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{{For2|the Chinese part|[[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]|the disputed area|[[Demchok sector]]}}
{{For2|the Chinese-administered part|[[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]|the Indian-administered part|[[Demchok, Ladakh]]|the disputed area|[[Demchok sector]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Demchok''' ({{bo|t=ཌེམ་ཆོག|w=Demchog|z=Dêmqog}}, historical: bDe-mChog<ref> ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II'', by A. H. Francke and edited by F. W. Thomas, (1926), pages 115-116.</ref>) was a historical village in the disputed [[Demchok sector]] between China and India. First mentioned as a border point between [[Ganden Phodrang]] government of [[Tibet]] and the [[Kingdom of Ladakh]] in the 1684 [{Treaty of Tingmosgang]],<ref name="Ahmad">{{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |year=1968 |title=New light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679—1684 |journal=East and West |volume=18 |issue=3/4 |pages=340–361 |jstor=29755343}}</ref><ref name="Francke">{{cite book |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II |first=August Hermann |last=Francke |authorlink=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |editor-first=F. W. |editor-last=Thomas |year=1926}}</ref> the village was historically described as a small village consisting of a few tents split across both banks of the [[Charding Nullah]].{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}}{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}}}} After the [[1962 Sino-Indian War]] between China and India, the village of Demchok was split into two parts: the Chinese-administered [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]] and the Indian-administered [[Demchok, Ladakh]].<ref name="Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/41214/F| title = Ladakhis deplore Krishna's remark on Demchok road| accessdate = 31 May 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101243/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/41214/F| archive-date = 24 December 2013| url-status = live}}</ref>
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Demchok
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.699910|N|79.449520|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nyoma]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat = [[Koyul]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name = Ugrain Chodon
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 33
| elevation_m = 4200
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 78
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 906
| footnotes = <ref name=Amenity/><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/lack-of-infra-forcing-people-to-migrate-from-frontier/803101.html Lack of infra forcing people to migrate from frontier], The Tribune, Chandigar, 17 July 2019.</ref>
| official_name =
}}
'''Demchok''' ({{bo|t=ཌེམ་ཆོག|w=Demchog|z=Dêmqog}}, historical: bDe-mChog<ref> ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II'', by A. H. Francke and edited by F. W. Thomas, (1926), pages 115-116.</ref>), also spelled '''Demjok''', is a village and military encampment in the disputed [[Demchok sector]] between [[China]] and [[India]]. It is administered as part of the [[Nyoma]] [[tehsil]] in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]] by India,<ref name=Amenity>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909100301/http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://leh.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village/</ref> and claimed by China as [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]], [[Ngari Prefecture]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref name="Lamb-1965">{{cite journal |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |pages=37–52 |year=1965 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref>{{rp|39}} The village was divided into two parts after the [[1962 Sino-Indian War]], with the northwestern part administered by India and the southeastern part administered by China.<ref name="Hindu"/>


==Description==
The [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) passes along the southeast side of the village, following the [[Charding Nullah]] upstream from the nearby [[Indus River]]. Across that stream, less than a kilometre away, is the Chinese-administered village romanised in [[Tibetan pinyin]] as Dêmqog.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/41214/F| title = Ladakhis deplore Krishna's remark on Demchok road| accessdate = 31 May 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101243/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/41214/F| archive-date = 24 December 2013| url-status = live}}</ref> The Indian-claimed border extends {{convert|3|mi|km}} southeast of Demchok, while the Chinese-claimed border extends {{convert|10|mi|km}} northwest of Demchok.<ref name="Lamb-1965"/>{{rp|39,48}}
The village lay 36.5&nbsp;km east of [[Ukdungle]] ({{coord|32.6015|78.9651}}). Demchok was on an old route linking Ladakh and Tibet along the bank of the Indus River.<ref name="Hindu"/> Though the [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] [[Lake Manasarovar]] is 300&nbsp;km away, the route there is mostly through plains.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=44243 |title=expressindia.com - ‘Issue of opening Demchok road with China taken up’ |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919112520/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=44243 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Earliest mention==
==History==
{{See also|Demchok sector#History}}
{{See also|Demchok sector#History}}


The ''[[Chronicles of Ladakh]]'' mention that, at the conclusion of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] in 1684, Tibet and Ladakh agreed on the [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]. The chronicles describe the treaty as fixing the boundary at "the Lhari stream at Demchok", which was described as flowing into the Indus at Demchok and dividing Demchok into two halves.{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}}
The ''[[Chronicles of Ladakh]]'' mention that, at the conclusion of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] in 1684, the [[Ganden Phodrang]] government of Tibet and the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh]] agreed on the [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]. The chronicles describe the treaty as fixing the boundary at "the Lhari stream at Demchok", which was described as flowing into the Indus at Demchok and dividing Demchok into two halves.{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}}


===19th century==
A British boundary commission in 1846–1847 on the borders of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] described the village as:
A British boundary commission in 1846–1847 on the borders of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] described the village as:
{{quote|[Demchok] is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari ... [in Tibet] ... and Ladakh.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}}}}
{{quote|[Demchok] is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari ... [in Tibet] ... and Ladakh.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}}}}


==Post-1962 split==
The village was divided in two parts following the [[1962 Sino-Indian War]], with Demchok, [[Ladakh]] administered by India and [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Dêmqog]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] administered by China.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ladakhis-await-re-opening-of-historic-tibet-route/article27440095.ece
{{See also|Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture|Demchok, Ladakh}}
The village was divided in two parts following the [[1962 Sino-Indian War]]. The part on the northwestern bank of the Charding Nullah is [[Demchok, Ladakh]] administered by India and the part of the southeastern bank of the river is [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]] administered by China.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ladakhis-await-re-opening-of-historic-tibet-route/article27440095.ece
|title=Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route |first=Luv |last= Puri |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 August 2005 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20131224113353/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080212731300.htm |archive-date=24 December 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2020 |quote=Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.}}</ref> The split did not divide any of the resident families.<ref name="Hindu"/> The combined village had a total population of 150 living in 24 houses in 2005.<ref name="Hindu"/>
|title=Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route |first=Luv |last= Puri |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 August 2005 |archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20131224113353/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080212731300.htm |archive-date=24 December 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2020 |quote=Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.}}</ref> The split did not divide any of the resident families.<ref name="Hindu"/> The combined village had a total population of 150 living in 24 houses in 2005.<ref name="Hindu"/>

Demchok was on an old route linking Ladakh and Tibet along the bank of the Indus River that is closed as of 2005.<ref name="Hindu"/> Though the [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] [[Lake Manasarovar]] is 300&nbsp;km away, the route there is mostly through plains.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=44243 |title=expressindia.com - ‘Issue of opening Demchok road with China taken up’ |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919112520/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=44243 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Description==
The village lies 36.5&nbsp;km east of [[Ukdungle]] ({{coord|32.6015|78.9651}}). The world’s highest motorable road passing through the '''Umling La''' pass ({{coord|32.6964|79.2842}}) in Ladakh at a height of {{Convert|19300|ft|m|abbr=}} connects to Demchok.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/YpojBHOzLBVypMDOylGPXJ/BRO-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-in-Ladakh-at-1930.html|title=BRO builds world’s highest motorable road in Ladakh at 19,300 feet|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102140239/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/YpojBHOzLBVypMDOylGPXJ/BRO-builds-worlds-highest-motorable-road-in-Ladakh-at-1930.html|archive-date=2 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9886029359-Landmark.pdf|title=Achievements of West Dte during the F/Y 2016-17|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072329/http://www.bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9886029359-Landmark.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 44-13 Tso Morari.jpg|thumb|right|Map including Demchok ([[Army Map Service]], 1954)]]
[[File:China India western border 88.jpg|thumb|right|Map showing disputed areas in Ladakh, including Demchok in southeast ([[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], 1988)]]

The Indian-administered part of Demchok had 31 households and a population of 78 according to the [[2011 Census of India]]. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 42.47%.<ref name="census_2011"/> According to the [[sarpanch]] of Demchok in 2019, the village had a population of 69 people who are mostly nomads.<ref name="Tribune-infra">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/lack-of-infra-forcing-people-to-migrate-from-frontier-803101 |title=Lack of infra forcing people to migrate from frontier |first=Arteev |last=Sharma |date=17 July 2019 |accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref> She said that residents of Demchok were moving to the town of [[Leh]] due to a lack of infrastructure and jobs.<ref name="Tribune-infra"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724100725/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |archive-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 78 || 43 || 35
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 5 || 4 || 1
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 64 || 37 || 27
|-
| Literates || 31 || 20 || 11
|-
| Workers (all) || 51 || 27 || 24
|-
| Main workers (total) || 49 || 26 || 23
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 5 || 5 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 42 || 21 || 21
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Non-workers || 27 || 16 || 11
|}


==See also ==
==See also ==
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[List of towns and villages in Tibet]]
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 128: Line 36:
{{Ladakh}}
{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}
{{Leh district}}
{{Ngari Prefecture}}


[[Category:Populated places in Ngari Prefecture]]
[[Category:Villages in Nyoma tehsil]]
[[Category:Villages in Nyoma tehsil]]

Revision as of 06:32, 19 July 2020

For the Chinese-administered part, see [[:Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]. For the Indian-administered part, see [[:Demchok, Ladakh]]. For the disputed area, see [[:Demchok sector]].

Demchok (Tibetan: ཌེམ་ཆོག, Wylie: Demchog, ZYPY: Dêmqog, historical: bDe-mChog[1]) was a historical village in the disputed Demchok sector between China and India. First mentioned as a border point between Ganden Phodrang government of Tibet and the Kingdom of Ladakh in the 1684 [{Treaty of Tingmosgang]],[2][3] the village was historically described as a small village consisting of a few tents split across both banks of the Charding Nullah.[4][5]}} After the 1962 Sino-Indian War between China and India, the village of Demchok was split into two parts: the Chinese-administered Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture and the Indian-administered Demchok, Ladakh.[6][7]

Description

The village lay 36.5 km east of Ukdungle (32°36′05″N 78°57′54″E / 32.6015°N 78.9651°E / 32.6015; 78.9651). Demchok was on an old route linking Ladakh and Tibet along the bank of the Indus River.[6] Though the Kailash Lake Manasarovar is 300 km away, the route there is mostly through plains.[8]

Earliest mention

See also: Demchok sector § History

The Chronicles of Ladakh mention that, at the conclusion of the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War in 1684, the Ganden Phodrang government of Tibet and the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang. The chronicles describe the treaty as fixing the boundary at "the Lhari stream at Demchok", which was described as flowing into the Indus at Demchok and dividing Demchok into two halves.[4]

=19th century

A British boundary commission in 1846–1847 on the borders of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir described the village as:

[Demchok] is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari ... [in Tibet] ... and Ladakh.[5]

Post-1962 split

See also: Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture and Demchok, Ladakh

The village was divided in two parts following the 1962 Sino-Indian War. The part on the northwestern bank of the Charding Nullah is Demchok, Ladakh administered by India and the part of the southeastern bank of the river is Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture administered by China.[6] The split did not divide any of the resident families.[6] The combined village had a total population of 150 living in 24 houses in 2005.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II, by A. H. Francke and edited by F. W. Thomas, (1926), pages 115-116.
  2. ^ Ahmad, Zahiruddin (1968). "New light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679—1684". East and West. 18 (3/4): 340–361. JSTOR 29755343.
  3. ^ Francke, August Hermann (1926). Thomas, F. W. (ed.). Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II.
  4. ^ a b Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector (1965), p. 38.
  5. ^ a b Lamb, The China-India border (1964), p. 68.
  6. ^ a b c d e Puri, Luv (2 August 2005). "Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2020. Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.
  7. ^ "Ladakhis deplore Krishna's remark on Demchok road". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2008.
  8. ^ "expressindia.com - 'Issue of opening Demchok road with China taken up'". Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
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