - – No No
Germany Germany October 2010 Life partnership (expansion)[80] - Failed – No No
Germany Germany April 2011 Life partnership (expansion)[81] Failed - – No No
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein June 2011 Registered partnership[82] Nationwide referendum (68%) Yes Yes
France France June 2011 Marriage[83] - - 222 293 - No No
Germany Germany June 2011 Life partnership (expansion)[84] Failed - - No No
Slovenia Slovenia March 2012 Registered partnership (expansion)[85] Nationwide referendum (45.36%) No No
Israel Israel May 2012 Marriage[86] — 11 39 - No No
Denmark Denmark June 2012 Marriage[87] — 85 24 Signed Yes Yes
Germany Germany June 2012 Marriage[88][89] - 260 309 - No No
San Marino San Marino June 2012 Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[90] — 33 20 Signed Yes Yes
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[91] - - 42 98 - No No
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[92] 26 41 - - - No No
Germany Germany October 2012 Life partnership (expansion)[93] - - 253 288 - No No
Slovakia Slovakia November 2012 Registered partnership[94] — 14 94 - No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[95] - Failed - No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[96] - Failed - No No
Poland Poland January 2013 Partnership agreement[97] - Failed - No No
New Zealand New Zealand April 2013 Marriage[98] — 77 44 Signed Yes Yes
Colombia Colombia April 2013 Marriage[99] 17 51 - - - No No
Uruguay Uruguay May 2013 Marriage[100][101] 23 8 71 21 Signed Yes Yes
France France May 2013 Marriage[102][103] 171 165 331 225 Pending
United Kingdom UK
(England and Wales) 		May 2013 Marriage[104] Pending[nb 2]
Australia Australia June 2013 Marriage[105] Pending
Luxembourg Luxembourg Spring 2013 Marriage[106][107] — Pending
Australia Australia 2013 Recognition of foreign marriage[108] Proposed
Germany Germany 2013 Marriage[109] Passed Pending
Israel Israel 2013 Marriage[110] — Proposed
Italy Italy 2013 Marriage[111][112] Proposed
Italy Italy 2013 Marriage[113] Proposed
Taiwan Taiwan 2013 Marriage[114] — Proposed
Bolivia Bolivia 2013 Civil union[115] Proposed
Chile Chile 2013 Civil union[116][117] Pending
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2013 Civil union[118][119] — Pending
Croatia Croatia 2013 Life partnership[120] — Proposed
Cuba Cuba 2013 Civil union[121] — Proposed
Cyprus Cyprus 2013 Civil partnership[122][123] — Proposed
Estonia Estonia 2013 Registered partnership and unregistered cohabitation[124][125] — Proposed
Germany Germany 2013 Life partnership (expansion)[126] Passed Pending
Italy Italy 2013 Civil union[127] Proposed
Malta Malta 2013 Civil union[128] — Proposed
Poland Poland 2013 Registered partnership[129][130] Pending
Thailand Thailand 2013 Civil partnership[131] Proposed
Finland Finland 2014 Marriage[132] — Pending
Republic of Ireland Ireland 2014 Marriage[133][134] Proposed
Nepal Nepal 2014 Marriage[135] — Proposed
Vietnam Vietnam 2014 Marriage[136][137] — Proposed

Notes:
2Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
3Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
4The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
5Veto overridden.
6Ruled unconstitutional.

  1. ^ a b c According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  2. ^ Passed 400 votes to 175 at second reading, awaits third reading

Sub-national level

For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such legalities to local authorities. In Australia, efforts by the Australian capital territory have twice been overturned by the federal government. In December 2009, Mexico City become the first jurisdiction in Latin America to legalize same-sex marriage.

State/Territory Country Date Same-sex union Upper House Lower house Head of State Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada June 1994 Domestic partnership[138] — 58 69 - No No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[139] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark April 1996 Registered partnership[140][141] — 104 1 Signed Yes Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain June 1998 Stable union of couple[142][143] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada December 1998 Unregistered cohabitation[144] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain March 1999 Stable couple[142][145] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada May 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[146] — 80 0 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[147] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada October 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[148] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[149] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada 1999 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[150] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 2000 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[151] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada Canada November 2000 Domestic partnership[152][153] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[154] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Navarre Navarra Spain Spain 2000 Stable couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada 2000 Unregistered cohabitation[155] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Switzerland February 2001 Partnership[156][157] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[152] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia August 2001 Unregistered cohabitation Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2001 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[158] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Valencian Community Valencia Spain Spain 2001 De facto couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Community of Madrid Madrid Spain Spain 2001 De facto couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Balearic Islands Balearic Islands Spain Spain 2001 Stable couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada 2001 Common-law relationship[159][160] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada June 2002 Civil union[161] — 87 0 Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[160][162] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[160][163] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Zurich Canton of Zurich Switzerland Switzerland September 2002 Registered partnership[164] Cantonal referendum (63%) Yes Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada December 2002 Adult interdependent relationship[165] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2002 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Andalusia Andalusia Spain Spain 2002 De facto couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Asturias Asturias Spain Spain 2002 Stable couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina 2002 Civil union — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia 2002 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[166] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[150] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Canada Canada 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[167] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[168] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Extremadura Extremadura Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canary Islands Canary Islands Spain Spain 2003 De facto couple[142] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Río Negro Province Rio Negro Argentina Argentina 2003 Civil union[169] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2003 Significant relationship[170] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia January 2004 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Canton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland Switzerland January 2004 Registered partnership[171][172] — 65 38 Signed Yes Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia March 2004 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
File:Flag of the City of Sydney.png Sydney Australia Australia July 2004 Relationship declaration program — Passed Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia October 2004 Civil union — Rejected Failed No No
Cantabria Cantabria Spain Spain May 2005 De facto couple[173] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man November 2005 UK partnership recognition[174] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Australia Australia 2005 Unregistered cohabitation — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[150] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia June 2006 Civil union — Passed Signed No No1
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico November 2006 Law for coexistence partnerships[175] — 43 17 Signed Yes Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2006 Domestic partnership agreement[176] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico January 2007 Civil pact of solidarity[177] — 20 13 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia February 2007 Civil partnership — Passed Signed No No1
File:Flag of Melbourne.PNG Melbourne Australia Australia April 2007 Relationship declaration register — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australia Yarra Australia Australia May 2007 Relationship declaration program[178] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Villa Carlos Paz Argentina Argentina November 2007 Civil union[179] — 12 6 Signed Yes Yes
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia April 2008 Relationship register 29 10 54 24 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 2008 Civil partnership[180] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 2008 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[181] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada December 2008 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[182] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New Caledonia New Caledonia France France April 2009 Civil solidarity pact[183][184] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna France France April 2009 Civil solidarity pact Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Argentina Río Cuarto Argentina Argentina May 2009 Civil union — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2009 Significant relationship (expansion)[185] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia November 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[186] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico December 2009 Marriage[187] — 39 20 Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales Blue Mountains Australia Australia March 2010 Relationship declaration program — Passed Signed Yes Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia May 2010 Relationship register[188][189] 32 5 62 9 Signed Yes Yes
Vienna Vienna Austria Austria June 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[190][191] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2010 Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[192][193] Passed 22 3 Signed Yes Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man March 2011 Civil partnership[194] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2011 Civil partnership[195][196] — 47 40 Signed Yes Yes
Jersey Jersey December 2011 Civil partnership[197][198] — 33 0 Signed Yes Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia September 2012 Civil union[199][200] — 11 6 Signed Yes Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[201][202] 6 8 13 11 ... No No
Western Australia City of Vincent Australia Australia December 2012 Relationship register[203] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Macau Macau China China March 2013 Civil union[204] — Failed - No No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia 2013 Marriage[205] Proposed
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico 2013 Marriage[206] Pending
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Denmark Denmark 2013 Marriage[207] — Proposed
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia 2013 Marriage[208] Proposed
Oaxaca Oaxaca Mexico Mexico 2013 Marriage[209] — Proposed
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom 2013 Marriage[210] — Proposed
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia 2013 Marriage[211] Pending
Victoria (state) Victoria Australia Australia 2013 Marriage[212] Proposed
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia 2013 Marriage[213] Proposed
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico 2013 Marriage[214] — Pending
Campeche Campeche Mexico Mexico 2013 Civil union[215] — Proposed
Gibraltar Gibraltar United Kingdom United Kingdom 2013 Civil partnership[216] — Proposed
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia 2013 Civil partnership[217] Pending

Note:
1Legislation overturned by federal government.

Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Sometimes unintentionally but usually in response to legislation providing for marriage or other rights to same-sex couples, some countries and 30 states in the United States have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights". Some prohibit government from authorizing any form of same-sex union, while others invalidate existing and future private contracts, including wills, for same-sex couples. The majority of countries with constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage passed them via constitutional referendum, with the amendment being one of many within a proposed constitution submitted to the people by the government.

Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cuba Cuba February 1976 Marriage[218] Constitutional referendum (97.7%) Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso June 1991 Marriage[219] Constitutional referendum (77.1%) Yes Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria July 1991 Marriage[220] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Vietnam Vietnam April 1992 Marriage[221] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Paraguay Paraguay June 1992 Marriage and equivalent/similar union[222] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Lithuania Lithuania October 1992 Marriage[223][224] Constitutional referendum (75.42%) Yes Yes
Cambodia Cambodia September 1993 Marriage[225] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Belarus Belarus March 1994 Marriage[226] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Moldova Moldova July 1994 Marriage[227] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ukraine Ukraine June 1996 Marriage[228] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Poland Poland April 1997 Marriage[229] Constitutional referendum (52.71%) Yes Yes
Venezuela Venezuela December 1999 Marriage[230][231] Constitutional referendum (71.78%) Yes Yes
Rwanda Rwanda May 2003 Marriage[232] Constitutional referendum (93.42%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2004 Marriage and equivalent/similar union[233] 48 50 227 186 – No No
Burundi Burundi February 2005 Marriage[234] Constitutional referendum (92.02%) Yes Yes
Honduras Honduras March 2005 Marriage[235][236] — 128 0 Signed Yes Yes
Uganda Uganda September 2005 Marriage[237] — 111 17 Signed Yes Yes
Latvia Latvia December 2005 Marriage[238] — 65 5 Signed Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo December 2005 Marriage[239][240] Constitutional referendum (84.31%) Yes Yes
United States United States July 2006 Marriage and equivalent/similar union[241] 49 48 236 187 – No No
Serbia Serbia October 2006 Marriage[242] Constitutional referendum (53%) Yes Yes
Montenegro Montenegro October 2007 Marriage[243][244] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Marriage[245] Constitutional referendum (63.93%) Yes Yes
Bolivia Bolivia January 2009 Marriage[246] Constitutional referendum (61.43%) Yes Yes
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands June 2009 Marriage[247] — Passed Signed Yes Yes
El Salvador El Salvador October 2009 Marriage[248] — 46 38 – No No1
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic January 2010 Marriage[249] Passed Passed Signed Yes Yes
Kenya Kenya August 2010 Marriage[250] Constitutional referendum (68.55%) Yes Yes
Zambia Zambia March 2011 Marriage[251][252] — Failed - No No
Hungary Hungary April 2011 Marriage[253][254][255] — 262 44 Signed Yes Yes
South Sudan South Sudan July 2011 Marriage[256][257] Passed Signed Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe March 2013 Marriage[258] Constitutional referendum (94.5%) Yes Yes
Chile Chile 2013 Marriage[259][260] Pending
Liberia Liberia 2013 Marriage[261] Passed Pending
Zambia Zambia 2013 Marriage[262] — Pending

Note:
1 The amendment was initially passed in April 2009 but was rejected in a second vote in October 2009.[263]

See also

References

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