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Romanian Air Force

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Romanian Air Force
Forțele Aeriene Române
Emblem of the Romanian Air Force
Founded
  • 1 April 1913; 111 years ago (1913-04-01)
  • 1 January 1924 as an independent force category[1]
Country Romania
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size10,700 personnel[2]
Part ofRomanian Armed Forces
HeadquartersBucharest
Anniversaries20 July[3]
Commanders
Chief of the Air Force StaffLieutenant general Viorel Pană[4]
Insignia
Roundel
Flag of the General Staff
Aircraft flown
AttackIAR-330 SOCAT
FighterMiG-21 LanceR C, F-16AM MLU
ReconnaissanceAntonov An-30, RQ-7 Shadow
TrainerMiG-21 LanceR B, F-16BM, IAR-99, Iak-52, IAR 316
TransportAntonov An-26, C-130 Hercules, C-27J Spartan, IAR-330L/M Puma

The Romanian Air Force (RoAF) (Romanian: Forțele Aeriene Române) is the air force branch of the Romanian Armed Forces. It has an air force headquarters, an operational command, four airbases and an air defense brigade. Reserve forces include two air bases and three airfields.

In 2019, the Romanian Air Force employed 15,000 personnel.

Current state

Romanian F-16 at the 86th Fetești Air Force Base

The Romanian Air Force modernized 110 MiG 21 LanceRs, in cooperation with Israel between 1993 and 2002. Today, 23-28 of these MiG 21 LanceRs are operational.[5][6] The Romanian Air Force also operates C-130 Hercules, C-27J Spartan and An-26 transport airplanes and IAR-330 Puma helicopters. IAR-330 PUMA SOCAT helicopters have been modernized by the Romanian Aviation Industry in cooperation with Elbit Systems (Israel) for attack missions. The Romanian Air Force also includes locally built IAR-99 Șoim jet planes, in general only used for training of the young pilots. The remaining MiG-29s have been withdrawn since 2003.

Due to the old age of the MiGs, the Romanian Air Force is in the process of procurement of new fighters or possibly used fighters from partner states. Romania has signed a contract in 2013 with Portugal for 12 F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU fighters.[7] The first six fighters have entered service with the Romanian Air Force in October 2016, another three have been delivered in December and the last three have entered service in 2017.

Romania signed a contract in 2019 with Portugal for another 5 F-16 A/B Block 15 MLU fighters, which were delivered until March 2021.

It was announced in December of 2021 that a deal for an additional 32 F-16s A/B Block 20 fighters from Norway is being finalized, in a deal estimated to cost €454 million. If completed, the Norwegian deal will allow the Romanian Air Force to retire the last of its outdated Soviet-designed Mikoyan MiG-21 aircraft. [8]

In the spring of 2009, the Romanian government decided to purchase VSHORAD/SHORAD systems from France.[9] The deal included Mistral MANPADS and MICA VL surface-to-air missiles.[10] However, after preliminary talks with MBDA in August, the deal was put on hold and canceled afterwards because of the defense cuts.[11]

In February 2010, the Supreme Council of National Defense signed an agreement with the United States for missile defence under whose terms land-based SM-3 systems would be installed in Romania. On 3 May 2011, the president of Romania Traian Băsescu announced the location for the SM-3 systems: former Air Force base Deveselu in Olt County.[12] The system includes 3 batteries with 24 SM-3 Block I rockets, manned by approximately 200 US soldiers (with a maximum of 500) under Romanian Air Force overall command. The Deveselu Aegis Ashore site has been declared operational on 13 May 2016.[13]

The current chief of the Romanian Air Force Staff, succeeding Major General Fănică Cârnu on 19 December 2013, is Major General Laurian Anastasof.[14]

On February 2, 2022, the President of Romania stated intent to purchase the fifth-generation F-35 joint strike fighter as part of its Air Force modernization, which plans to spend a total of 9.8 billion euro until 2026 to boost its defense capabilities. [15]

History

A. Vlaicu Nr. I at military exercises 27 Sept. 1910

Beginnings

In 1818, during the reign of John Caradja, the prince of Wallachia, an unmanned hot air balloon was flown off Dealul Spirii in Bucharest.[16] On 2 July [O.S. 20 June] 1874, Marius Willemot, the owner of the hydrogen balloon named "Mihai Bravul" flew together with Majors Iacob Lahovary, Constantin Poenaru and Dumitrescu over Bucharest. The last flight took place on 19 [O.S. 7 July] 1874, Willemot flying together with Colonel Nicolae Haralambie, Ion Ghica and a third person. The balloon had made its first flight at Paris on 27 March of the same year.[17]

On 20 November 1909 the Chitila Piloting School was formed as a joint venture by Mihail Cerchez. The school, conducted by French flight instructors, had five hangars, bleachers for spectators and workshops where the Farman airplanes were built under license. The school opened on 9 July 1910, when the chief flight instructor and director of the school René Guillemin crashed a Farman III biplane from a height of 40 metres (130 ft) during a demonstration flight and broke his leg.

Guillemin was succeeded by Michel-Paul Molla who made the first flight across Bucharest on 7 September 1910. Molla was succeeded by two others before the school closed in late 1912 due to financial difficulties, having trained six officers, but only licensed two.[18]

In November 1909, the Romanian Minister of War commissioned Aurel Vlaicu to build the A. Vlaicu I airplane at the Bucharest Army Arsenal which first flew on 17 June 1910. On 28 September during the Fall military exercise, Vlaicu flew his airplane from Slatina to Piatra Olt carrying a message, Romania thus becoming one of the first countries to use airplanes for military purposes.[19] Along with other Romanian pilots, Vlaicu flew reconnaissance missions during the Second Balkan War.[20][21][22] Vlaicu III, the first metal aircraft in the world, was completed after his death, in May 1914.[23]

World War I

A Romanian Nieuport 11. The blue color on the tail appears nearly white in the black and white photograph.
Main article: Romanian Air Corps

On the eve of Romania's entrance in the war in August 1916, only 24 out of the 44 aircraft that had been imported and assembled at RGA were available. Another 20 aircraft were provided by the flight schools. The total of 44 aircraft included: 10 Bristol T.B.8, 7 Bristol Coanda Monoplanes, 5 Blériot XI, 4 Farman HF.20, 8 Farman MF.7 and MF.11, 4 Voisin III, 4 Morane-Saulnier monoplanes, 1 Caudron G.3 and 1 Aviatik C.I.[24][25][26][a][b] Added to these were two native-made monoplanes designed by Aurel Vlaicu.[27] One of the Vlaicu monoplanes, A Vlaicu II, crashed in 1913, leaving A Vlaicu I as the sole Romanian-made aircraft in the Romanian Air Corps.

During World War I, Romania acquired 322 aircraft from France and ex-RNAS aircraft from Great Britain including Nieuport 11 and 17 single seat fighters and Morane-Saulnier LA and Nieuport 12 two seat fighters, Caudron G.3, Henry Farman HF.20, Farman MF.11, and Farman F.40 & 46 artillery observation and reconnaissance aircraft, Caudron G.4, Breguet-Michelin BLM and Voisin LA bombers.[28] On 16 September 1916, a Romanian Farman F.40 downed an Imperial German Air Force aircraft near Slobozia; this was the first Romanian aerial victory. By the end of World War I, Romanian pilots had flown about 11,000 hours and 750 missions; however, it was unable to prevent the December 1916 Romanian offensive at the Battle of the Argeș from being defeated, which resulted in the occupation of southern Romania, and the armistice on 6 December 1917 following the Russian revolution.[29]

World War II

A pair of IAR-80 fighters on patrol during World War II
Main article: Royal Romanian Air Force
See also: Western Allied Campaign in Romania

When Romania, allied with Nazi Germany, went to war against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Romanian Air Force had 621 airplanes, including its locally made fighter IAR 80/81. The air force accomplished hundreds of missions, contributing to Romania's recapture of Northern Bucovina and Bessarabia, which had been occupied by the Soviet Union a year earlier. Until the Odessa episode[clarification needed], the Romanian military fighters gained 661 air victories. Romanian Military Aviation fought on the Eastern Front until 22 August 1944, bringing an important contribution to the great battles at Stalingrad, in Crimea, and the Ukrainian fronts. Between 1941 and 1944, Romanian aircraft won 2,000 air victories. The most famous flying aces were Captain Prince Constantin Cantacuzino, who gained 69 certified victories, Captain Horia Agarici, and Captain Alexandru Șerbănescu, who shot down 60 enemy airplanes.

In the aftermath of King Michael's Coup of 23 August 1944, Romania turned against Germany and joined the Allies.

Cold War

A pair of Romanian MiG-21 fighters, late 1970s

Starting with 1948, Romania tailored its military to Soviet concepts and doctrine. On 15 February 1949, the Aviation Command was established based on the Soviet model (regiments instead of flotillas). New Soviet aircraft, such as Yakovlev Yak-18, Polikarpov Po-2, Lavochkin La-9, Tupolev Tu-2, and Ilyushin Il-10 entered service. A year later, 9 Yakovlev Yak-17s and Yak-23s entered the air force, and in 1952, other 88 aircraft: MiG-15 and MiG-17. In 1958, the first supersonic fighter MiG-19 entered the inventory. Three years later, in February 1962, a new fighter was added to the inventory, MiG-21, which represented one of the most effective fighters of that time.[citation needed]

Starting with 1974, Romanian-made aircraft supplemented the already existing jets. The Romanian IAR-93 attack aircraft flew its first flight on 31 October 1974. It represented a great step forward taking into account that it was the only jet fighter not made by the Soviets, the only one ever manufactured and operated by a Warsaw Pact country.[30]

In 1962, the first helicopter subunits were established and followed later on, in 1965, by the first Soviet Mi-2 and Mi-4 helicopters. From 1968, Mi-8 helicopters will also enter service.[31] Renewing the aircraft fleet process went on, the first 2 MiG-23s arriving on 23 January 1979.[32]

The MiG-29 were withdrawn in 2003

On 14 May 1981, at 20:16, Soviet spaceship Soyuz-40 was launched from Baikonur to perform a common Romanian-Soviet flight, with Lieutenant Dumitru Prunariu and Colonel Leonid Popov as commander on board. During the early 1980s, 67th Fighter-Bomber Regiment and 49th Fighter-Bomber Regiment from Craiova and Ianca were equipped with new IAR-93s, which replaced old MiG-15s and MiG-17s. In December 1989, just a few days before the Romanian revolution against communism began, MiG-29 aircraft entered the Air Force inventory. Initially 45 MiG-29s were ordered but only 21 were delivered, with the rest of the order being cancelled. The MiG-29s were assigned to the 2nd and 3rd Squadrons of the 57th Fighter Regiment located at the Mihail Kogălniceanu Airport.[33]

2007 Baltic Air Policing

Four MiG-21 LanceR Cs were deployed from August–November 2007 at Šiauliai, in Lithuania for Baltic Air Policing. The Romanian detachment succeeded the French Air Force Mirage 2000Cs of Escadron de Chasse 01.012 from Cambrai, which fulfilled the Baltic Air Policing since May 2007. Once the RoAF finished its three-month stint, a Portuguese Air Force detachment took over the mission.[34]

The four aircraft and most of the staff came from the 71st Air Base. A total of 67 personnel, among them nine pilots, were part of the detachment: 63 served at Šiauliai, while other four served at the air traffic control centre in Kaunas, to ensure smooth cooperation with local authorities. The Romanian detachment attracted attention from the local media, not least from the fact that it was only the second time a fighter from the Soviet era deployed to Šiauliai – Polish Air Force MiG-29s had also been deployed there in 2006.[35]

Structure

See also: List of Romanian Air Force units

Air Force General Staff

The Romanian Air Force General Staff represents the military concept-developing, command and executive structure providing Air Forces peacetime, crisis and wartime leadership in order to reach, maintain and increase, as required, the operational level of the military subordinated structures so that to be able to operate under authorized commands responsible for military operations planning and conduct.

Generate, mobilize, structure, equip, operationalize and regenerate the required forces, provide the logistic support necessary to conduct military operations and based on higher orders, take over both the Joint Operation Air Component and independent air operations command and control, through the Main Air Operational Center. Starting with July 1, 2010, the Romanian Air Force bases were renamed to Air Flotillas.[36]

Units

class=notpageimage|
Romanian Air Force radar stations
Fighter base Helicopters Other flying units
AN/FPS-117(V) Radar station Control and Reporting Centre Air Signals and IT Centre
Alenia C-27J Spartan RoAF 90th Airlift Base

The structure current structure of the Romanian Air Force is as follows:[37]

A IAR-99 Şoim in 100th anniversary of aviation colours
  • 70th Engineering Centre, in Bucharest
  • 85th Air Signals and IT Centre "General Doroftei Ghermănescu", in Curtea de Argeș
  • 91st Logistic Base "General Aviator Andrei Popovici", in Bucharest
  • Air Force Academy "Henri Coandă", in Brașov
  • Air Force Personnel Training and Formation Air Base
  • Capu Midia Surface-to-air Training and Air-to-Surface Shooting Range

Reserve air bases

Capu Midia Training Range

The Capu Midia Surface-to-air Training and Air-to-Surface Shooting Range provides firing training, execution and evaluation facilities. It is located in Constanța County, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the city of, Constanța.

Aircraft

Further information: List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force

Current inventory

A MiG-21 LanceR 'C', in flight
Romanian Air Force IAR-330 SOCAT
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
MiG-21 Soviet Union fighter LanceR[38] 23-28[5][6][2]
F-16 Fighting Falcon United States multirole F-16AM/BM 14/3[39][40] ex-Portuguese, 32 on order from Norway[41]
Reconnaissance
Antonov An-30 Soviet Union surveillance 2[42]
Transport
Antonov An-26 Soviet Union transport 1[42]
C-27J Spartan Italy transport 7[42]
C-130 Hercules United States transport C-130B/H 4/2[43]
Helicopters
IAR 330L/M Romania transpot / utility 35[44] licensed built SA330
IAR 330L SOCAT Romania attack / gunship 22[2]
Trainer Aircraft
IAR 99 Romania jet trainer 19[42]
IAR 316 Romania trainer / utility 7[42] licensed built SA316B
Yakovlev Yak-52 Romania trainer Iak-52W/TW 14[42]
UAV
RQ-7 Shadow United States surveillance Shadow 600 6[45]

Air Defense

MIM-23 Hawk in Bucharest on National Parade Day of Romania
The MIM-104 Patriot system
An AN/TPS-79(R) Gap Filler radar

The Romanian Air Force also has several anti-aircraft systems:[48]

Name Origin Type In service Notes
SAM
MIM-104 Patriot United States SAM system 1 battery A total of 7 batteries (28 launchers) on order, of which 4 will be for the Air Force.[49]
MIM-23 Hawk United States SAM system 8 batteries[48][50]
S-75M3 Volhov Soviet Union SAM system 6 batteries Will be replaced with the Patriot system.[48]
Air Defence Artillery
S-60 57mm Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft Unknown amount towed gun[51]
KS-19 100 mm Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft 30 units towed gun[citation needed]
Radars
AN/TPS-79(R) Gap Filler Romania
United States 		Radar 17 Medium range 3D radar.[52][53]
AN/FPS-117 United States 3D radar 5 FPS-117[54]
4 TPS-77[55][56] 		Long-range 3D radar
P-37 (radar) [ro] Soviet Union Radar Unknown amount E band/F band 2D radar[57]
P-18 Soviet Union Radar Unknown amount 2-dimensional air search radar[58]
P-14 Soviet Union Radar Unknown amount 2D VHF radar[59]
PRV-13 [ro] Soviet Union Radar Unknown amount Radar altimeter[60]

Aircraft markings

The Romanian roundel uses the colours of the Romanian flag. It is used on Romanian Armed Forces vehicles and Romanian Air Force aircraft.

  • Roundel used for aircraft and vehicles from 1912 to 1941, 1944 to 1950 and since 1984
    Roundel used for aircraft and vehicles from 1912 to 1941, 1944 to 1950 and since 1984
  • Roundel used during WWI. French markings were overpainted with yellow to match the Romanian national colors.
    Roundel used during WWI. French markings were overpainted with yellow to match the Romanian national colors.
  • Roundel seen in 1916, appearing on some aircraft.
    Roundel seen in 1916, appearing on some aircraft.
  • Marking used by Romanian Royal Air Force, and Romanian Royal Army from 1 May 1941 to 3 September 1944
    Marking used by Romanian Royal Air Force, and Romanian Royal Army from 1 May 1941 to 3 September 1944
  • Romanian Roundel used from 1949[61] to 1984
    Romanian Roundel used from 1949[61] to 1984

Ranks and insignia

Main article: Romanian Armed Forces ranks and insignia
Officers
NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
 Romanian Air Force[62]
Mareșal General General-locotenent General-maior General de flotilă aeriană Comandor Căpitan-comandor Locotenent-comandor Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent
Enlisted
NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
 Romanian Air Force[62]
Plutonier adjutant principal Plutonier adjutant Plutonier-major Plutonier Sergent-major Sergent Caporal clasa I Caporal clasa a II-a Caporal clasa a III-a Fruntaș Soldat

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Using the numbers and airplane types from the 3 sources gives that the 20 aircraft from the flight schools were the 10 Bristol TB 8, the 7 Bristol Coanda and 3 Farman HF 20.
  2. ^ The Morane-Saulnier types were not specified.

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Anul 1920". RoAF (in Romanian).
  2. ^ a b c International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Routledge. pp. 137–139. ISBN 978-1032012278.
  3. ^ "Ziua Aviației Române și a Forțelor Aeriene. 100 de ani de aviație militară". Stiriletvr.ro. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  4. ^ "General locotenent doctor Viorel PANĂ". RoAF (in Romanian).
  5. ^ a b "Câte MiG-21 LanceR mai are România. Armata trece numărul bătrânelor avioane la "informații confidențiale"". Defense Romania (in Romanian). 21 April 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Câte avioane MiG-21 LanceR mai are România?". Aviatia Magazin (in Romanian). 1 July 2021.
  7. ^ Cristian Fierbinteanu (11 October 2013). "România şi Portugalia au semnat contractul de achiziţie a 12 avioane F-16. Primele avioane vor ajunge în ţară în 2016". Mediafax (in Romanian).
  8. ^ . 12 December 2021 https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/12/romania-looks-buy-norwegian-f16.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's – IHS". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  10. ^ "Cer Senin Magazine, nr. 3/2009, page 10" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Defense under external pressure". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  12. ^ "Băsescu anunță locul unde vor fi amplasate în România rachetele americanilor. Ce spune primarul din Deveselu, chemat luni seară la Cotroceni să-și dea acordul". Gandul.info. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  13. ^ "Scutul american antirachetă din România a devenit operațional. Vezi imagini de afara și din interiorul bazei de la Deveselu". HotNews. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  14. ^ "Generalul Laurian Anastasof, noul șef al Forțelor Aeriene". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Romania intends to buy F35 fighter jets - president". Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 5 February 2022 suggested (help)
  16. ^ Horia Salca. "Dr. Horia Salca". Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  17. ^ Ioan Vasile Buiu (2007). "1874: Balonul "Mihai-Bravul" şi Ascensiunile Sale" (PDF) (in Romanian).
  18. ^ Ralph S. Cooper, D.V.M. "Gheorghe Negrescu". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  19. ^ Gheorghiu, 1960, p.101
  20. ^ "Aviația Magazin – Blog Archive Momente din istoria aviației militare române (II) – Aviația Magazin". Aviația Magazin. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  21. ^ "Aviația Magazin Blog – Archive Momente din istoria aviației române (III) – Aviația Magazin". Aviația Magazin. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  22. ^ "503 Service Unavailable". 5 January 2013. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  23. ^ Jozef Wilczynski, Technology in Comecon: Acceleration of Technological Progress Through Economic Planning and the Market, p. 243
  24. ^ Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 262
  25. ^ Ronald L. Tarnstrom, Trogen Books, 1998, Balkan Battles, p. 326
  26. ^ Aeronautica română în Războiul de Întregire naţională 1916-1919 (in Romanian). Editura Vremea. 2017. p. 5. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  27. ^ William Green, John Fricker, MacDonald, 1958, The Air Forces of the World: Their History, Development, and Present Strength, p. 234
  28. ^ Green, 1971, p.25-26
  29. ^ Green, 1971, p.26
  30. ^ The Report: Romania 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. p. 134. ISBN 9781902339856.
  31. ^ Trustul de Presă al MApN. "Cum a început România să construiască elicoptere". presamil.ro (in Romanian).
  32. ^ Petre Opris (12 October 2015). "Cum au ajuns avioanele sovietice MIG-23 in Romania si cum voia Ceausescu sa fabrice tancuri pentru pietele externe". HotNews (in Romanian).
  33. ^ Vlad Anton. "Un exponat unicat: MiG-29 Sniper". Historia (in Romanian).
  34. ^ Air Forces Monthly, November 2007 issue, p.36.
  35. ^ Air Forces Monthly, November 2007 issue, p.37.
  36. ^ "Romania's Air Force Staff to be overhauled starting July 1, 2010". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  37. ^ "Romania - Air Force". Scramble (NL).
  38. ^ "PAF Super Mushak Jets participate in Bucharest International Airshow 2015". 20 June 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  39. ^ Bjorn Claes (25 March 2021). "Romania's last F-16 delivered". f-16.net.
  40. ^ "Romania receives another pair of ex-Portuguese F-16s". ShephardMedia.com. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference World Air Forces 2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ a b c d e f "World Air Forces 2021". Flightglobal Insight. 2021. p. 27. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  43. ^ "Guvernul SUA a donat o aeronavă C-130 Hercules Forţelor Aeriene Române". Adevărul (in Romanian). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  44. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 February 2010). Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2010. London: Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3.
  45. ^ "Romania gets Shadow 600". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  46. ^ "Heavy Airlift Wing". Strategic Airlift Capability Program. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  47. ^ "Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS)". NATO. 23 February 2021.
  48. ^ a b c Victor Cozmei (2 May 2019). "Care sunt rachetele și sistemele de artilerie din arsenalul militarilor români". HotNews (in Romanian).
  49. ^ "Romania receives first Patriot missile system". romania-insider.com. 17 September 2020.
  50. ^ Tudor, Radu (9 March 2005). "Romania to get Dutch HAWK missiles". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly.
  51. ^ "Tunul antiaerian S-60". RoAF (in Romanian).
  52. ^ Radu Tudor (19 March 2008). ""Romania orders more AN/TPS-79s to fill radar gap", un articol apărut în Jane's Defence Weekly, 18 martie 2008". UTI.
  53. ^ Christian Wolff. "AN/TPS-79 (MMSR)". Radartutorial.
  54. ^ "Upgrades for the Romanian AN/FPS-117 long-range Radars". DefenceTalk. 15 February 2007.
  55. ^ Marius Constantin (24 February 2016). "Lockheed Martin va livra Romaniei doua radare TPS-77" (in Romanian).
  56. ^ David Victor (8 February 2018). "MApN achizitioneaza 2 radare TPS-77 si lansatoare portabile de rachete antitanc Spike" (in Romanian).
  57. ^ "Radarul P-37". RoAF (in Romanian).
  58. ^ "Radarul P-18". RoAF (in Romanian).
  59. ^ "Radarul O/P-14". RoAF (in Romanian).
  60. ^ "Radiometrul PRV-13". RoAF (in Romanian).
  61. ^ Romanian Aeronautical Constructions 1905-1974 (PDF). 1974. p. 360. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  62. ^ a b "Grade militare (Military ranks)". defense.ro (in Romanian). Romanian Defence Staff. Retrieved 1 February 2021.

Bibliography

  • Bernád, Dénes (2003). Rumanian Aces of World War 2 (Aircraft of the Aces 54). Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. #–##. ISBN 184176535-X.
  • Bernád, Dénes (1999). Rumanian Air Force: The Prime Decade, 1938–1947. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. ISBN 0897474023.
  • Craciunoiu, Cristian (February 2002). "Deux des Savoia..." [Two of Savoia...]. Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (107): 7–16. ISSN 1243-8650.
  • Crăciunoiu, Cristian; Roba, Jean-Louis (2003). Romanian Aeronautics in the Second World War, 1941–1945. București, Romania: Editura Modelism International. ISBN 973-8101182. (bilingual Romanian/English)
  • Green, W.; Swanborough, G., eds. (June 1971). "Oil Well Top Cover – Sixty Years of Rumanian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast. 1 (1): 25–26.
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