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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Crew Dragon Demo-2
| name = Endeavour
| names_list = Crew Dragon Demo-2
| image =
| image_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =

| mission_type = [[Human spaceflight|Crewed mission]] to [[ISS]]
| mission_type = [[Human spaceflight|Crewed mission]] to [[ISS]]
| operator = {{Hlist|[[NASA]]|[[SpaceX]]}}
| operator = {{Hlist|[[NASA]]|[[SpaceX]]}}
| Harvard_designation =
| COSPAR_ID = 2020-033A
| COSPAR_ID = 2020-033A
| SATCAT = 45623
| SATCAT = 45623
| mission_duration = {{time interval|2020-05-30 19:22:45||show=dhm|abbr=on}} ''(in progress)''
| mission_duration = {{time interval|2020-05-30 19:22:45||show=dhm|abbr=on}} ''(in progress)''
⚫
| spacecraft = [[Dragon 2#List of vehicles|Crew Dragon C206 "Endeavor" ]]

⚫
| manufacturer = [[SpaceX]]
⚫
| spacecraft = [[Dragon 2#List of vehicles|Crew Dragon C206 "Endeavor" ]]
⚫
| launch_mass = <!-- {{convert|NNNN||}} -->
⚫
| manufacturer = [[SpaceX]]
| launch_mass = <!-- {{convert|NNNN||}} -->
| landing_mass = <!-- {{convert|NNNN||}} -->
⚫
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|[[Doug Hurley|Douglas G. Hurley]]|[[Bob Behnken|Robert L. Behnken]]}}
⚫
| landing_mass = <!-- {{convert|NNNN||}} -->
⚫
| crew_photo = Crew Dragon Demo-2 Bob and Doug.jpg

⚫
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|[[Doug Hurley|Douglas G. Hurley]]|[[Bob Behnken|Robert L. Behnken]]}}
⚫
| crew_photo = Crew Dragon Demo-2 Bob and Doug.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Robert Behnken (left) and Douglas Hurley (right)
| crew_photo_caption = Robert Behnken (left) and Douglas Hurley (right)
⚫
| launch_date = 30 May 2020, 19:22:45 [[UTC]]

⚫
| launch_rocket = [[Falcon 9 Block 5]]
⚫
| launch_date = 30 May 2020, 19:22:45 [[UTC]]
⚫
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39A]]
⚫
| launch_rocket = [[Falcon 9 Block 5]]
⚫
| launch_contractor = SpaceX
⚫
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39A]]
⚫
| landing_date = Before 28 August 2020 (planned){{Citation needed}}
⚫
| launch_contractor = SpaceX
⚫
| landing_site = [[Atlantic Ocean]]

⚫
| orbit_epoch =
⚫
| landing_date = Before 28 August 2020 (planned){{Citation needed}}
⚫
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
⚫
| landing_site = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
⚫
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]

⚫
| orbit_inclination = 51.66°
⚫
| orbit_epoch =
⚫
| apsis = gee
⚫
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
⚫
| docking = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
⚫
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
⚫
| orbit_inclination = 51.66°
⚫
| apsis = gee

⚫
| docking = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
| docking_target = [[International Space Station|ISS]]
| docking_target = [[International Space Station|ISS]]
| docking_type = dock
| docking_type = dock
Line 45: Line 40:
| time_docked =
| time_docked =
}}
}}
| insignia = Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png
| insignia = Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png
| insignia_upright = 0.5
| insignia_upright = 0.5
⚫
| programme = '''[[Commercial Crew Development]]'''

⚫
| previous_mission = [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test]]
⚫
| programme = '''[[Commercial Crew Development]]'''
| previous_mission = [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test]]
| next_mission = [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Boe-OFT 2]]
⚫
| programme2 = '''[[Dragon 2#List of flights|Crew Dragon flights]]'''
| next_mission = [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Boe-OFT 2]]
| previous_mission2 = [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test]]

⚫
| next_mission2 = [[USCV-1]]
⚫
| programme2 = '''[[Dragon 2#List of flights|Crew Dragon flights]]'''
⚫
| previous_mission2 = [[Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test|SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test]]
⚫
| next_mission2 = [[USCV-1]]
}}
}}


Revision as of 22:47, 30 May 2020

Endeavour
NamesCrew Dragon Demo-2
Mission typeCrewed mission to ISS
Operator
COSPAR ID2020-033A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.45623
Mission duration1570d 8h 31m (in progress)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftCrew Dragon C206 "Endeavor"
ManufacturerSpaceX
Crew
Members
Start of mission
Launch date30 May 2020, 19:22:45 UTC
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5
Launch siteKennedy, LC-39A
ContractorSpaceX
End of mission
Landing dateBefore 28 August 2020 (planned)[citation needed]
Landing siteAtlantic Ocean
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth
Inclination51.66°
Docking with ISS
Docking portHarmony PMA-2[1]
Docking date31 May 2020, 14:29 UTC (planned)[2]

Robert Behnken (left) and Douglas Hurley (right)

Dragon Crew Demo-2[3][4][5] (also referred to as Crew Demo-2,[6] and Dragon Crew Demo-2[7]) is the first crewed test flight of the Crew Dragon spacecraft,[8] which launched for the International Space Station on 30 May 2020 at 19:22:45 UTC.[6] Demo-2 is the first crewed orbital spaceflight launched from the United States since the final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, in 2011, and also the first one ever in a commercial spacecraft.[9] Douglas Hurley is spacecraft commander on Crew Dragon Demo-2, joined by Robert L. Behnken as joint operations commander. Crew Dragon Demo-2 is also the first two-person orbital spaceflight launched from the United States since STS-4 in 1982.

The first attempt to launch on 27 May 2020 was aborted due to bad weather caused by Tropical Storm Bertha 16 minutes and 53 seconds prior to launch.[10][11] A second attempt launched successfully on 30 May 2020 at 19:22:45 UTC.[12] The spacecraft is scheduled to dock with the International Space Station on May 31.

Background

After STS-135, the final mission of the Space Shuttle program in 2011, the United States' NASA no longer had any spacecraft system capable of sending humans to space. Subsequently, it used Russian facilities to send its astronauts into the International Space Station, costing up to $80 million per astronaut with the Soyuz. NASA started engaging with private companies like SpaceX as an alternative, which is expected to cost 50% less than Soyuz once it becomes fully operational.[13] Up to the launch, NASA has awarded a total of $3.1 billion for the development of the Dragon.[14] The Demo-2 mission is expected to be SpaceX's last major test before it is certified by NASA for regular human spaceflights. Other than SpaceX, Boeing is also working on crewed orbital spaceflight under the same NASA effort.[9]

Crew

Douglas Hurley and Robert Behnken were announced as the primary crew on 3 August 2018.[15] Both astronauts are veterans of the Space Shuttle program,[16] and the Demo-2 flight is the third trip to space for both of them. Hurley served as pilot on STS-135, thus flying on the last shuttle mission, and the first commercial crew mission.

Position[17] Astronaut
Spacecraft commander United States Douglas Hurley, NASA
Third spaceflight
Joint operations commander United States Robert Behnken, NASA
Third spaceflight

Backup crew

Unlike many previous missions, Crew Dragon Demo-2 does not have a dedicated full backup crew. Instead, NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren is the sole backup crew member for the flight, backing up both Hurley and Behnken for the mission.

Position Astronaut
Spacecraft commander United States Kjell Lindgren, NASA

Mission

The Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission is intended to complete the validation of crewd-rated spaceflight operations using SpaceX hardware.[18] If successful, the demonstration flight will allow for crewed-rated certification of the Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the Falcon 9 rocket, the crew transportation system, launch pad, and SpaceX's capabilities. The mission includes astronaut testing of Crew Dragon capabilities on orbit.[19]

The Crew Dragon capsule launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on 30 May 2020, and will dock to pressurised mating adapter PMA-2 on the Harmony module of the ISS on 31 May 2020.[20][21] Hurley and Behnken will work alongside the crew of Expedition 63 for 30 to 90 days, meaning the landing of the spacecraft will occur no later than 28 August 2020.[16]

Docking and undocking operation will be autonomously controlled by the Crew Dragon spacecraft, but monitored by the flight crew in case manual intervention becomes necessary.[17]

The first stage booster landed autonomously on the floating barge Of Course I Still Love You, which was prepositioned in the Atlantic Ocean.[22]

NASA calculated Loss Of Crew (LOC) probability for test flight is 1-in-276, lower than the commercial crew program requirement threshold of 1-in-270. The 1-in-276 number includes mitigations to reduce the risk, such as on-orbit inspections of the Crew Dragon spacecraft once it is docked at the space station to look for damage from micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). NASA pegs the overall risk of a Loss Of Mission (LOM) is 1-in-60. That risk covers scenarios where the Crew Dragon does not reach the space station as planned, but the crew safely returns to Earth.[23]

An official launch weather forecast for Dragon Crew Demo-2 by the 45th Weather Squadron of the U.S. Space Force, for the original launch time at 20:33:33 UTC on 27 May, predicted a 50% probability of favorable conditions. The launch was scrubbed at 16 minutes and 53 seconds before launch due to thunderstorms and light rain in the area. The second and successful launch took place on 30 May 2020 at 19:22:45 UTC with a 50% probability of favorable conditions. The other launch windows were 31 May 2020 at 19:00:07 UTC with a 60% probability of favorable conditions and 2 June at 18:13 UTC with a 70% probability of favorable conditions.[24][25]

Upon returning to Earth, the Crew Dragon capsule will splashdown into the Atlantic Ocean, where it will be recovered by the Go Navigator recovery vessel.[17]

Timeline

Crew Dragon spaceship and Falcon 9 rocket on the LC-39A launch pad on 27 May 2020

The Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was originally planned for launch in July 2019 as part of the Commercial Crew Development contract[26] with a crew of two on a 14-day test mission to the International Space Station (ISS).[15] The Crew Dragon capsule from the Crew Dragon Demo-1 mission was destroyed while its SuperDraco thrusters were undergoing static fire testing on 20 April 2019, ahead of its planned use for the in-flight abort test.[27][28] SpaceX traced the cause of the anomaly to a component that leaked oxidizer into the high pressure helium lines, which then solidified and damaged a valve. The valves have since been switched for burst discs to prevent another anomaly.[29]

On 19 January 2020, a Crew Dragon capsule successfully completed an in-flight abort test.[30] The NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said 9 April 2020 that he is "fairly confident" that astronauts can fly to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship at the end of May or in early June 2020, pending final parachute tests, data reviews and a training schedule that can escape major impacts from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[31]

On 17 April 2020, NASA and SpaceX announced the launch date as 27 May 2020.[19] The arrival of the Crew Dragon will raise the station's crew size from three to five. Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley will perform duties and conduct experiments as crew onboard the International Space Station for several months, until the next Crew Dragon launch. Hurley and Behnken are expected to live and work aboard the space station for two or three months, and then return to Earth for a splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean east of Cape Canaveral.[19][32]

On 23 April 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine urged space enthusiasts not to travel to the Kennedy Space Center to view the launch and asked people to instead watch the launch on television or online. Bridenstine explained that maintenance crew are working in cohesive shifts, to mitigate workers' exposure to COVID-19.[33]

On 1 May 2020, SpaceX successfully demonstrated the Mark 3 parachute system, a critical milestone for the mission approval.[34]

In an effort to engage the public, notably the Class of 2020 who were unable to attend their graduations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, both NASA and SpaceX invited students and graduates to submit their photos to be flown to the ISS.[35]

Behnken and Hurley arrived at KSC on 20 May in preparation for the launch. On 21 May, the Falcon 9 rocket was rolled out to the launch pad, and a static fire test was conducted on 22 May 2020; a major milestone ahead of the launch.[36]

The mission used a Tesla Model X to transport Hurley and Behnken to LC-39A.[37]

Crew Dragon Demo-2 has marked the first crewed US spaceflight mission not to include the presence of the public at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[38] As the mission was previously delayed, the Visitor Complex has opened as of 28 May with limited capacity for publicly viewing the launch. Admissions sold out almost immediately.[39]

As of 23 May, astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken are to reveal a name for their Crew Dragon spaceship on the day of the launch.[40] The name of the capsule is Endeavour.

President Trump and Vice President Mike Pence were at Kennedy Space Center in Florida to see the launch attempt on 27 May 2020,[41] and returned for launch on 30 May 2020.[25]

Launch attempts

Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go (%) Notes
1 27 May 2020, 8:33:33 pm Scrubbed — Weather 27 May 2020, 8:16 pm ​(T−16 minute 53 second hold) 50% Decision made just before liquid oxygen loading for the second stage. The launch was scrubbed due to thunderstorms and light rain in the area caused by Tropical Storm Bertha.[42]
2 30 May 2020, 7:22:45 pm Success 2 days 22 hours 49 minutes 70%

Launch

30 May 2020

Crew Dragon separating from the second stage.
  • T+00:00 (19:22:45 UTC): the Crew Dragon spacecraft launched[12] from Launch Complex 39A at Cape Canaveral, Florida.[43]
  • T+01:01: Max-Q was reached, and at T+02:38, MECO (main engine cutoff) occurred, and a second later stage 1 of the rocket separated from stage 2.[44]
  • T+07:19: stage 1 of the rocket began its entry burn, slowing it down for entry into the atmosphere.[44]
  • T+08:50: SECO-1 (second engine cutoff 1) occurred.[44]
  • T+08:58: the stage 1 rocket began its landing burn, which slowed it down for touchdown at sea on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You.[44]
  • T+09:31: stage 1 of the rocket landed on the drone ship.[44]
  • T+12:08: Crew Dragon separated from the second stage and began a course for the International Space Station.[44]

Insignia and livery

Falcon 9 rocket that was used for the mission, featuring the NASA worm logo on its first stage.

The mission insignia was designed by Andrew Nyberg, an artist from Brainerd, Minnesota, who is a nephew of spacecraft commander Hurley.[45] The insignia features the logos of the Commercial Crew Program, Falcon 9, Crew Dragon, and the red chevron of NASA's "meatball" insignia. Also depicted are the American flag and a symbol of the ISS. The words NASA, SpaceX, Hurley and Behnken are printed around the border, along with the words "First crewed flight" and DM-2. The insignia outline is in the shape of the Crew Dragon capsule.[46]

The Falcon 9 rocket displays NASA's iconic worm logo. This is the first time the logo has been used officially since it was retired in 1992.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ Navin, Joseph (2 May 2020). "NASA, SpaceX enters the critical month of May on track to end the gap". NASA Spaceflight.
  2. ^ Potter, Sean (29 May 2020). "Updates to Coverage of Landmark NASA SpaceX Commercial Crew Test Flight". nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  3. ^ "Launch Mission Execution Forecast". 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ Mclendon, Tori (23 May 2020). "NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Astronauts Rehearse for Launch Day". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ...ahead of NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 mission [...] favorable weather conditions for the SpaceX Demo-2 mission. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ Cawley, James (25 May 2020). "NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 "Go" for Liftoff Wednesday After Today's Launch Readiness Review". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ...in advance of NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 flight test [...] NASA.s SpaceX Demo-2 mission passed its final major review today... Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b "SpaceX launches: DEMO-2 LAUNCH". SpaceX. 26 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "Launch Mission Execution Forecast". 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ "Upcoming Missions". spacexnow.com.
  9. ^ a b "SpaceX Speeding Astronauts to Space Station in Landmark Trip". Bloomberg News. 30 May 2020.
  10. ^ Jacob Bogage; Christian Davenport (27 May 2020). "SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket launch is scrubbed due to weather". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  11. ^ Sheetz, Michael (27 May 2020). "SpaceX crew launch Wednesday: Launch is postponed, NASA to try again Saturday". CNBC.
  12. ^ a b Wattles, By CNN Business' Jackie (27 May 2020). "Next attempt: Saturday at 3:22 pm ET". CNN. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ Daniel Oberhaus (30 May 2020). "SpaceX Launched Two Astronauts—Changing Spaceflight Forever". Wired.
  14. ^ Dimitra Kessenides (27 May 2020). "SpaceX's First Crewed Flight: What you need to know". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  15. ^ a b Lewis, Marie (3 August 2018). "Meet the Astronauts Flying SpaceX's Demo-2". Retrieved 3 August 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ^ a b Stimac, Valerie. "NASA Announces First Astronaut Test Flight Date Aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon". Forbes. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  17. ^ a b c "NASA DM-2". Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ^ Etherington, Darrell (1 May 2020). "SpaceX and NASA break down what their historic first astronaut mission will look like". TechCrunch. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Clark, Stephen (17 April 2020). "NASA, SpaceX set May 27 as target date for first crew launch". Spaceflight Now. Pole Star Publications Ltd. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Upcoming Spaceflight Events". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  21. ^ Potter, Sean (20 April 2020). "NASA to Host Preview Briefings for First Crew Launch with SpaceX". NASA. Retrieved 30 April 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  22. ^ "SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 Key Launch Information". Launch360. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  23. ^ "Live coverage: All systems go for launch after final Crew Dragon readiness review". 25 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  24. ^ "Launch Mission Execution Forecast". 30 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ^ a b "Stormy weather delays Crew Dragon launch to Saturday". 27 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  26. ^ "NASA's Commercial Crew Program Target Test Flight Dates". 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  27. ^ Baylor, Michael (20 April 2019). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft suffers an anomaly during static fire testing at Cape Canaveral – NASASpaceFlight.com". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  28. ^ Berger, Eric (2 May 2019). "Dragon was destroyed just before the firing of its SuperDraco thrusters". Ars Technica.
  29. ^ "Faulty valve blamed for Crew Dragon test accident". SpaceNews.com. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  30. ^ Clark, Stephen. "Live coverage: SpaceX successfully performs Crew Dragon abort test – Spaceflight Now".
  31. ^ Clark, Stephen. "Bridenstine says Crew Dragon could launch with astronauts at end of May – Spaceflight Now".
  32. ^ Clark, Stephen (13 April 2020). "Bridenstine says Crew Dragon could launch with astronauts at end of May". Spaceflight Now / Pole Star Publications Ltd. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  33. ^ "Citing coronavirus, NASA urges public not to travel for launch of astronauts". 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020.
  34. ^ May 2020, Mike Wall 01. "SpaceX aces final parachute test ahead of historic May 27 crew launch". Space.com. Retrieved 2 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Hey, Class of 2020! SpaceX and NASA want to launch your photo on historic Dragon flight". space.com. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  36. ^ Clark, Stephen (22 May 2020). "Live coverage: NASA confirms May 27 as crew launch date; SpaceX test-fires rocket". Spaceflight Now / Pole Star Publications Ltd. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  37. ^ Chelsea Gohd (27 May 2020), For the astronauts on SpaceX's Crew Dragon, space travel is all in the (NASA) family, Space.com
  38. ^ "The Mission NASA Doesn't Want to Postpone". 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Rocket Launch: May 30, 2020". 27 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  40. ^ Clark, Stephen (23 May 2020). "Astronauts have a surprise name for their Crew Dragon spacecraft". Spaceflight Now / Pole Star Publications Ltd. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  41. ^ Clark, Stephen (22 May 2020). "Trump to visit Kennedy Space Center for crew launch". Spaceflight Now / Pole Star Publications Ltd. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  42. ^ Jacob Bogage; Christian Davenport (27 May 2020). "SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket launch is scrubbed due to weather". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
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  44. ^ a b c d e f NASA (30 May 2020). Making History: NASA and SpaceX Launch Astronauts to Space! (YouTube).
  45. ^ Murray, Robb. "Mankato native designed patch for upcoming NASA mission to the International Space Station". Mankato Free Press. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  46. ^ "Astronauts debut mission patch for SpaceX Dragon crewed flight test | collectSPACE". collectSPACE.com. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  47. ^ Dunbar, Brian. "The Worm is Back!". NASA. NASA. Retrieved 2 April 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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