World Trade Center (2001–present): Difference between revisions

World Trade Center
World Trade Center
	The complete 1 and 4 World Trade Center as seen from New Jersey. 2 and 3 World Trade Center are still in the early stages of construction.
General information
Status	Partially complete;; under construction
Location	New York City
Groundbreaking	2002
Construction started	One WTC: April 27, 2006; 2 WTC: June 1, 2010; 3 WTC: 2010; 4 WTC: January 2008; 7 WTC: May 7, 2002;
Completed	One WTC: July 2014; 4 WTC: November 13, 2013; 7 WTC: May 23, 2006;
Opening	2 WTC: 2021 (est.); 3 WTC: 2018 (est.); Transportation Hub: March 3, 2016;
Owner	Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Antenna spire	1 WTC: 1,776 feet (541 m)
Other information
Height
Antenna spire	1 WTC: 1,776 feet (541 m)
Roof	One WTC: 1,368 ft (417.0 m); 4 WTC: 978 ft (298 m); 7 WTC: 741 ft (226 m);
Top floor	One WTC: 1,268 ft (386.5 m); 7 WTC: 679 ft (207 m);
Technical details
Floor count	1 WTC: 104 floors; 4 WTC: 78 floors; 7 WTC: 52 floors;
Floor area	One WTC: 3,501,274 sq ft (325,279 m2); 4 WTC: 2,500,000 sq ft (232,258 m2); 7 WTC: 1,681,118 sq ft (156,181 m2);
Lifts/elevators	One WTC: 71; 4 WTC: 55; 7 WTC: 29;
Design and construction
Engineer	Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson, Leslie E. Robertson Associates

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The World Trade Center is a partially completed complex of buildings under construction in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States, replacing an earlier complex of seven buildings with the same name on the same site that were damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks. The site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers, a memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, and a transportation hub. One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the United States, is the lead building for the new complex, reaching more than 100 stories^[16] upon its completion in November 2014.^[17]

The original World Trade Center featured landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were the tallest buildings in the world at their completion. They were destroyed on the morning of September 11, 2001, when Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the complex in a coordinated act of terrorism. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people.^[18]

The resulting collapse caused structural failure in many of the surrounding buildings as well. The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site took eight months, after which rebuilding of the site commenced.^[19]^[20]

After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at the World Trade Center site is now underway. The new complex includes One World Trade Center (formerly known as the Freedom Tower), 7 World Trade Center, three other high-rise office buildings, a museum and memorial, and a transportation hub similar in size to Grand Central Terminal. One World Trade Center was completed on August 30, 2012, and the final component of its spire installed on May 10, 2013. 4 World Trade Center opened in November 2014.^[21]^[22] The 9/11 memorial is complete, and the museum opened on May 21, 2014.^[23] 3 World Trade Center and the Transportation Hub are also making progress, and are set to be finished in 2018^[24] and mid-2016,^[25] respectively. 2 World Trade Center's full construction was placed on hold in 2009; however, on June 9, 2015, it was reported that the building would undergo a new design, led by architect Bjarke Ingels of the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). It was also reported that the newly designed 2 World Trade Center would become the headquarters for Rupert Murdoch's 21st Century Fox and News Corp, which later decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, leading to uncertainty over the future of BIG's design.

Original towers

The original World Trade Center featured landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were the tallest buildings in the world at their completion. The other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC.^[26]^[27]

Destruction

They were destroyed on the morning of September 11, 2001, when Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the complex in a coordinated act of terrorism. At 8:46 A.M. Eastern Time (ET), a team of five hijackers intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower. At 9:03 A.M. ET, a second team of five hijackers intentionally crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower. After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 A.M. At 10:28 A.M., the North Tower collapsed, after burning for 102 minutes. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people.^[18] The resulting collapse caused structural failure in many of the surrounding buildings as well. The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site took eight months, after which rebuilding of the site commenced.^[28]^[29]

Cleanup

The process of cleanup and recovery continued 24 hours a day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island, where it was further sifted.^[30] On May 30, 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts.^[31] In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new 7 WTC building located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, Larry Silverstein was able to proceed without delay on the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center, which was completed and officially opened in May 2006; this had been considered a priority since restoring Consolidated Edison Co.'s electrical substation in the building's lower floors was necessary to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.^[32]^[33]^[34] While 7 World Trade Center was not part of the master plan for the Twin Towers site, Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center would have to be consistent with the master plan which was expected to re-open the street grid which had been blocked by the original World Trade Center super-block. As a result, the design for the new 7 World Trade Center allowed for the re-opening of Greenwich Street, which had been blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center.^[35] A temporary PATH station at the World Trade Center opened in November 2003, pending replacement by a permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava.^[36]

With the main World Trade Center site, numerous stakeholders were involved including Silverstein and the Port Authority, which in turn meant that George Pataki, the then-Governor of New York, had some authority. In addition, the victims' families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, and others wanted input. Governor Pataki established the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) in November 2001 as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.^[37] The LMDC held a competition to solicit possible designs for the site. The Memory Foundations design by Daniel Libeskind was chosen as the master plan for the World Trade Center site.^[38] The plan included the 1,776 feet (541 m) Freedom Tower (now known as One World Trade Center) as well as a memorial and a number of other office towers. Out of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, a design by Michael Arad and Peter Walker titled Reflecting Absence was selected in January 2004.^[39]

Planning

Governor Pataki established the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) in November 2001, as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.^[40] The LMDC coordinates federal assistance in the rebuilding process, and works with the Port Authority, Larry Silverstein, and Studio Daniel Libeskind, the master plan architect for the site's redesign. The corporation also handles communication with the local community, businesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks.^[41] A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the mayor of New York, governs the LMDC.^[42] The LMDC had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority owns most of the property and Larry Silverstein leased the World Trade Center's office space in July 2001. But the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower Manhattan.^[43]

In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.^[44] In January 2002, New York City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 concepts and renderings from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in his Chelsea art gallery.^[45]

In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture firms, but then soon withdrew them. The following month, the LMDC selected Beyer Blinder Belle as planner for the redesign of the World Trade Center site.^[46] On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade Center site.^[47] All six designs were voted "poor" by the roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback, so the LDMC announced a new, international, open-design study.^[48]

In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced a design study for the World Trade Center site.^[49] The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions – a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations – announced seven semifinalists. The following seven architecture firms were then invited to compete to be the master plan architect for the World Trade Center:

Foster and Partners (Norman Foster)
Studio Daniel Libeskind (Daniel Libeskind)
Meier Eisenman Gwathmey Holl (Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Charles Gwathmey and Steven Holl), sometimes known as "The Dream Team"^[50]
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
THINK Team (Shigeru Ban, Frederic Schwartz, Ken Smith, Rafael Vinoly)
United Architects

Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture firm, had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh semifinalist.^[51]

The seven semifinalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002, at the Winter Garden of the World Financial Center. In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from the competition.^[52]

Days before the announcement of the two finalists in February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC Chair John Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of the semifinalists' designs. As the Twin Towers' insurance money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole right to decide what would be built. He announced that he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as his master planner for the site.^[53] On February 1, 2003, the LMDC selected two finalists, the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month. Rafael Viñoly of the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented their designs to the LMDC, which selected the THINK design. Earlier the same day, however, Roland Betts, a member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for the THINK design before hearing the final presentations. Governor Pataki, who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened and overruled the LMDC's decision.^[53] On February 27, 2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind officially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center redesign.

Libeskind's original proposal, which is titled Memory Foundations, underwent extensive revisions during collaboration with Larry Silverstein, and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whom Silverstein hired.^[54] Though Libeskind designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by different architects. While not all of Liebeskind's ideas were incorporated into the final design, his design and the public support it garnered did solidify the principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for commercial purposes. As a result, Liebeskind's lawyers at the New York firm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan for the rebuilding.^[55] The first step in this process, completed in 2003, was the "swap" in which Silverstein gave up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build five new office towers around the memorial.^[56] The "swap" and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of the issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the difficulty of reaching consensus.^[57]

Controversy and criticism

There was much debate regarding the future of Ground Zero following the destruction of the World Trade Center. Disagreement and controversy regarding who owned the property and what would be built there hindered construction at the site for several years. Many wanted the Twin Towers to be rebuilt, but stronger and taller. The project for new Twin Towers was called Twin Towers II which was led by the informal organization, Twin Towers Alliance.^[58] Others did not want anything built there at all or wanted the entire site to become a memorial. Finally, a master plan was agreed upon, which would feature a memorial and museum where the original Twin Towers stood and six new skyscrapers surrounding it.^[59]

The social center of the old World Trade Center included a spectacular restaurant on the 107th floor, called Windows on the World, and its Greatest Bar in the World; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a social gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.^[60]^[61] This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly.^[62] Despite numerous assurances that these local landmarks and global attractions would be rebuilt,^[63] the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild these WTC attractions, which has outraged some observers.^[64]

An episode of CBS's 60 Minutes in 2010 focused on the lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the main tower, One World Trade Center's having undergone three different designs, and the delays and monetary expense involved. Investor Larry Silverstein said the Port Authority's estimated completion date for the entire site was 2037, and billions of dollars had already been spent on the project, even though Ground Zero "is still a hole in the ground". During an interview for the episode, Larry Silverstein said: "I am the most frustrated person in the world....I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this thing done in my lifetime".^[65]

One World Trade Center itself was met with criticism early in its planning and construction stages.^[66] The original design, which was asymmetrical, significantly shorter, and called for an off-center spire, was met with much disapproval, causing a new one to be devised. A key feature of the final design, the fortified, windowless base, was also denounced as looking dreary and unwelcoming.^[67] To alleviate this problem, the designers decided to clad it with prismatic glass panels. Since the failure of that plan, it is now unclear what the base will be covered with. The name change from Freedom Tower to One World Trade Center was met with some criticism.^[68] The then-Governor of New York, George Pataki, stated in 2003 that "[t]he Freedom Tower isn't going to be One World Trade Center, it's going to be the Freedom Tower."^[69]

Rebuilding

On March 13, 2006, workers arrived at the World Trade Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marked the official start of construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, though not without controversy and concerns from some family members.^[70] In April 2006, the Port Authority and Larry Silverstein reached an agreement in which Silverstein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower and Tower Five in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for Towers Two, Three, and Four.^[71]^[72] On April 27, 2006, a ground-breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.^[73]

In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko Maki were announced as the architects for Towers Three and Four, respectively.^[74] The final designs for Towers Two, Three and Four were unveiled on September 7, 2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, will have a roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96 feet (29 m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (410 m). Tower Three, or 175 Greenwich Street will have a roof height of 1,155 feet (352 m) and an antenna height reaching 1,255 feet (383 m). Tower Four, or 150 Greenwich Street, will have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).^[75] On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that JP Morgan Chase will build Tower 5, a 42-story building on Site 5 occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building,^[76] and Kohn Pedersen Fox was selected as the architect for the building.^[77] Four renowned architects, including Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, who designed the transit hub, One WTC designer David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, and the famed British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners designed Tower Two and masterminded the iconic diamond design, will greatly enhance the street-level atmosphere of the rebuilt site. The projects will be complete between early 2013 to mid-2015 respectively.^[78]

Publisher Condé Nast agreed to move its headquarters to One World Trade Center in 2010, and with this shift, many more tenants were expected to move to the building.^[79] As of August 2011^[update], One World Trade Center was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th floor, Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up to the 15th floor, and the former Deutsche Bank Building had been completely dismantled, and the Port Authority was working on their Vehicle Security Center.^[80] The World Trade Center Transportation Hub's PATH hall is nearly complete. The memorial officially opened to relatives of the deceased on September 11, 2011, and to the general public on September 12. World Trade Center Tower Three's foundations are becoming visible, and was completed in mid-2014.^[81]^[82] By December 2011, Tower Two's foundations were finished and assembly of the frame was started.^[83] Because numerous American and Chinese companies were "very interested" in leasing space at the WTC, Two World Trade Center was likely to be finished earlier than expected.^[84]

A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) continues to negotiate with the One World Trade Center in regard to the title "World Trade Center", as the WTCA purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The WTCA is seeking free office space in the tower worth US$500,000 in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center" on the One World Trade Center tower and associated souvenirs.^[85]

In early December 2013, Australian retail corporation Westfield announced that it will invest US$800 million for complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt center. Westfield, Australia's largest shopping mall operator, will purchase the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey’s 50 percent stake in the retail part of the World Trade Center site, increasing its total investment to more than US$1.4 billion.^[86]

In April 2014, with the opening of the 9/11 Museum, temporary fences, used for construction, were removed around the 9/11 Memorial. At the same time, the 9/11 Memorial discontinued the requirement for tickets in order to enter the memorial, not only providing pedestrian access to the future towers, but also a path through the site to the Memorial Plaza and surrounding streets.^[87] All construction-related fences in the World Trade Center are expected to be removed with the opening of the final tower sometime in 2015–18.^[88]

Structures

Six towers, a 9/11 memorial and museum, a mall, a transportation hub, a parking lot, a park, and a church are to eventually occupy the new World Trade Center. As of March 2015^[update], progress on the construction of the redesigned site was as follows:

Name	Image	Date construction started	Date of completion	Construction summary	Current status
1 World Trade Center		April 27, 2006	November 3, 2014	Construction was supposed to begin in Fall 2004 after the design plans were finalized earlier that year but NYPD raised security concerns which caused extensive revisions to the existing plans and delaying the start of the construction of the building by two years.^[89] Among the notable changes was the tower was moved further away from the West Highway and a heavily fortified base of the building.^[90] In 2006, the Port Authority took over from Silverstein Properties as the project's developer Tishman Construction Corporation is the construction manager.^[91] and construction began in April of that year. Digging the foundation and installing tower-foundation steel columns, concrete, and rebar took twice as long as it normally would. The construction crews were prevented from using heavy machineries to dig the foundation due to the building's location now closer to be the near the existing Subway line.^[90] The building reached grade level by 2010 and progressed at a pace of one floor a week and was topped out in August 2012, and structurally completed in May 2013.^[92] The building opened on November 3, 2014 with the first 170 employees of anchor tenant Conde Nast began work at the building.^[93]	Completed
2 World Trade Center		November 10, 2008	c. 2021	Construction of everything up to street level was completed in mid-2013.^[94]^[95] The rest of the building, however, has yet to be built until tenants for Tower 2 can be found.^[96]^[97]	On hold
3 World Trade Center	File:Three World Trade Center NY 2016-01-30.jpg	November 10, 2008	c. 2018	Groundbreaking occurred in the fall of 2008 but construction was halted in Summer of 2012 due to lack of anchor tenants. However work progressed on the below-grade foundations and ground level podium which was completed by October 2013.^[98]^[99] An anchor tenant, Group M was finally signed in late 2013^[100] but finance negotiations between Silverstein Properties and Port Authority dragged until an agreement was reached in June 2014. Construction resumed in August 2014 and building is now scheduled to be completed by 2018.^[101]	Under construction
4 World Trade Center		November 10, 2008	November 13, 2013	Construction began in the fall of 2008 and the building was declared complete on November 13, 2013.^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105] The first tenants to move in were two government agencies,^[106] and as of July 2015^[update], the building is 62% leased.^[107]	Completed
5 World Trade Center	File:WTC 5.jpg	September 9, 2011	TBA	Site preparation work began on September 9, 2011, with the Port Authority acting as the building's developer.^[108] but construction on the main structure never commenced.^[109]	On hold
7 World Trade Center		May 7, 2002	May 23, 2006	Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.^[1]^[110] Opened on May 23, 2006 and achieved LEED gold status.^[111]	Completed
National September 11 Memorial		March 13, 2006	September 11, 2011	The Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, coinciding with the 10th anniversary of the attacks.^[112]^[113]	Completed
National September 11 Museum	File:WTC museum 2015 .jpg	March 13, 2006	May 21, 2014	The museum was initially scheduled to open on September 11, 2012, one year after the opening of the Memorial. However, construction was halted in December 2011 due to financial disputes between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Foundation, deciding on who should be responsible for infrastructure costs. Those disputes were resolved and construction resumed on March 13, 2012. Further delays were caused when Hurricane Sandy significantly damaged the site in November 2012. The museum was completed and opened to families of the victims on May 15, 2014 and opened to the general public on May 21, 2014.	Completed
World Trade Center Transportation Hub	File:WTC Transportation Hub 2-01-16.jpg	April 26, 2010	Early 2016	A temporary PATH station opened in 2003 and construction on the permanent station was supposed to begin in fall 2004; however, the NYPD raised security concerns on the entire site. Among the revisions effecting the Transportation Hub was doubling the number of support columns.^[89] In the original plan, the construction of the 9/11 Memorial and Museum was only supposed to have begun after the Transportation Hub had been completed because the roof of the Transportation Hub provided the foundation on which the Memorial rested upon and the walls of the Museum.^[114] Due to the two-year delay and pressure by Victim's families to have the Memorial completed by the 10-year anniversary, it was decided to concentrate on building the Memorial and holding off construction of the Transportation Hub. Construction finally began on the Transportation Hub in 2010 and now is expected to be finished by early 2016, seven years after it was originally expected to be finished.	Under construction
Performing Arts Center	—	TBA	c. 2019	Construction was to begin in December 2014 when the removal of the temporary PATH station commenced.^[115] However, after a downgrade of plans, the construction date was moved back indefinitely. After the PATH station is removed, construction may start; the center may open as early as 2019.^[116]	Construction not started
Vehicular Security Center	File:Liberty Park, Manhattan 1.jpg	November 10, 2011	c. 2016	The VSC will open in phases, and the completed structure will open sometime in 2016.^[115]	Under construction
Liberty Park	File:Liberty Park, Manhattan 1.jpg	November 20, 2013	c. 2016	Construction began in November 2013 when the Vehicular Security Center's roof was structurally complete. At last update, in second quarter of 2015, delayed from the previous first quarter of 2015.^[115]	Under construction
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church	File:Liberty Park, Manhattan 1.jpg	October 18, 2014	c. 2017	Construction began with the groundbreaking occurring on October 18, 2014. The structure should be complete by late 2016 or early 2017.^[117]	Under construction

Towers

One World Trade Center (previously coined the "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Libeskind's design. The building rises to 1,368 feet (417 m), the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its antenna rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect David Childs.^[118] Childs acted as the design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design.^[119] According to a NY1 article on March 8, 2011, a plan to build a restaurant on top of One World Trade Center (to duplicate the Windows on the World restaurant atop the previous North Tower) was scrapped entirely because of potential risk of rising costs to build and maintain the establishment over the benefits of having one at all.^[120] Also in 2011 it was confirmed that Condé Nast Publications would be a primary tenant of the building.^[121]^[122]

Danish architect Bjarke Ingels designed Two World Trade Center, also known as 200 Greenwich Street. The building's gardens integrate Tribeca with the Financial District at the World Trade Center.^[94]^[95]

Richard Rogers Partnership designed Three World Trade Center, or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.^[98]^[99]

Maki and Associates designed Four World Trade Center, also known as 150 Greenwich Street.^[123]^[124]

Five World Trade Center was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and will stand where the Deutsche Bank Building once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that JP Morgan Chase will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters;^[125]^[126] however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of Bear Stearns had caused construction to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.^[127] Construction began on September 9, 2011.^[109]

7 World Trade Center stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower, which opened in May 2006.^[128]

Memorial and museum

A memorial called "Reflecting Absence" honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.^[129] The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect Michael Arad, consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. The slurry wall, which holds back the Hudson River in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed.^[130] Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in January 2004. Construction of the memorial was completed before September 11, 2011.^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]^[135]^[136]^[137]^[138]^[139]

On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta, an architectural firm from Norway, would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively, in the same area as the memorial.^[140]^[141] The Snøhetta-designed museum^[142] will act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, the International Freedom Center.^[143] Gehry's performing arts complex will house only the Joyce Theater, as the Signature Theater Company dropped out due to space constraints and cost limitations.^[143] The Ground Zero Museum Workshop is a privately run 501c nonprofit museum that is not connected to the official Ground Zero Memorial or Gehry's museum.^[144]

Retail space

In early December 2013, Australian retail corporation Westfield announced that it will invest US$800 million for complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt center. Westfield purchased the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey’s 50 percent stake in the retail part of the World Trade Center site, increasing its total investment to more than US$1.4 billion.^[145]

Transportation Hub

Santiago Calatrava designed the World Trade Center Transportation Hub (its main asset being the PATH station) to replace the old World Trade Center station.^[146] The Transport Hub will connect the PATH station and 1 New York City Transit Authority subway train to the ferry terminal, the World Financial Center and One World Trade Center on the west and the 2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, E, J, N, R, W, and Z New York City Transit Authority subway trains through the Fulton Center on the East. One will be able to walk most of the way across lower Manhattan. The Port Authority will cool the new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from the Hudson River.^[147] The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44 billion.^[25]^[148]^[149]

St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church

Government officials have backed down from a July 2008 deal to relocate the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, the only church destroyed in the September 11 attacks.^[150]^[151]

A deal has been reached between church officials, Governor Andrew Cuomo, and the Port Authority to have the church rebuilt on the same site, but three times the original size on October 14, 2011, according to NY1.^[152]

Logo

The World Trade Center's new logo, revealed in August 2014, was designed by the firm Landor Associates and shaped like a "W". All the black bars, the empty spaces, and the "W" itself symbolizes something, giving the logo at least six meanings:^[153]

Each of the five bars in the logo represents the five towers that will be the World Trade Center when it is complete.^[154]^[155]
The top half of the logo features bars cut off at a 17.76-degree angle, evoking One World Trade Center's 1,776-foot height.^[154]^[155]
There are two white columns at the top symbolizing the Tribute in Light memorial.^[154]^[155]
The three black bars at the top also symbolize the Twin Towers' trident-shaped columns.^[154]^[155]
The two black bars at the bottom also stand for the twin pools of the 9/11 Memorial.^[154]^[155]
The logo, as a whole, is in the shape of a "W", which stands for "World Trade Center" and "Westfield World Trade Center".^[154]^[155]

Landor Associates was awarded a $3.57 million contract in 2013 for redesigns, which comprised "the performance of professional services for the development and implementation of the World Trade Center (WTC) site-wide wayfinding, signage, and operational communications program" and included the development of the new logo.^[156] Douglas Riccardi, the principal in the design firm Memo, stated, "Its strength is its ability to be seen in many ways. You could never get more meaning in five little bars. The problem is that people may not bother to find out what the meanings are."^[155]

References

Explanatory notes

^ 1, 4, and 7 WTC, as well as the 9/11 Memorial and Museum are complete. 2, 3, and 5 WTC, as well as Liberty Park and the Vehicle Security Center, the Transportation Hub, and the Performing Arts Center are under construction.

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "One World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
^ "Stacking Diagram | Silverstein Properties". 4wtc.com. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ ^a ^b 7 World Trade Center, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Template:Wayback
^ Building Tenants, Silverstein Properties
^ World Trade Center Tour, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
^ "Building of N.Y. Freedom Tower begins". USA Today. Associated Press. April 28, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
^ Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). "As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ "|| World Trade Center ||". Wtc.com. December 31, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
^ "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "At Last, Tour Santiago Calatrava's World Trade Center Transportation Hub". Curbed New York. February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "One World Trade Center to retake title of NYC's tallest building". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. April 29, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "One World Trade Center". The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
^ "Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision". The Seattle Times. February 27, 1993.
^ World Trade Center at Emporis
^ "New World Trade Center climbs to 100 stories". Associated Press. April 2, 2012.
^ "World Trade Center Reopens for Business". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Man's death from World Trade Center dust brings Ground Zero toll to 2,753". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. June 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
^ Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). "Designers Look Beyond Debris". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "The Last Steel Column". The New York Times. May 30, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Lower Manhattan : 1 World Trade Center". Lowermanhattan.info. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Lower Manhattan : 4 World Trade Center (150 Greenwich Street)". Lowermanhattan.info. September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "National September 11 Memorial & Museum | World Trade Center Memorial". 911memorial.org. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
^ Rich, Schapiro (March 17, 2014). "Blocking 3 World Trade Center deal a bad idea". New York Post. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ ^a ^b Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 24, 2011). "Trade Center Transit Hub's Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
^ Holusha, John (January 6, 2002). "Commercial Property; In Office Market, a Time of Uncertainty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
^ "Ford recounts details of Sept. 11". Real Estate Weekly. BNET. February 27, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
^ Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). "Designers Look Beyond Debris". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ k Times%5d%5d "The Last Steel Column". May 30, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ "Items from World Trade Center Recovery Operation, Fresh Kills Landfill". Online Collections Database. Staten Island Historical Society.
^ "Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup". CNN. May 30, 2002. Archived from the original on October 31, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Bagli, Charles V. (January 31, 2002). "Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
^ "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
^ "Experts Discuss Planning, Designing and Rebuilding World Trade Center". Cornell Chronicle. July 27, 2011.^{[dead link]}
^ "Urban Design and Visual Resources (Chapter 7)" (PDF). Permanent WTC Path Terminal Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
^ Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. "Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February 2003". Retrieved November 19, 2008.
^ Collins, Glenn and David W. Dunlap (January 15, 2004). "Unveiling of Memorial Reveals a Wealth of New Details". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: DOWNTOWN; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero". The New York Times. November 4, 2001. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Governor and Mayor Name Lower Manhattan Redevelopment Corporation" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. November 29, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Principles for Development and Blueprint for Renewal for World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. April 9, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
^ McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek.
^ Wyatt, Edward (January 11, 2002). "Everyone Weighs In With Rebuilding Ideas". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ Muschamp, Herbert (May 23, 2002). "An Appraisal; Marginal Role for Architecture at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Port Authority and Lower Manhattan Developent [sic] Corporation Unveil Six Concepts Plans for World Trade Center Site, Adjacent Areas and Related Transportation" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. July 16, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and New York New Visions Announce Panel to Help Select Teams to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. September 17, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Design Study for World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. August 14, 2002. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
^ Iovine, Julie (February 26, 2003). "Turning a Competition Into a Public Campaign; Finalist for Ground Zero Design Pull Out the Stops". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Six Teams of Architects and Planners to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. September 26, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
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^ ^a ^b Libeskind, Daniel (2004). Breaking Ground. New York: Riverhead Books. pp. 164, 166, 181, 183. ISBN 1-57322-292-5.
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^ Cuthbertson, Charlotte (April 2, 2009). "Freedom Tower Renaming Draws Criticism". The Epoch Times. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
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^ Goldman, Henry (September 7, 2010). "World Trade Center Rebuilding May Finish by 2014, Officials Say ||| World Trade Center". WTC.com. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
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^ Shapiro, Julie (February 8, 2011). "Deutsche Bank Demolition Finally Reaches Street Level ||| World Trade Center". WTC.com. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
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^ Dunlap, David W. (May 15, 2014). "Passes Are No Longer Needed at 9/11 Memorial". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
^ Murphy, William (September 5, 2013). "Fencing at WTC coming down, adding accessibility". Newsday. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "The Truth About the World Trade Center". Esquire Magazine. 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Is the World Trade Center Safe?". Esquire Magazine. 2014.
^ "Freedom Tower". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
^ Cuza, Bobby (September 2, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: One World Trade Center Rises In Lower Manhattan". NY1. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
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^ ^a ^b "The Status of the World Trade Center Complex, 13 Years Later". Curbed. September 11, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Joint Statement on World Trade Center Development". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. March 25, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
^ "World Trade Center Complex on Way to Completion". ABC News. Associated Press. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
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^ ^a ^b "3 WORLD TRADE CENTER". wtc.com.
^ ^a ^b Geiger, Daniel (October 3, 2012). "GroupM Considers Huge Lease to Anchor 3 WTC". Commercial Observer. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
^ Rich, Schapiro (September 10, 2013). "9/11 anniversary: After 12 years, new WTC taking shape after terror attack". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
^ "Hudson Market project finds a home in Chelsea". New York Post.
^ "Tower 4 Schedule". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
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^ "City Shells Out $32.9M To Lease Space At World Trade Center". NY1. February 25, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ Cuza, Bobby (April 22, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Tower Four Emerges From The Ground". NY1. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
^ "NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival". Bloomberg.com. November 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ 29 July 2015. "Silverstein Signs Four More Tenants at 4WTC". Real Estate Weekly. Retrieved October 5, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) – via HighBeam (subscription required)
^ "Tower 5". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
^ ^a ^b Minchom, Clive (November 12, 2013). "New World Trade Center Coming To Life Already Impacts New York Skyline". Jewish Business News. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ About 7 WTC Template:Wayback
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^ "Memorial & Museum, Schedule". Silverstein Properties. 2008.
^ Cuza, Bobby (September 5, 2011). "WTC Memorial Ready For Public Unveiling". NY1. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
^ "The Truth About the World Trade Center". Esquire Magazine. 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Lower Manhattan Community Meeting #205" (pdf). New York City Department of Transportation. June 26, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
^ Pogrebin, Robin (July 23, 2015). "Ground Zero Arts Center to Shrink Further". The New York Times. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ Ralph Gardner Jr. (October 16, 2014). "A Church Near Ground Zero Reimagined". WSJ.
^ "Freedom Tower: About the Building". Silverstein Properties. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
^ Lerner, Kevin (August 2003). "Libeskind and Silverstein reach an agreement for WTC site". Architectural Record.
^ "Port Authority Scraps Plans For One World Trade Center Restaurant". NY1. March 8, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Bagli, Charles V. (May 17, 2011). "Condé Nast Will Be Anchor of 1 World Trade Center". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
^ Cuza, Bobby (May 25, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Conde Nast To Occupy 1 World Trade Center". NY1. Archived from the original on May 29, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "World Trade Center Towers". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation.
^ NY1 Exclusive: Developer Says WTC Project To Be Complete In Five, Six Years NY1. Retrieved August 17, 2010. Template:Wayback
^ Naanes, Marlene (June 22, 2007). "JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans". AM New York. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Appelbaum, Alec (July 30, 2007). "Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms". Architectural Record. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
^ Jones, David (March 20, 2008). "JPMorgan might flip WTC site". The Real Deal New York. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Cuza, Bobby (July 8, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: The 9/11 Memorial From All Sides". NY1. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Reflecting Absence". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. 2004.
^ "The Politics of Remembering Ground Zero". Haaretz.com.
^ Cuza, Bobby (August 10, 2010). "Media Get Sneak Peek Of 9/11 Museum Site". NY1. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ First Trees Are Planted At September 11th Memorial Site NY1 local news channel. Retrieved August 28, 2010. Template:Wayback
^ WTC Memorial To Display Mementos Of Attack Victims NY1 local news channel. Retrieved October 20, 2010. Template:Wayback
^ Sept. 11th Memorial Plaza Receives Its 50th Oak Tree NY1 local news channel. Made October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010. Template:Wayback
^ Visitors To WTC Site Get Vivid Preview Of 9/11 Memorial NY1 local news channel. Retrieved November 23, 2010. Template:Wayback
^ Scotto, Michael (December 22, 2010). ""Survivor Tree" Replanted At WTC Site". NY1. Archived from the original on May 8, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "WTC Memorial To Have Limited Access On 10th Anniversary". NY1. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Port Authority: WTC Memorial Needs Another $3M For Construction". NY1. June 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Selection of Architectural Firms to Design the Performing Arts Complex and the Museum Complex on the World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. October 12, 2004. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
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^ Erlanger, Steven (October 15, 2011). "Again in Norway, Events Provide Test for a King's Mettle". The New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Pogrebin, Robin (March 28, 2007). "Ground Zero Arts Center Loses Theater Company". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
^ "History". Ground Zero Museum Workshop. 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ Iain McDonald and Nichola Saminather (December 5, 2013). "Westfield to Buy World Trade Center Retail Stake". Bloomberg Personal Finance. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ Dunlap, David W. (July 2, 2008). "Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
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^ Cuza, Bobby (April 28, 2011). "9/11 A Decade Later: Port Authority Downplays WTC Transit Hub's Rising Costs". NY1. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ David Lee Miller,Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger (August 18, 2010). "Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders". Fox News Channel. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
^ "Church Destroyed On 9/11 Files Suit Against Port Authority". NY1. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Historic Church Destroyed On 9/11 To Rise Again". NY1. October 14, 2011. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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Bibliography

"World Trade Center Building Performance Study". Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 2002. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

World Trade Center – Silverstein Properties
World Trade Center – Port Authority of New York & New Jersey

[1] 1, 4, and 7 WTC, as well as the 9/11 Memorial and Museum are complete. 2, 3, and 5 WTC, as well as Liberty Park and the Vehicle Security Center, the Transportation Hub, and the Performing Arts Center are under construction.

[skyscraperCenter-2] "One World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved April 14, 2014.

[3] "Stacking Diagram | Silverstein Properties". 4wtc.com. Retrieved February 3, 2014.

[som7-4] 7 World Trade Center, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Template:Wayback

[5] Building Tenants, Silverstein Properties

[6] World Trade Center Tour, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)

[7] "Building of N.Y. Freedom Tower begins". USA Today. Associated Press. April 28, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2009.

[8] Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). "As a Hurdle Is Cleared, Building Begins At Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved August 16, 2009.

[Wtc.com-9] "|| World Trade Center ||". Wtc.com. December 31, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.

[lowermanhattan.info-10] "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[11] "At Last, Tour Santiago Calatrava's World Trade Center Transportation Hub". Curbed New York. February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.

[Associated_Press-12] "One World Trade Center to retake title of NYC's tallest building". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. April 29, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

[sc7-13] "7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on December 2, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[14] "One World Trade Center". The Skyscraper Center. Retrieved December 16, 2014.

[15] "Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision". The Seattle Times. February 27, 1993.

[16] World Trade Center at Emporis

[17] "New World Trade Center climbs to 100 stories". Associated Press. April 2, 2012.

[yahoo-18] "World Trade Center Reopens for Business". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2014.

[Borg-19] "Man's death from World Trade Center dust brings Ground Zero toll to 2,753". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. June 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011.

[20] Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). "Designers Look Beyond Debris". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[21] "The Last Steel Column". The New York Times. May 30, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[22] "Lower Manhattan : 1 World Trade Center". Lowermanhattan.info. Archived from the original on December 16, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[23] "Lower Manhattan : 4 World Trade Center (150 Greenwich Street)". Lowermanhattan.info. September 8, 2006. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[24] "National September 11 Memorial & Museum | World Trade Center Memorial". 911memorial.org. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.

[25] Rich, Schapiro (March 17, 2014). "Blocking 3 World Trade Center deal a bad idea". New York Post. Retrieved June 9, 2014.

[Grynbaum-26] Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 24, 2011). "Trade Center Transit Hub's Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2011.

[27] Holusha, John (January 6, 2002). "Commercial Property; In Office Market, a Time of Uncertainty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2008.

[28] "Ford recounts details of Sept. 11". Real Estate Weekly. BNET. February 27, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[29] Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). "Designers Look Beyond Debris". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[30] Times%5d%5d "The Last Steel Column". May 30, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)

[31] "Items from World Trade Center Recovery Operation, Fresh Kills Landfill". Online Collections Database. Staten Island Historical Society.

[32] "Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup". CNN. May 30, 2002. Archived from the original on October 31, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[33] Bagli, Charles V. (January 31, 2002). "Developer's Pace at 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some". The New York Times. Retrieved February 17, 2008.

[34] "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[ar-June2006-35] "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2008.

[36] "Experts Discuss Planning, Designing and Rebuilding World Trade Center". Cornell Chronicle. July 27, 2011.^{[dead link]}

[37] "Urban Design and Visual Resources (Chapter 7)" (PDF). Permanent WTC Path Terminal Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008.

[38] Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.

[39] Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. "Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February 2003". Retrieved November 19, 2008.

[40] Collins, Glenn and David W. Dunlap (January 15, 2004). "Unveiling of Memorial Reveals a Wealth of New Details". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[41] Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: DOWNTOWN; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[42] "A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero". The New York Times. November 4, 2001. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[43] "Governor and Mayor Name Lower Manhattan Redevelopment Corporation" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. November 29, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

[44] "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Principles for Development and Blueprint for Renewal for World Trade Center Site" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. April 9, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

[45] McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek.

[46] Wyatt, Edward (January 11, 2002). "Everyone Weighs In With Rebuilding Ideas". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[47] Muschamp, Herbert (May 23, 2002). "An Appraisal; Marginal Role for Architecture at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[48] "Port Authority and Lower Manhattan Developent [sic] Corporation Unveil Six Concepts Plans for World Trade Center Site, Adjacent Areas and Related Transportation" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. July 16, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

[49] "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and New York New Visions Announce Panel to Help Select Teams to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. September 17, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

[50] "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Design Study for World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas" (Press release). RenewNYC.org. August 14, 2002. Retrieved August 7, 2008.

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[151] David Lee Miller,Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger (August 18, 2010). "Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders". Fox News Channel. Retrieved August 26, 2010.

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[Dunlap-Logo-156] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Dunlap, David (August 13, 2014). "World Trade Center Logo Captures Site's Destruction and Rebirth". The New York Times. Retrieved August 14, 2014.

[157] ttps://www.panynj.gov/corporate-information/pdf/pa_minutes_9_18_2013.pdf

[note 1]

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@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
   |1 WTC: 104 floors<ref name="skyscraperCenter">{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/one-world-trade-center/98/ |title=One World Trade Center&nbsp;– The Skyscraper Center |publisher=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}</ref>
   |4 WTC: 78 floors<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4wtc.com/leasingcenter/stackingdiagram |title=Stacking Diagram &#124; Silverstein Properties |publisher=4wtc.com |accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref>
-  |7 WTC: 52 floors<ref name="som7">[https://www.som.com/project/7-world-trade-center 7 World Trade Center]{{dead link|date=August 2015}}, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill</ref><ref>[http://silversteinproperties.com/commercial/7-world-trade-center/ Building Tenants], Silverstein Properties</ref><ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Events/ToursVisits/2011TourArchive/NewYorkCitySkyscraperTours/WorldTradeCenter/tabid/2172/language/en-GB/Default.aspx World Trade Center Tour], Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)</ref>
+  |7 WTC: 52 floors<ref name="som7">[https://www.som.com/project/7-world-trade-center 7 World Trade Center], Skidmore, Owings & Merrill {{wayback|url=https://www.som.com/project/7-world-trade-center |date=20141202102852 }}</ref><ref>[http://silversteinproperties.com/commercial/7-world-trade-center/ Building Tenants], Silverstein Properties</ref><ref>[http://www.ctbuh.org/Events/ToursVisits/2011TourArchive/NewYorkCitySkyscraperTours/WorldTradeCenter/tabid/2172/language/en-GB/Default.aspx World Trade Center Tour], Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)</ref>
   }}
 | start_date = {{unbulleted list
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 | top_floor = {{unbulleted list
   |One WTC: {{convert|1268|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="skyscraperCenter" />
-  |7 WTC: {{convert|679|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="sc7">{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/7-world-trade-center/ |title=7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+  |7 WTC: {{convert|679|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="sc7">{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/7-world-trade-center/ |title=7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20141202125342/http://skyscrapercenter.com/new-york-city/7-world-trade-center |archivedate=December 2, 2014 }}</ref>
   }}
 | floor_area = {{unbulleted list
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 The resulting [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse]] caused structural failure in many of the surrounding buildings as well. The [[Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks|process of cleaning up and recovery]] at the [[World Trade Center site]] took eight months, after which rebuilding of the site commenced.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iovine |first=Julie V. |title=Designers Look Beyond Debris |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 27, 2001 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E7DB103AF934A1575AC0A9679C8B63 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Last Steel Column |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E4D71E3BF933A05756C0A9649C8B63 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 30, 2002 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref>
-After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at the [[World Trade Center site]] is now underway. The new complex includes [[One World Trade Center]] (formerly known as the Freedom Tower), [[7 World Trade Center]], three other high-rise office buildings, a museum and memorial, and a transportation hub similar in size to [[Grand Central Terminal]]. One World Trade Center was completed on August 30, 2012, and the final component of its spire installed on May 10, 2013. [[Four World Trade Center|4 World Trade Center]] opened in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/freedom_tower_26204.aspx |title=Lower Manhattan : 1 World Trade Center |publisher=Lowermanhattan.info |accessdate=December 11, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_tower_76774.aspx |title=Lower Manhattan : 4 World Trade Center (150 Greenwich Street) |publisher=Lowermanhattan.info |date=September 8, 2006 |accessdate=December 11, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> The [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|9/11 memorial]] is complete, and the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|museum]] opened on May 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.911memorial.org |title=National September 11 Memorial & Museum &#124; World Trade Center Memorial |publisher=911memorial.org |date=December 7, 2011 |accessdate=December 11, 2011}}</ref> [[Three World Trade Center|3 World Trade Center]] and the [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|Transportation Hub]] are also making progress, and are set to be finished in 2018<ref>{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Schapiro |title=Blocking 3 World Trade Center deal a bad idea |url=http://nypost.com/2014/03/17/blocking-3-world-trade-center-deal-a-bad-idea |accessdate=June 9, 2014 |newspaper=New York Post |date=March 17, 2014}}</ref> and mid-2016,<ref name="Grynbaum">{{cite news |title=Trade Center Transit Hub’s Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion |first=Michael M. |last=Grynbaum |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/nyregion/25ground-zero.html |date=February 24, 2011 |accessdate=February 25, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> respectively. [[Two World Trade Center|2 World Trade Center]]'s full construction was placed on hold in 2009; however, on June 9, 2015, it was reported that the building would undergo a new design, led by architect [[Bjarke Ingels]] of the [[Bjarke Ingels Group]] (BIG). It was also reported that the newly designed 2 World Trade Center would become the headquarters for [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[21st Century Fox]] and [[News Corp]], which later decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, leading to uncertainty over the future of BIG's design.
+After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at the [[World Trade Center site]] is now underway. The new complex includes [[One World Trade Center]] (formerly known as the Freedom Tower), [[7 World Trade Center]], three other high-rise office buildings, a museum and memorial, and a transportation hub similar in size to [[Grand Central Terminal]]. One World Trade Center was completed on August 30, 2012, and the final component of its spire installed on May 10, 2013. [[Four World Trade Center|4 World Trade Center]] opened in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/freedom_tower_26204.aspx |title=Lower Manhattan : 1 World Trade Center |publisher=Lowermanhattan.info |accessdate=December 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111216172827/http://www.lowermanhattan.info:80/construction/project_updates/freedom_tower_26204.aspx |archivedate=December 16, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_tower_76774.aspx |title=Lower Manhattan : 4 World Trade Center (150 Greenwich Street) |publisher=Lowermanhattan.info |date=September 8, 2006 |accessdate=December 11, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111128034501/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_tower_76774.aspx |archivedate=November 28, 2011 }}</ref> The [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|9/11 memorial]] is complete, and the [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|museum]] opened on May 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.911memorial.org |title=National September 11 Memorial & Museum &#124; World Trade Center Memorial |publisher=911memorial.org |date=December 7, 2011 |accessdate=December 11, 2011}}</ref> [[Three World Trade Center|3 World Trade Center]] and the [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|Transportation Hub]] are also making progress, and are set to be finished in 2018<ref>{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Schapiro |title=Blocking 3 World Trade Center deal a bad idea |url=http://nypost.com/2014/03/17/blocking-3-world-trade-center-deal-a-bad-idea |accessdate=June 9, 2014 |newspaper=New York Post |date=March 17, 2014}}</ref> and mid-2016,<ref name="Grynbaum">{{cite news |title=Trade Center Transit Hub’s Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion |first=Michael M. |last=Grynbaum |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/nyregion/25ground-zero.html |date=February 24, 2011 |accessdate=February 25, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> respectively. [[Two World Trade Center|2 World Trade Center]]'s full construction was placed on hold in 2009; however, on June 9, 2015, it was reported that the building would undergo a new design, led by architect [[Bjarke Ingels]] of the [[Bjarke Ingels Group]] (BIG). It was also reported that the newly designed 2 World Trade Center would become the headquarters for [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[21st Century Fox]] and [[News Corp]], which later decided against moving into 2 World Trade Center, leading to uncertainty over the future of BIG's design.
 ==Original towers==
@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 [[File:WTC Building Arrangement in preliminary site plan.svg|thumb|220px|right|Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center's reconstruction.]]
-The process of cleanup and recovery continued 24&nbsp;hours a day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to [[Fresh Kills Landfill]] on [[Staten Island]], where it was further sifted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Items from World Trade Center Recovery Operation, Fresh Kills Landfill |url=http://statenisland.pastperfect-online.com/00039cgi/mweb.exe?request=keyword;keyword=fresh%20kills%20recovery;dtypewanted=;dtype=d |work=Online Collections Database |publisher=Staten Island Historical Society}}</ref> On {{Nowrap|May 30}}, 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=May 30, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 11, 2008}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new 7 WTC building located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, Larry Silverstein was able to proceed without delay on the rebuilding of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, which was completed and officially opened in {{Nowrap|May 2006}}; this had been considered a priority since restoring Consolidated Edison Co.'s electrical substation in the building's lower floors was necessary to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Developer's Pace at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center Upsets Some |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2002 |author=Bagli, Charles V. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4DD1F3AF932A05752C0A9649C8B63 |accessdate=February 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title=7&nbsp;World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=July 27, 2007}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref name="ar-June2006">{{Cite news |title=Major Step at Ground Zero: 7&nbsp;World Trade Center Opening |publisher=Architectural Record |date=May 17, 2006 |url=http://www.archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/060517opening.asp |accessdate=February 17, 2008}}</ref> While 7 World Trade Center was not part of the master plan for the Twin Towers site, Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center would have to be consistent with the master plan which was expected to re-open the street grid which had been blocked by the original World Trade Center super-block. As a result, the design for the new 7 World Trade Center allowed for the re-opening of Greenwich Street, which had been blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July_11/NYCWTCDesign.html |title=Experts Discuss Planning, Designing and Rebuilding World Trade Center |publisher=Cornell Chronicle |date=July 27, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> A temporary [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]] at the World Trade Center opened in {{Nowrap|November 2003}}, pending replacement by a permanent station designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/drp/pdfdocs/env/feis/VolumeI/07_Urban%20Design.pdf |work=Permanent WTC Path Terminal Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation |title=Urban Design and Visual Resources (Chapter 7) |format=PDF |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=May 2005 |accessdate=November 19, 2008 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080306041907/http://www.panynj.gov/drp/pdfdocs/env/feis/VolumeI/07_Urban+Design.pdf |archivedate=March 6, 2008}}</ref>
+The process of cleanup and recovery continued 24&nbsp;hours a day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to [[Fresh Kills Landfill]] on [[Staten Island]], where it was further sifted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Items from World Trade Center Recovery Operation, Fresh Kills Landfill |url=http://statenisland.pastperfect-online.com/00039cgi/mweb.exe?request=keyword;keyword=fresh%20kills%20recovery;dtypewanted=;dtype=d |work=Online Collections Database |publisher=Staten Island Historical Society}}</ref> On {{Nowrap|May 30}}, 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=May 30, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081031202208/http://archives.cnn.com:80/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |archivedate=October 31, 2008 }}</ref> In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new 7 WTC building located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, Larry Silverstein was able to proceed without delay on the rebuilding of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, which was completed and officially opened in {{Nowrap|May 2006}}; this had been considered a priority since restoring Consolidated Edison Co.'s electrical substation in the building's lower floors was necessary to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Developer's Pace at 7&nbsp;World Trade Center Upsets Some |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2002 |author=Bagli, Charles V. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4DD1F3AF932A05752C0A9649C8B63 |accessdate=February 17, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title=7&nbsp;World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=July 27, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809115805/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |archivedate=August 9, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="ar-June2006">{{Cite news |title=Major Step at Ground Zero: 7&nbsp;World Trade Center Opening |publisher=Architectural Record |date=May 17, 2006 |url=http://www.archrecord.construction.com/news/wtc/archives/060517opening.asp |accessdate=February 17, 2008}}</ref> While 7 World Trade Center was not part of the master plan for the Twin Towers site, Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center would have to be consistent with the master plan which was expected to re-open the street grid which had been blocked by the original World Trade Center super-block. As a result, the design for the new 7 World Trade Center allowed for the re-opening of Greenwich Street, which had been blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/July_11/NYCWTCDesign.html |title=Experts Discuss Planning, Designing and Rebuilding World Trade Center |publisher=Cornell Chronicle |date=July 27, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> A temporary [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]] at the World Trade Center opened in {{Nowrap|November 2003}}, pending replacement by a permanent station designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/drp/pdfdocs/env/feis/VolumeI/07_Urban%20Design.pdf |work=Permanent WTC Path Terminal Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation |title=Urban Design and Visual Resources (Chapter 7) |format=PDF |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |date=May 2005 |accessdate=November 19, 2008 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080306041907/http://www.panynj.gov/drp/pdfdocs/env/feis/VolumeI/07_Urban+Design.pdf |archivedate=March 6, 2008}}</ref>
-With the main World Trade Center site, numerous stakeholders were involved including Silverstein and the Port Authority, which in turn meant that [[George Pataki]], the then-[[Governor of New York]], had some authority. In addition, the victims' families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], and others wanted input. Governor Pataki established the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC) in {{Nowrap|November 2001}} as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD81639F930A35752C1A9679C8B63 |author=Pérez-Peña, Richard |title=State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani |work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2001 |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> The LMDC held a competition to solicit possible designs for the site. The [[Memory Foundations]] design by [[Daniel Libeskind]] was chosen as the master plan for the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/selected_design.asp |author=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |title=Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February&nbsp;2003 |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> The plan included the {{convert|1776|ft}} [[1 World Trade Center|Freedom Tower]] (now known as ''One World Trade Center'') as well as a memorial and a number of other office towers. Out of the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]], a design by [[Michael Arad]] and Peter Walker titled ''Reflecting Absence'' was selected in {{Nowrap|January 2004}}.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/15/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/15memorial.htm&pagewanted=all |title=Unveiling of Memorial Reveals a Wealth of New Details |author=Collins, Glenn and David W. Dunlap |work=The New York Times |date=January 15, 2004 |accessdate=November 19, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
+With the main World Trade Center site, numerous stakeholders were involved including Silverstein and the Port Authority, which in turn meant that [[George Pataki]], the then-[[Governor of New York]], had some authority. In addition, the victims' families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], and others wanted input. Governor Pataki established the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC) in {{Nowrap|November 2001}} as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD81639F930A35752C1A9679C8B63 |author=Pérez-Peña, Richard |title=State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani |work=The New York Times |date=November 3, 2001 |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> The LMDC held a competition to solicit possible designs for the site. The [[Memory Foundations]] design by [[Daniel Libeskind]] was chosen as the master plan for the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/selected_design.asp |author=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |title=Selected Design for the WTC Site as of February&nbsp;2003 |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> The plan included the {{convert|1776|ft}} [[1 World Trade Center|Freedom Tower]] (now known as ''One World Trade Center'') as well as a memorial and a number of other office towers. Out of the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]], a design by [[Michael Arad]] and Peter Walker titled ''Reflecting Absence'' was selected in {{Nowrap|January 2004}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/15/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/15memorial.htm&pagewanted=all |title=Unveiling of Memorial Reveals a Wealth of New Details |author=Collins, Glenn and David W. Dunlap |work=The New York Times |date=January 15, 2004 |accessdate=November 19, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090415232659/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/15/nyregion/nyregionspecial3/15memorial.htm&pagewanted=all |archivedate=April 15, 2009 }}</ref>
 ==Planning==
@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 In May 2006, architects [[Richard Rogers]] and [[Fumihiko Maki]] were announced as the architects for Towers Three and Four, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/arts/design/03towe.html |title=Richard Rogers to Design Tower at Ground Zero |author=Pogrebin, Robin |date=May 3, 2006 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> The final designs for Towers Two, Three and Four were unveiled on {{Nowrap|September 7}}, 2006. Tower Two, or [[200 Greenwich Street]], will have a roof height of {{convert|1254|ft}} and a {{convert|96|ft}} tripod spire for a total of {{convert|1350|ft}}. Tower Three, or [[175 Greenwich Street]] will have a roof height of 1,155&nbsp;feet (352&nbsp;m) and an antenna height reaching {{convert|1255|ft}}. Tower Four, or [[150&nbsp;Greenwich Street]], will have an overall height of {{convert|946|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/nyregion/08towerscnd.html |title=Designs Unveiled for Freedom Tower’s Neighbors |work=The New York Times |author=Dunlap, David W. |date=September 7, 2006 |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> On {{Nowrap|June 22}}, 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that [[JP Morgan Chase]] will build Tower 5, a 42-story building on Site 5 occupied by the Deutsche Bank Building,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/nyregion/14rebuild.html |title=Chase Bank Set to Build Tower by Ground Zero |author=Bagli, Charles V. |date=June 14, 2007 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> and [[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] was selected as the architect for the building.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070730wtc.asp |title=Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms |publisher=Architectural Record |date=July 30, 2007 |author=Appelbaum, Alec |accessdate=November 19, 2008}}</ref> Four renowned architects, including Spanish architect [[Santiago Calatrava]], who designed the transit hub, One WTC designer [[David Childs]] of [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]], and the famed British architect Norman Foster of [[Foster and Partners]] designed Tower Two and masterminded the iconic diamond design, will greatly enhance the street-level atmosphere of the rebuilt site. The projects will be complete between early 2013 to mid-2015 respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/news/world-trade-center-rebuilding-may-finish-by-2014-officials-say |title=World Trade Center Rebuilding May Finish by 2014, Officials Say &#124;&#124;&#124; World Trade Center |last=Goldman |first=Henry |date=September 7, 2010 |publisher=WTC.com |accessdate=September 12, 2011}}</ref>
-Publisher [[Condé Nast]] agreed to move its headquarters to One World Trade Center in 2010, and with this shift, many more tenants were expected to move to the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/nyregion/04conde.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=conde%20nast&st=cse |work=The New York Times |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |title=Condé Nast Signs Deal to Move to Ground Zero Tower |date=August 3, 2010}}</ref> {{As of|August 2011}}, One World Trade Center was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th floor, Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up to the 15th floor, and the former [[Deutsche Bank Building]] had been completely dismantled, and the Port Authority was working on their [[Vehicle Security Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/news/deutsche-bank-demolition-finally-reaches-street-level |title=Deutsche Bank Demolition Finally Reaches Street Level &#124;&#124;&#124; World Trade Center |last=Shapiro |first=Julie |date=February 8, 2011 |publisher=WTC.com |accessdate=September 12, 2011}}</ref> The [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]]'s PATH hall is nearly complete. The [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|memorial]] officially opened to relatives of the deceased on September 11, 2011, and to the general public on September 12. World Trade Center Tower Three's foundations are becoming visible, and was completed in mid-2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/08/26/us-worldtradecenter-silverstein-idUSTRE67P4MS20100826 |agency=Reuters |title=World Trade Center deal may hasten rebuilding |date=August 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wtc.com/about/buildings/3-world-trade-center|title = 3 World Trade Center|accessdate = September 12, 2011|website = wtc.com}}</ref> By December 2011, Tower Two's foundations were finished and assembly of the frame was started.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two World Trade Center on Emporis |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/two-world-trade-center-new-york-city-ny-usa2 |accessdate=December 30, 2011}}</ref> Because numerous American and Chinese companies were "very interested" in leasing space at the WTC, Two World Trade Center was likely to be finished earlier than expected.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/news/everybody-go-downtown! |title=Everybody Go Downtown! &#124;&#124;&#124; World Trade Center |last=Rubinstein |first=Dana |date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=WTC.com |accessdate=September 12, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+Publisher [[Condé Nast]] agreed to move its headquarters to One World Trade Center in 2010, and with this shift, many more tenants were expected to move to the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/nyregion/04conde.html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=conde%20nast&st=cse |work=The New York Times |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |title=Condé Nast Signs Deal to Move to Ground Zero Tower |date=August 3, 2010}}</ref> {{As of|August 2011}}, One World Trade Center was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th floor, Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up to the 15th floor, and the former [[Deutsche Bank Building]] had been completely dismantled, and the Port Authority was working on their [[Vehicle Security Center]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/news/deutsche-bank-demolition-finally-reaches-street-level |title=Deutsche Bank Demolition Finally Reaches Street Level &#124;&#124;&#124; World Trade Center |last=Shapiro |first=Julie |date=February 8, 2011 |publisher=WTC.com |accessdate=September 12, 2011}}</ref> The [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]]'s PATH hall is nearly complete. The [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|memorial]] officially opened to relatives of the deceased on September 11, 2011, and to the general public on September 12. World Trade Center Tower Three's foundations are becoming visible, and was completed in mid-2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2010/08/26/us-worldtradecenter-silverstein-idUSTRE67P4MS20100826 |agency=Reuters |title=World Trade Center deal may hasten rebuilding |date=August 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wtc.com/about/buildings/3-world-trade-center|title = 3 World Trade Center|accessdate = September 12, 2011|website = wtc.com}}</ref> By December 2011, Tower Two's foundations were finished and assembly of the frame was started.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two World Trade Center on Emporis |url=http://www.emporis.com/building/two-world-trade-center-new-york-city-ny-usa2 |accessdate=December 30, 2011}}</ref> Because numerous American and Chinese companies were "very interested" in leasing space at the WTC, Two World Trade Center was likely to be finished earlier than expected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wtc.com/news/everybody-go-downtown! |title=Everybody Go Downtown! &#124;&#124;&#124; World Trade Center |last=Rubinstein |first=Dana |date=October 20, 2010 |publisher=WTC.com |accessdate=September 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111001042205/http://www.wtc.com/news/everybody-go-downtown! |archivedate=October 1, 2011 }}</ref>
 A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) continues to negotiate with the One World Trade Center in regard to the title "World Trade Center", as the WTCA purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The WTCA is seeking free office space in the tower worth US$500,000 in exchange for the use of "World Trade Center" on the One World Trade Center tower and associated souvenirs.<ref>{{cite news |title=The puzzling non-profit behind the "World Trade Center" name makes a surprising amount of money |url=http://qz.com/122449/the-puzzling-non-profit-behind-the-world-trade-center-name-makes-a-surprising-amount-of-money/ |accessdate=September 14, 2013 |newspaper=Quartz |date=September 13, 2013 |author=Simone Foxman}}</ref>
@@ Line 190: / Line 190: @@
 | data-sort-value="2002-05-07" | May 7, 2002
 | data-sort-value="2006-05-23" | May 23, 2006
-| Construction of the new {{nowrap|7 World}} Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. The building is {{nowrap|52 stories}} tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.<ref name="skyscraperCenter"/><ref>[http://www.silversteinproperties.com/properties/7-world-trade-center About 7 WTC]{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> Opened on May 23, 2006 and achieved [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] gold status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7 |title=Tower 7 |publisher=Silverstein Properties |year=2008}}</ref>
+| Construction of the new {{nowrap|7 World}} Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. The building is {{nowrap|52 stories}} tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York.<ref name="skyscraperCenter"/><ref>[http://www.silversteinproperties.com/properties/7-world-trade-center About 7 WTC] {{wayback|url=http://www.silversteinproperties.com/properties/7-world-trade-center |date=20150910031318 }}</ref> Opened on May 23, 2006 and achieved [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] gold status.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7 |title=Tower 7 |publisher=Silverstein Properties |year=2008}}</ref>
 | data-sort-value="1"|Completed
 |-
@@ Line 245: / Line 245: @@
 ===Towers===
 [[File:7 World Trade Center.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The completed [[7 World Trade Center]] in 2008.]]
-[[One World Trade Center]] (previously coined the "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Libeskind's design. The building rises to {{convert|1368|ft|m}}, the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its antenna rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] was signed. The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect [[David Childs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/freedom-tower |title=Freedom Tower: About the Building |accessdate=January 21, 2008 |publisher=Silverstein Properties}}</ref> Childs acted as the design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libeskind and Silverstein reach an agreement for WTC site |first=Kevin |last=Lerner |magazine=[[Archit. Rec.|Architectural Record]] |date=August 2003}}</ref> According to a [[NY1]] article on March 8, 2011, a plan to build a restaurant on top of One World Trade Center (to duplicate the [[Windows on the World]] restaurant atop the previous North Tower) was scrapped entirely because of potential risk of rising costs to build and maintain the establishment over the benefits of having one at all.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/135170/port-authority-scraps-plans-for-one-world-trade-center-restaurant |title=Port Authority Scraps Plans For One World Trade Center Restaurant |work=[[NY1]] |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=March 8, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> Also in 2011 it was confirmed that [[Condé Nast Publications]] would be a primary tenant of the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/nyregion/conde-nast-to-anchor-1-world-trade-center.html?_r=2&hp |title=Condé Nast Will Be Anchor of 1 World Trade Center |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |date=May 17, 2011 |accessdate=May 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/139715/9-11-a-decade-later--conde-nast-to-occupy-1-world-trade-center |title=9/11 A Decade Later: Conde Nast To Occupy 1 World Trade Center |work=[[NY1]] |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |date=May 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 29, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+[[One World Trade Center]] (previously coined the "Freedom Tower" by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Libeskind's design. The building rises to {{convert|1368|ft|m}}, the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its antenna rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] was signed. The tower was a collaboration between Studio Daniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architect [[David Childs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/freedom-tower |title=Freedom Tower: About the Building |accessdate=January 21, 2008 |publisher=Silverstein Properties}}</ref> Childs acted as the design architect and project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskind collaborated on the concept and schematic design.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libeskind and Silverstein reach an agreement for WTC site |first=Kevin |last=Lerner |magazine=[[Archit. Rec.|Architectural Record]] |date=August 2003}}</ref> According to a [[NY1]] article on March 8, 2011, a plan to build a restaurant on top of One World Trade Center (to duplicate the [[Windows on the World]] restaurant atop the previous North Tower) was scrapped entirely because of potential risk of rising costs to build and maintain the establishment over the benefits of having one at all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/135170/port-authority-scraps-plans-for-one-world-trade-center-restaurant |title=Port Authority Scraps Plans For One World Trade Center Restaurant |work=[[NY1]] |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=March 8, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110311025040/http://manhattan.ny1.com:80/content/top_stories/135170/port-authority-scraps-plans-for-one-world-trade-center-restaurant |archivedate=March 11, 2011 }}</ref> Also in 2011 it was confirmed that [[Condé Nast Publications]] would be a primary tenant of the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/nyregion/conde-nast-to-anchor-1-world-trade-center.html?_r=2&hp |title=Condé Nast Will Be Anchor of 1 World Trade Center |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Charles V. |last=Bagli |date=May 17, 2011 |accessdate=May 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/139715/9-11-a-decade-later--conde-nast-to-occupy-1-world-trade-center |title=9/11 A Decade Later: Conde Nast To Occupy 1 World Trade Center |work=[[NY1]] |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |date=May 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110529005245/http://www.ny1.com:80/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/139715/9-11-a-decade-later--conde-nast-to-occupy-1-world-trade-center |archivedate=May 29, 2011 }}</ref>
 Danish architect [[Bjarke Ingels]] designed [[Two World Trade Center]], also known as 200 Greenwich Street. The building's gardens integrate [[Tribeca]] with the Financial District at the World Trade Center.<ref name=curbed-wtc2/><ref name=pany-wtc2/>
@@ Line 251: / Line 251: @@
 [[Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners|Richard Rogers Partnership]] designed [[Three World Trade Center]], or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands across Greenwich Street from the Memorial's two reflecting pools.<ref name=wtc3-1/><ref name="commercial observer"/>
-[[Fumihiko Maki|Maki and Associates]] designed [[Four World Trade Center]], also known as 150 Greenwich Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/ThePlan/world_trade_center_towers.asp |title=World Trade Center Towers |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123905/ny1-exclusive--developer-says-wtc-project-to-be-complete-in-five--six-years NY1 Exclusive: Developer Says WTC Project To Be Complete In Five, Six Years]{{dead link|date=August 2015}} [[NY1]]. Retrieved August 17, 2010.</ref>
+[[Fumihiko Maki|Maki and Associates]] designed [[Four World Trade Center]], also known as 150 Greenwich Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/ThePlan/world_trade_center_towers.asp |title=World Trade Center Towers |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123905/ny1-exclusive--developer-says-wtc-project-to-be-complete-in-five--six-years NY1 Exclusive: Developer Says WTC Project To Be Complete In Five, Six Years] [[NY1]]. Retrieved August 17, 2010. {{wayback|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123905/ny1-exclusive--developer-says-wtc-project-to-be-complete-in-five--six-years |date=20100819201403 }}</ref>
-[[Five World Trade Center]] was designed by [[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] and will stand where the [[Deutsche Bank Building]] once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that [[JP Morgan Chase]] will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters;<ref>{{cite news |title=JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans |first=Marlene |last=Naanes |url=http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622,0,6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |newspaper=[[AM New York]] |date=June 22, 2007}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms |first=Alec |last=Appelbaum |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070730wtc.asp |magazine=[[Archit. Rec.|Architectural Record]] |date=July 30, 2007 |accessdate=July 30, 2010}}</ref> however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of [[Bear Stearns]] had caused construction to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.<ref>{{cite web | last=Jones | first=David | title=JPMorgan might flip WTC site | website=The Real Deal New York | date=2008-03-20 | url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2008/03/20/jpmorgan-might-flip-wtc-site/ | accessdate=2015-10-05}}</ref> Construction began on September 9, 2011.<ref name="Minchom 2013"/>
+[[Five World Trade Center]] was designed by [[Kohn Pedersen Fox]] and will stand where the [[Deutsche Bank Building]] once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authority announced that [[JP Morgan Chase]] will lease the 42-story building for its investment banking headquarters;<ref>{{cite news|title=JP Morgan releases WTC tower plans |first=Marlene |last=Naanes |url=http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622,0,6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |newspaper=[[AM New York]] |date=June 22, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20160102101305/http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-wtc0622,0,6464804.story?coll=am-local-headlines |archivedate=January 2, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kohn Responds to WTC5 Criticisms |first=Alec |last=Appelbaum |url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/070730wtc.asp |magazine=[[Archit. Rec.|Architectural Record]] |date=July 30, 2007 |accessdate=July 30, 2010}}</ref> however, JPMorgan's March 2008 acquisition of [[Bear Stearns]] had caused construction to stagnate, as the company changed its plans and relocated its headquarters to 383 Madison Avenue.<ref>{{cite web | last=Jones | first=David | title=JPMorgan might flip WTC site | website=The Real Deal New York | date=2008-03-20 | url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2008/03/20/jpmorgan-might-flip-wtc-site/ | accessdate=2015-10-05}}</ref> Construction began on September 9, 2011.<ref name="Minchom 2013"/>
 [[7 World Trade Center]] stands off of Port Authority property. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill designed the tower, which opened in May 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |title=7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) |date=May 22, 2006 |accessdate=July 27, 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070809115805/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/7_world_trade_center_50451.aspx |archivedate=August 9, 2007 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
@@ Line 261: / Line 261: @@
 [[File:New York - National September 11 Memorial South Pool - April 2012 - 9693C.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The completed South Pool in April 2012]]
-A memorial called "Reflecting Absence" honors the victims of the [[September 11 attacks]] and the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/142578/9-11-a-decade-later--the-9-11-memorial-from-all-sides |title=9/11 A Decade Later: The 9/11 Memorial From All Sides |work=[[NY1]] |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |date=July 8, 2011 |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and [[Israeli American|Israeli-American]] architect [[Michael Arad]], consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. The [[slurry wall]], which holds back the [[Hudson River]] in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtcsitememorial.org/fin7.html |title=Reflecting Absence |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |year=2004}}</ref> Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]] in January 2004. Construction of the memorial was completed before September 11, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/925885.html|title=The Politics of Remembering Ground Zero|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Media Get Sneak Peek Of 9/11 Museum Site |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123505/media-get-sneak-peek-of-9-11-museum-site |work=[[NY1]] |date=August 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 10, 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/124556/first-trees-are-planted-at-september-11th-memorial-site First Trees Are Planted At September 11th Memorial Site]{{dead link|date=August 2015}} [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Retrieved August 28, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/127484/wtc-memorial-to-display-mementos-of-attack-victims WTC Memorial To Display Mementos Of Attack Victims]{{dead link|date=August 2015}} [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Retrieved October 20, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/127779/sept--11th-memorial-plaza-receives-its-50th-oak-tree Sept. 11th Memorial Plaza Receives Its 50th Oak Tree]{{dead link|date=August 2015}} [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Made October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/129479/visitors-to-wtc-site-get-vivid-preview-of-9-11-memorial Visitors To WTC Site Get Vivid Preview Of 9/11 Memorial]{{dead link|date=August 2015}} [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Retrieved November 23, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/131094/-survivor-tree--replanted-at-wtc-site |title="Survivor Tree" Replanted At WTC Site |work=[[NY1]] |first=Michael |last=Scotto |date=December 22, 2010 |accessdate=December 23, 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/133957/wtc-memorial-to-have-limited-access-on-10th-anniversary |title=WTC Memorial To Have Limited Access On 10th Anniversary |work=[[NY1]] |date=February 14, 2011 |accessdate=February 14, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/142057/port-authority--wtc-memorial-needs-another--3m-for-construction |title=Port Authority: WTC Memorial Needs Another $3M For Construction |work=[[NY1]] |date=June 30, 2011 |accessdate=July 1, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+A memorial called "Reflecting Absence" honors the victims of the [[September 11 attacks]] and the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/142578/9-11-a-decade-later--the-9-11-memorial-from-all-sides |title=9/11 A Decade Later: The 9/11 Memorial From All Sides |work=[[NY1]] |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |date=July 8, 2011 |accessdate=July 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110711005221/http://www.ny1.com:80/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/142578/9-11-a-decade-later--the-9-11-memorial-from-all-sides |archivedate=July 11, 2011 }}</ref> The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and [[Israeli American|Israeli-American]] architect [[Michael Arad]], consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims. The [[slurry wall]], which holds back the [[Hudson River]] in the west and was an integral part of Libeskind's proposal, remains exposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtcsitememorial.org/fin7.html |title=Reflecting Absence |publisher=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |year=2004}}</ref> Walker and Arad were selected from more than 5,000 entrants in the [[World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition]] in January 2004. Construction of the memorial was completed before September 11, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/925885.html|title=The Politics of Remembering Ground Zero|work=Haaretz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Media Get Sneak Peek Of 9/11 Museum Site |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123505/media-get-sneak-peek-of-9-11-museum-site |work=[[NY1]] |date=August 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 10, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110921145123/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/123505/media-get-sneak-peek-of-9-11-museum-site |archivedate=September 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/124556/first-trees-are-planted-at-september-11th-memorial-site First Trees Are Planted At September 11th Memorial Site] [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Retrieved August 28, 2010. {{wayback|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/124556/first-trees-are-planted-at-september-11th-memorial-site |date=20100831173537 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/127484/wtc-memorial-to-display-mementos-of-attack-victims WTC Memorial To Display Mementos Of Attack Victims] [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Retrieved October 20, 2010. {{wayback|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/127484/wtc-memorial-to-display-mementos-of-attack-victims |date=20101022031324 }}</ref><ref>[http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/127779/sept--11th-memorial-plaza-receives-its-50th-oak-tree Sept. 11th Memorial Plaza Receives Its 50th Oak Tree] [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Made October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010. {{wayback|url=http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/127779/sept--11th-memorial-plaza-receives-its-50th-oak-tree |date=20110714220943 }}</ref><ref>[http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/129479/visitors-to-wtc-site-get-vivid-preview-of-9-11-memorial Visitors To WTC Site Get Vivid Preview Of 9/11 Memorial] [[NY1|NY1 local news channel]]. Retrieved November 23, 2010. {{wayback|url=http://manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/129479/visitors-to-wtc-site-get-vivid-preview-of-9-11-memorial |date=20120306165646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/131094/-survivor-tree--replanted-at-wtc-site |title="Survivor Tree" Replanted At WTC Site |work=[[NY1]] |first=Michael |last=Scotto |date=December 22, 2010 |accessdate=December 23, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110508094053/http://www.ny1.com:80/content/top_stories/131094/-survivor-tree--replanted-at-wtc-site |archivedate=May 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/133957/wtc-memorial-to-have-limited-access-on-10th-anniversary |title=WTC Memorial To Have Limited Access On 10th Anniversary |work=[[NY1]] |date=February 14, 2011 |accessdate=February 14, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110513021332/http://www.ny1.com:80/content/top_stories/133957/wtc-memorial-to-have-limited-access-on-10th-anniversary |archivedate=May 13, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/142057/port-authority--wtc-memorial-needs-another--3m-for-construction |title=Port Authority: WTC Memorial Needs Another $3M For Construction |work=[[NY1]] |date=June 30, 2011 |accessdate=July 1, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110921162237/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/142057/port-authority--wtc-memorial-needs-another--3m-for-construction |archivedate=September 21, 2011 }}</ref>
-On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that [[Frank Gehry|Gehry Partners LLP]] and [[Snøhetta (company)|Snøhetta]], an [[architectural firm]] from [[Norway]], would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively, in the same area as the memorial.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Selection of Architectural Firms to Design the Performing Arts Complex and the Museum Complex on the World Trade Center Site |publisher=RenewNYC.org |date=October 12, 2004 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=b60c011b-187b-44b8-b764-1b4381427018 |accessdate=August 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/135293/9-11-a-decade-later--glass-atrium-rises-at-wtc-memorial-site |title=9/11 A Decade Later: Glass Atrium Rises At WTC Memorial Site |first=Rebecca |last=Spitz |work=[[NY1]] |date=March 9, 2011 |accessdate=March 15, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> The Snøhetta-designed museum<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Erlanger |title=Again in Norway, Events Provide Test for a King’s Mettle |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/world/europe/king-harald-of-norway-proves-mettle-with-response-to-july-22-deaths.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 15, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> will act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, the [[International Freedom Center]].<ref name="nyt-2007-03-28">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/arts/28zero.html |title=Ground Zero Arts Center Loses Theater Company |date=March 28, 2007 |author=Pogrebin, Robin |authorlink=Robin Pogrebin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Gehry's performing arts complex will house only the Joyce Theater, as the Signature Theater Company dropped out due to space constraints and cost limitations.<ref name="nyt-2007-03-28"/> The Ground Zero Museum Workshop is a privately run 501c nonprofit museum that is not connected to the official Ground Zero Memorial or Gehry's museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.groundzeromuseumworkshop.com/history.htm |publisher=Ground Zero Museum Workshop |accessdate=December 15, 2013 |year=2013}}</ref>
+On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that [[Frank Gehry|Gehry Partners LLP]] and [[Snøhetta (company)|Snøhetta]], an [[architectural firm]] from [[Norway]], would design the site's performing arts and museum complexes, respectively, in the same area as the memorial.<ref>{{cite press release |title=The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Selection of Architectural Firms to Design the Performing Arts Complex and the Museum Complex on the World Trade Center Site |publisher=RenewNYC.org |date=October 12, 2004 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=b60c011b-187b-44b8-b764-1b4381427018 |accessdate=August 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/135293/9-11-a-decade-later--glass-atrium-rises-at-wtc-memorial-site |title=9/11 A Decade Later: Glass Atrium Rises At WTC Memorial Site |first=Rebecca |last=Spitz |work=[[NY1]] |date=March 9, 2011 |accessdate=March 15, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110322040635/http://www.ny1.com:80/content/top_stories/135293/9-11-a-decade-later--glass-atrium-rises-at-wtc-memorial-site |archivedate=March 22, 2011 }}</ref> The Snøhetta-designed museum<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Erlanger |title=Again in Norway, Events Provide Test for a King’s Mettle |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/16/world/europe/king-harald-of-norway-proves-mettle-with-response-to-july-22-deaths.html?partner=rss&emc=rss |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 15, 2011 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> will act as a memorial museum and visitors' center, after family members of 9/11 victims objected to the building's original occupant, the [[International Freedom Center]].<ref name="nyt-2007-03-28">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/28/arts/28zero.html |title=Ground Zero Arts Center Loses Theater Company |date=March 28, 2007 |author=Pogrebin, Robin |authorlink=Robin Pogrebin |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> Gehry's performing arts complex will house only the Joyce Theater, as the Signature Theater Company dropped out due to space constraints and cost limitations.<ref name="nyt-2007-03-28"/> The Ground Zero Museum Workshop is a privately run 501c nonprofit museum that is not connected to the official Ground Zero Memorial or Gehry's museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.groundzeromuseumworkshop.com/history.htm |publisher=Ground Zero Museum Workshop |accessdate=December 15, 2013 |year=2013}}</ref>
 ===Retail space===
@@ Line 271: / Line 271: @@
 {{Main|World Trade Center (PATH station)}}
 [[File:WTC Path.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Entrance to the PATH at the World Trade Center]]
-[[Santiago Calatrava]] designed the [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]] (its main asset being the [[Port Authority Trans Hudson|PATH]] station) to replace the old [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center station]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/02/nyregion/02path.html |date=July 2, 2008 |author=Dunlap, David W. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The Transport Hub will connect the PATH station and 1 [[New York City Transit Authority]] subway train to the ferry terminal, the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] and [[One World Trade Center]] on the west and the {{NYCS Fulton Street Transit Center}} New York City Transit Authority subway trains through the [[Fulton Center]] on the East. One will be able to walk most of the way across lower Manhattan. The Port Authority will cool the new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from the [[Hudson River]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Using the Hudson to Cool the Trade Center |first=David W. |last=Dunlap |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/using-the-hudson-to-cool-the-trade-center/ |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 6, 2009 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44 billion.<ref name="Grynbaum"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/134565/port-authority-reports-increase-in-wtc-transit-hub-costs/ |title=Port Authority Reports Increase In WTC Transit Hub Costs |work=[[NY1]] |date=February 24, 2011 |accessdate=February 26, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/138224/9-11-a-decade-later--port-authority-downplays-wtc-transit-hub-s-rising-costs |title=9/11 A Decade Later: Port Authority Downplays WTC Transit Hub's Rising Costs |work=[[NY1]] |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |date=April 28, 2011 |accessdate=April 29, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+[[Santiago Calatrava]] designed the [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]] (its main asset being the [[Port Authority Trans Hudson|PATH]] station) to replace the old [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|World Trade Center station]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/02/nyregion/02path.html |date=July 2, 2008 |author=Dunlap, David W. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The Transport Hub will connect the PATH station and 1 [[New York City Transit Authority]] subway train to the ferry terminal, the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]] and [[One World Trade Center]] on the west and the {{NYCS Fulton Street Transit Center}} New York City Transit Authority subway trains through the [[Fulton Center]] on the East. One will be able to walk most of the way across lower Manhattan. The Port Authority will cool the new station, as well as the September 11 Memorial and Museum, via a heat exchanger fed by four pipes carrying water from the [[Hudson River]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Using the Hudson to Cool the Trade Center |first=David W. |last=Dunlap |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/06/using-the-hudson-to-cool-the-trade-center/ |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 6, 2009 |accessdate=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44 billion.<ref name="Grynbaum"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/134565/port-authority-reports-increase-in-wtc-transit-hub-costs/ |title=Port Authority Reports Increase In WTC Transit Hub Costs |work=[[NY1]] |date=February 24, 2011 |accessdate=February 26, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110714220708/http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/134565/port-authority-reports-increase-in-wtc-transit-hub-costs/ |archivedate=July 14, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/138224/9-11-a-decade-later--port-authority-downplays-wtc-transit-hub-s-rising-costs |title=9/11 A Decade Later: Port Authority Downplays WTC Transit Hub's Rising Costs |work=[[NY1]] |first=Bobby |last=Cuza |date=April 28, 2011 |accessdate=April 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110430115756/http://www.ny1.com:80/content/special_reports/911_a_decade_later/138224/9-11-a-decade-later--port-authority-downplays-wtc-transit-hub-s-rising-costs |archivedate=April 30, 2011 }}</ref>
 ===St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church===
-Government officials have backed down from a July 2008 deal to relocate the [[St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church]], the only church destroyed in the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/08/18/leaders-disappointed-government-declares-deal-rebuild-ground-zero-church-dead/ |title=Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders |author=David Lee Miller,Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger |date=August 18, 2010 |publisher=Fox News Channel |accessdate=August 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/133950/church-destroyed-on-9-11-files-suit-against-port-authority |title=Church Destroyed On 9/11 Files Suit Against Port Authority |work=[[NY1]] |date=February 14, 2011 |accessdate=February 14, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+Government officials have backed down from a July 2008 deal to relocate the [[St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church]], the only church destroyed in the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/08/18/leaders-disappointed-government-declares-deal-rebuild-ground-zero-church-dead/ |title=Decision Not to Rebuild Church Destroyed on 9/11 Surprises Greek Orthodox Leaders |author=David Lee Miller,Kathleen Foster and Judson Berger |date=August 18, 2010 |publisher=Fox News Channel |accessdate=August 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/133950/church-destroyed-on-9-11-files-suit-against-port-authority |title=Church Destroyed On 9/11 Files Suit Against Port Authority |work=[[NY1]] |date=February 14, 2011 |accessdate=February 14, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110714220515/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/133950/church-destroyed-on-9-11-files-suit-against-port-authority |archivedate=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
-A deal has been reached between church officials, Governor Andrew Cuomo, and the Port Authority to have the church rebuilt on the same site, but three times the original size on October 14, 2011, according to [[NY1]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/148968/historic-church-destroyed-on-9-11-to-rise-again |title=Historic Church Destroyed On 9/11 To Rise Again |work=[[NY1]] |date=October 14, 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref>
+A deal has been reached between church officials, Governor Andrew Cuomo, and the Port Authority to have the church rebuilt on the same site, but three times the original size on October 14, 2011, according to [[NY1]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/148968/historic-church-destroyed-on-9-11-to-rise-again |title=Historic Church Destroyed On 9/11 To Rise Again |work=[[NY1]] |date=October 14, 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130512185601/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/148968/historic-church-destroyed-on-9-11-to-rise-again |archivedate=May 12, 2013 }}</ref>
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-* {{cite web |publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency |date=May 2002 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |accessdate=June 9, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}
+* {{cite web|publisher=Federal Emergency Management Agency |date=May 2002 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |accessdate=June 9, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110430200952/http://www.fema.gov:80/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |archivedate=April 30, 2011 }}
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v t e Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan
Lower Manhattan below 14th St (CB 1, 2, 3)	Alphabet City Battery Park City Bowery Chinatown Civic Center Cooperative Village Dimes Square East Village Essex Crossing Financial District Greenwich Village Hudson Square Little Australia Little Fuzhou Little Italy Loisaida Lower East Side Meatpacking District NoHo Nolita SoHo South Street Seaport South Village Tribeca Two Bridges West Village World Trade Center
Midtown Manhattan (CB 5)	Columbus Circle Diamond District Flatiron District Garment District Herald Square Koreatown Madison Square Midtown South NoMad Silicon Alley Theater District Times Square
West Side (CB 4, 7)	Chelsea Hell's Kitchen Hudson Yards development Lincoln Square Manhattan Valley Penn South Pomander Walk Riverside South Upper West Side
East Side (CB 6, 8)	Carnegie Hill Gramercy Park Kips Bay Lenox Hill Murray Hill Peter Cooper Village Rose Hill Stuyvesant Square Stuyvesant Town Sutton Place Tudor City Turtle Bay Union Square Upper East Side Waterside Plaza Yorkville
Upper Manhattan above 110th St (CB 9, 10, 11, 12)	Astor Row East Harlem Fort George Hamilton Heights Harlem Hudson Heights Inwood Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Marble Hill (Bx CB 8) Mount Morris Park Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Sylvan Washington Heights
Islands	Ellis Island (CB 1) Governors Island (CB 1) Liberty Island (CB 1) Randalls Island (CB 11) Roosevelt Island (CB 8) Wards Island (CB 11)
Former	Five Points (CB 3) Gas House District (CB 6) Jones's Wood (CB 8) Ladies' Mile (CB 5) Little Germany (CB 3) Little Spain (CB 4) Little Syria (CB 1) Manhattantown (CB 7) Radio Row (CB 1) San Juan Hill (CB 7) Seneca Village Tenderloin (CB 4) Yiddish Theatre District (CB 3)
Community boards: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Joint interest area: 64 (Central Park)