Georgian scripts

Georgian alphabet
Script type	Alphabet
Time period	430 to present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Georgian and other Kartvelian languages
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Geor (240), ​Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli) Geok (241, Georgian scripts#Nuskhuri)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Georgian
Unicode range	U+10A0–U+10FF, U+2D00–U+2D2F

The Georgian alphabet is a graphically independent and unique alphabet used to write the Georgian language. It is a phonemic orthography and the modern alphabet has 33 letters.

The Georgian script can also be used to write other Kartvelian languages (Mingrelian, Svan, sometimes Laz), and occasionally other languages of the Caucasus such as Ossetian and Abkhaz during the 1940s. Historically Ingush, Chechen and Avar languages were written in the Georgian script, later replaced in the 17th century by Arabic and by the Cyrillic script in modern times.

The Georgian word ანბანი (anbani) meaning "alphabet" is derived from the names of the first two letters of the three Georgian alphabets, which, although they look very different from one another, share the same alphabetic order and letter names. The alphabets can be seen mixed in some context, although Georgian is formally unicameral meaning there is normally no distinction between upper and lower case in any of the alphabets.

Origins

The oldest Georgian inscription in Bethlehem, 430 AD.

Second oldest Georgian inscription of Bolnisi Sioni, 494 AD.

The origins of the Georgian alphabet are poorly known, and no full agreement exists among Georgian and foreign scholars as to its date of creation, who designed the script, and the main influences on that process. The oldest uncontested example of Georgian writing is an inscription in the Asomtavruli script dated 430 AD, in a church in Bethlehem, Palestine. The oldest example of the script being used in Georgia is found in the church of Bolnisi Sioni, dated 494 AD.

The scholarly consensus points to the Georgian alphabet being created in the early 5th century. The first version of the alphabet attested is the Asomtavruli script; the other scripts were formed in the following centuries. Most scholars link the creation of the Georgian alphabet to the process of christianisation of the Georgian-speaking lands, that is Lazica (or Colchis) in the west, Kartli (or Iberia) in the east. The alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of Iberia under Mirian III (326 or 337) and the Bethlehem inscription of 430. It was first used for translation of the Bible and other Christian literature into Georgian, by monks in Georgia and Palestine.

A point of contention among scholars is the role played by Armenian clerics in that process. Armenian tradition holds Mesrop Mashtots, generally acknowledged as the creator of the Armenian alphabet, to have also created the Georgian and Caucasian Albanian alphabets. This tradition originates in the works of Koryun, a fifth century historian and biographer of Mashtots, and has been widely quoted in Western academic sources, but has been criticized by scholars, both Georgian and Western, who judge the passage in Koryun unreliable or even a later interpolation. Other scholars quote Koryun's claims without taking a stance on its validity. Many agree, however, that Armenian clerics, if not Mashtots himself, must have played a role in the creation of the Georgian script.

A competing Georgian tradition, first attested in medieval chronicles such as the Lives of the Kings of Kartli (ca. 800), assigns a much earlier, pre-Christian origin to the Georgian alphabet, and names King Pharnavaz I (3rd century BC) as its inventor. This account is now considered legendary, and is rejected by scholarly consensus, as no archaelogical confirmation has been found. Georgian linguist Tamaz Gamkrelidze offers an alternate interpretation of the tradition, in the pre-Christian use of foreign scripts (alloglotography in the Aramaic alphabet) to write down Georgian texts.

Another scientific controversy regards the main influences at play in the Georgian alphabet, as scholars have debated whether it was inspired more by the Greek alphabet, or by Semitic writing systems such as Aramaic. Recent historiography focuses on greater similarities with the Greek alphabet than in the other Caucasian writing systems, most notably the order and numeric value of letters. Some scholars have also suggested as a possible inspiration for particular letters certain pre-Christian Georgian cultural symbols or clan markers.

Asomtavruli

Asomtavruli at David Gareja.

Asomtavruli at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai.

Asomtavruli at Ateni Sioni Church.

Asomtavruli (Georgian: ასომთავრული), also known as Mrgvlovani (Georgian: მრგვლოვანი) is a historical, monumental and oldest form of the Georgian alphabet. Asomtavruli (ასომთავრული, "capital letters") derives from aso (ასო, "letter, type") and mtavari (მთავარი, "main, chief, principal, head"). Mrgvlovani (მრგვლოვანი, "rounded") is related to the word mrgvali (მრგვალი, "round"). Despite its common Georgian name, this rounded alphabet was originally purely unicameral, just like the modern Georgian alphabet. Examples of the earliest Asomtavruli scripts found in Nekresi are still preserved in the Georgian National Museum.

Asomtavruli letters
Ⴀ	Ⴁ	Ⴂ	Ⴃ	Ⴄ	Ⴅ	Ⴆ	Ⴡ	Ⴇ	Ⴈ	Ⴉ	Ⴊ	Ⴋ	Ⴌ
Ⴢ	Ⴍ	Ⴎ	Ⴏ	Ⴐ	Ⴑ	Ⴒ	Ⴣ	ႭჃ, Ⴓ	Ⴔ	Ⴕ	Ⴖ	Ⴗ	Ⴘ
Ⴙ	Ⴚ	Ⴛ	Ⴜ	Ⴝ	Ⴞ	Ⴤ	Ⴟ	Ⴠ	Ⴥ
Some fonts for modern Georgian do not show the actual Asomtavruli forms for these letters, but instead show taller ("capitalized") variants of the modern Mkhedruli alphabet (see below).

This unicameral alphabet is still used today in some section headings and book titles, and sometimes used in a pseudo-bicameral way by varying the glyph sizes for creating capitals. Since it is no longer used for writing Georgian, it has also been reused in a creative way for writing capital letters, along with letters of one of the two other Georgian alphabets.

Incidentally, a unique local form of Aramaic writing known as Armazuli (არმაზული დამწერლობა, armazuli damts'erloba, i.e. the "Armazian script", derived from the name of the god Armazi) existed before that, as demonstrated by the 1940s discovery of a bilingual Greco-Aramaic inscription at Mtskheta, Georgia. It is conceivable that local pre-Christian records did exist, but were subsequently destroyed by zealous Christians. Therefore, many found more palatable the idea that the medieval Georgian chronicles crediting Parnavaz with the creation of Georgian writing actually refer to the introduction of a local form of written Aramaic during his reign.

Asomtavruli is used by Georgian Orthodox Church.

• 
  Asomtavruli of Ishkhani.
• 
  Asomtavruli of Doliskana.
• 
  Asomtavruli of Barakoni.
• 
  Asomtavruli of Gudarekhi.
• Asomtavruli of Kobayr monastery.
  Asomtavruli of Kobayr monastery.

Nuskhuri

Old Georgian manuscript written in nuskhuri.

Nuskhuri (Georgian: ნუსხური) ("minuscule, lowercase") is the ecclesiastical alphabet which first appeared in the 9th century. It was mostly used in hagiography. Nuskhuri is related to the word nuskha (ნუსხა "inventory, schedule").

Nuskhuri letters
ⴀ	ⴁ	ⴂ	ⴃ	ⴄ	ⴅ	ⴆ	ⴡ	ⴇ	ⴈ	ⴉ	ⴊ	ⴋ	ⴌ
ⴢ	ⴍ	ⴎ	ⴏ	ⴐ	ⴑ	ⴒ	ⴣ	ⴍⴣ, ⴓ	ⴔ	ⴕ	ⴖ	ⴗ	ⴘ
ⴙ	ⴚ	ⴛ	ⴜ	ⴝ	ⴞ	ⴤ	ⴟ	ⴠ	ⴥ

The forms of the Khutsuri letters may have been derived from the northern Arsacid variant of the Pahlavi (or Middle Iranian) script, which itself was derived from the older Aramaic, although the direction of writing (from left to right), the use of separate symbols for the vowel sounds, the numerical values assigned to the letters in earlier times, and the order of the letters all point to significant Greek influence on the script. However, the Georgian linguist Tamaz Gamkrelidze argues that the forms of the letters are freely invented in imitation of the Greek model rather than directly based upon earlier forms of the Aramaic alphabet, even though the Georgian phonological inventory is very different from Greek. Like the monumental Asomtavruli alphabet, this squared alphabet was initially purely unicameral. However, it has also been used along with the Asomtavruli alphabet (serving as capital letters in religious manuscripts) to form the Khutsuri (ხუცური "ecclesiastical") bicameral style that is still used sometimes today. Nuskhuri is used by Georgian Orthodox Church.

• 
  Nuskhuri of Ioane-Zosime.
• 
  Nuskhuri of Tbeti.
• 
  Nuskhuri of the 11th century.
• 
  Nuskhuri of Mokvi.

Mkhedruli

Mkhedruli of King Vakhtang VI of Kartli.

Mkhedruli (Georgian: მხედრული) ("cavalry" or "military") is the modern Georgian alphabet which first appeared in the 10th century. It was used for non-religious purposes up until the 19th century, when it completely replaced the Khutsuri style (that used the two previous alphabets). Mkhedruli is related to the word mkhedari (მხედარი, "horseman", "knight", or "warrior"); Khutsuri is related to the term khutsesi (ხუცესი, "elder" or "priest").

Mkhedruli letters
ა	ბ	გ	დ	ე	ვ	ზ	ჱ	თ	ი	კ	ლ	მ	ნ
ჲ	ო	პ	ჟ	რ	ს	ტ	ჳ	უ	ფ	ქ	ღ	ყ	შ
ჩ	ც	ძ	წ	ჭ	ხ	ჴ	ჯ	ჰ	ჵ	ჶ	ჷ	ჺ	ჸ	ჹ

Like the two other alphabets, the Mkhedruli alphabet is purely unicameral. However, certain modern writers have experimented with using Asomtavruli letters as capitals, similarly to Khutsuri script style. In some cases, this may be a conflation with the religious Khutsuri style rather than the result of a creative design choice. Georgians often consider this bicameral use of Mkhedruli an error because some Mkhedruli letters lack equivalents in the other alphabets. Others use the Mkhedruli alphabet alone in a pseudo-bicameral way, adapting letter sizes to create capital letters, known as Mtavruli for titles and headings. Mtavruli (მთავრული) means "titlecase" and is an appropriate tribute to the older Asomtavruli.

• 
  Mkhedruli of King Bagrat IV of Georgia.
• 
  Mkhedruli of King George II of Georgia.
• 
  Mkhedruli of King David IV of Georgia.
• 
  Mkhedruli of Queen Tamar of Georgia.
• 
  Mkhedruli of King George IV of Georgia.
• 
  Mkhedruli of King George V of Georgia.

Other forms of some Mkhedruli letters

Some mkhedruli letters have alternative written forms.

1. Different form of letter დ
2. Different form of letter ლ
3. Different form of letter ჯ
4. Different form of letter რ
5. Different form of letter ო
6. Different form of letter წ

Obsolete letters

8 of the 41 Mkhedruli letters (shaded above) are now obsolete. Five of these, ⟨ჱ⟩ (he), ⟨ჲ⟩ (hie), ⟨ჳ⟩ (vie), ⟨ჴ⟩ (qar), and ⟨ჵ⟩ (hoe) were used in Old Georgian. These letters were discarded by the Society for the Spreading of Literacy Among Georgians, founded by Ilia Chavchavadze in 1879, and were either dropped entirely or replaced by the sounds they had become. The last three, ⟨ჶ⟩ (fi), ⟨ჷ⟩ (shva), and ⟨ჸ⟩ (elifi), were later additions to the Georgian alphabet used to represent sounds not present in Georgian proper, and are used to write other languages in the region. Also obsolete in modern Georgian is a variant of the letter ⟨უ⟩ (un), differentiated using a diacritic: ⟨უ̌⟩ or ⟨უ̂⟩.

• ⟨ჱ⟩ (he), sometimes called "ei" or "e-merve" ("eighth e"). As in Ancient Greek (Ηη, Ͱͱ, ēta), it holds the eighth place in the Georgian alphabet. The name and shapes of the letter in Asomtavruli ⟨Ⴡ⟩ and Nuskhuri ⟨ⴡ⟩ also resemble Greek's tack-shaped archaic consonantal heta. In old Georgian, he was interchangeable with the digraph ⟨ეჲ⟩. It represented [ei] or [ej].
• ⟨ჲ⟩ (hie), also called iot'a, often marked Georgian nouns in the nominative case. In Old Georgian, it represented [i] or [j].
• ⟨ჳ⟩ (vie) represented the diphthong [ui] or [uj]. It holds the same position and numerical value as Ancient Greek's Υυ upsilon, which its Asomtavruli ⟨Ⴣ⟩ and Nuskhuri ⟨ⴣ⟩ versions resemble. Its modern pronunciation is usually like ⟨უ⟩ [u] or ⟨ი⟩ [i].
• ⟨ჴ⟩ (qar, har) represented [q] or [qʰ], the non-ejective counterpart to ⟨ყ⟩ (q'ar) above. Although this consonant is still distinguished in Svan, its modern pronunciation in Georgian is identical to ⟨ხ⟩ [χ].
• ⟨ჵ⟩ (hoe), also called oh, represented a long ⟨ო⟩, [oː].
• ⟨ჶ⟩ (fi) was borrowed to represent the phoneme /f/ in loanwords from Latin and Greek such as ჶილოსოჶია (filosofia, 'philosophy'). Its name and shape derive from Greek. Its modern usage is a feature of Ossetic and Laz when written in the Georgian alphabet. In modern Georgian, ⟨ფ⟩ par replaces fi.
• ⟨ჷ⟩ (shva), also called yn, represents the mid central vowel [ə]. It appears in written Mingrelian, Laz, and Svan.
• ⟨ჸ⟩ (elifi) represents the glottal stop [ʔ]. Its name and pronunciation derive from Aramaic. It is used in written Mingrelian and rarely in Laz.
• ⟨უ̌⟩ or ⟨უ̂⟩ (un-brjgu) represented a short [u] in Old Georgian. It is still differentiated in Svan, Mingrelian, and Laz. In modern Georgian, it becomes ⟨ვ⟩ vin.

Ligatures and abbreviations

The Georgian letter ღ is often used as a Heart symbol.

Writing in Asomtavruli is often highly stylized. Since the time of Vakhtang I of Iberia in the 5th century, writers readily formed ligatures, intertwined letters, and placed letters within letters. The first ligature below was a feature of 6th-century Sassanid period currency. The second and third examples come from the arch of the David Gareja Monastery, pictured above. Ligatures flourished during the Middle Ages and could represent up to three letters.

Nuskhuri, like Asomtavruli is also often highly stylized. Writers readily formed ligatures and abbreviations for nomina sacra, including diacritics called karagma, which resemble titla. Because writing materials such as vellum were scarce and therefore precious, abbreviating was a practical measure widespread in manuscripts and hagiography by the 11th century. Some common examples include romeli, "which" (, r~i) and Ieso Krist'e, "Jesus Christ" (, I~ui K~e).

In the 11th to 17th centuries, Mkhedruli also came to employ digraphs to the point that they were obligatory, requiring adhesion to a complex system. For example, ⟨დ⟩ don and ⟨ა⟩ an make "da": .

In the older Asomtavruli, the sound /u/ was represented by the digraph ⟨ႭჃ⟩ or as ⟨Ⴓ⟩, a modified ⟨Ⴍ⟩. Nuskhuri saw the combination of the digraph ⟨ⴍⴣ⟩ into a ligature, ⟨ⴓ⟩ (cf. Greek ου, Cyrillic Ѹ/Ꙋ). However, Mkhedruli normally uses only ⟨უ⟩ as opposed to a digraph or ligature, and uses ⟨უ⟩ instead of obsolete ⟨ჳ⟩ (above) to represent the value 400.

→	→	→	→ → →
Asomtavruli ⟨Ⴂ⟩ gan and ⟨Ⴌ⟩ nar form a ligature.	The word da (⟨ႣႠ⟩, "and") in Asomtavruli.	The word ars (⟨ႠႰႱ⟩, "be; is") in Asomtavruli.	Development of the letter un from a digraph through the three alphabets.

Calligraphy

Main article: Georgian calligraphy

Georgian calligraphy is a centuries-old tradition of artistic writing of the Georgian language in its three Georgian alphabets.

Summary

Georgian letter ვ (v) is on the Logo of Wikipedia.

File:Alphabet Tower at night, Batumi.JPG

Georgian Alphabet Tower at night in the Georgian resort city of Batumi.

This table lists the three alphabets in parallel columns, including the letters that are now obsolete (shown with a blue background). "National" is the transliteration system used by the Georgian government, while "Laz" is the system used in northeastern Turkey for the Laz language. The table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters.

Letters			Unicode (mkhedruli)	Name	IPA	Transcriptions				Numeric value
asomtavruli	nuskhuri	mkhedruli				National	ISO 9984	BGN	Laz
Ⴀ	ⴀ	ა	U+10D0	an	/ɑ/	A a	A a	A a	A a	1
Ⴁ	ⴁ	ბ	U+10D1	ban	b	B b	B b	B b	B b	2
Ⴂ	ⴂ	გ	U+10D2	gan	ɡ	G g	G g	G g	G g	3
Ⴃ	ⴃ	დ	U+10D3	don	d	D d	D d	D d	D d	4
Ⴄ	ⴄ	ე	U+10D4	en	ɛ	E e	E e	E e	E e	5
Ⴅ	ⴅ	ვ	U+10D5	vin	v	V v	V v	V v	V v	6
Ⴆ	ⴆ	ზ	U+10D6	zen	z	Z z	Z z	Z z	Z z	7
Ⴡ	ⴡ	ჱ	U+10F1	he		-	-	-	-	8
Ⴇ	ⴇ	თ	U+10D7	tan	tʰ	T t	T' t'	T' t'	T t	9
Ⴈ	ⴈ	ი	U+10D8	in	i	I i	I i	I i	I i	10
Ⴉ	ⴉ	კ	U+10D9	k'an	kʼ	K' k'	K k	K k	K' k'	20
Ⴊ	ⴊ	ლ	U+10DA	las	l	L l	L l	L l	L l	30
Ⴋ	ⴋ	მ	U+10DB	man	m	M m	M m	M m	M m	40
Ⴌ	ⴌ	ნ	U+10DC	nar	n	N n	N n	N n	N n	50
Ⴢ	ⴢ	ჲ	U+10F2	hie	i, j	-	-	-	-	60
Ⴍ	ⴍ	ო	U+10DD	on	ɔ	O o	O o	O o	O o	70
Ⴎ	ⴎ	პ	U+10DE	p'ar	pʼ	P' p'	P p	P p	P' p'	80
Ⴏ	ⴏ	ჟ	U+10DF	zhan	ʒ	Zh zh	Ž ž	Zh zh	J j	90
Ⴐ	ⴐ	რ	U+10E0	rae	r	R r	R r	R r	R r	100
Ⴑ	ⴑ	ს	U+10E1	san	s	S s	S s	S s	S s	200
Ⴒ	ⴒ	ტ	U+10E2	t'ar	tʼ	T' t'	T t	T t	T' t'	300
Ⴣ	ⴣ	ჳ	U+10F3	vie	/uɪ/	-	-	-	-	400*
Ⴓ	ⴓ	უ	U+10E3	un	u	U u	U u	U u	U u	400*
Ⴔ	ⴔ	ფ	U+10E4	par	pʰ	P p	P' p'	P' p'	P p	500
Ⴕ	ⴕ	ქ	U+10E5	kan	kʰ	K k	K' k'	K' k'	K k	600
Ⴖ	ⴖ	ღ	U+10E6	ghan	ɣ	Gh gh	Ḡ ḡ	Gh gh	Ğ ğ	700
Ⴗ	ⴗ	ყ	U+10E7	q'ar	qʼ	Q' q'	Q q	Q q	Q q	800
Ⴘ	ⴘ	შ	U+10E8	shin	ʃ	Sh sh	Š š	Sh sh	Ş ş	900
Ⴙ	ⴙ	ჩ	U+10E9	chin	tʃ	Ch ch	Č' č'	Ch' ch'	Ç ç	1000
Ⴚ	ⴚ	ც	U+10EA	tsan	ts	Ts ts	C' c'	Ts' ts'	Ts ts	2000
Ⴛ	ⴛ	ძ	U+10EB	dzil	dz	Dz dz	J j	Dz dz	Ž ž	3000
Ⴜ	ⴜ	წ	U+10EC	ts'il	tsʼ	Ts' ts'	C c	Ts ts	Ts' ts'	4000
Ⴝ	ⴝ	ჭ	U+10ED	ch'ar	tʃʼ	Ch' ch'	Č č	Ch ch	Ç' ç'	5000
Ⴞ	ⴞ	ხ	U+10EE	khan	x	Kh kh	X x	Kh kh	X x	6000
Ⴤ	ⴤ	ჴ	U+10F4	qar, har	q, qʰ	-	-	-	-	7000
Ⴟ	ⴟ	ჯ	U+10EF	jan	dʒ	J j	J̌ ǰ	J j	C c	8000
Ⴠ	ⴠ	ჰ	U+10F0	hae	h	H h	H h	H h	H h	9000
Ⴥ	ⴥ	ჵ	U+10F5	hoe	oː	-	-	-	-	10000
(none)	(none)	ჶ	U+10F6	fi	f	?	?	?	?	(none)

* ჳ and უ have the same numeric value (400).

Unicode

The Georgian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

History

In Unicode version 1.0 the U+10A0 ... U+10CF range of the Georgian block represented Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri). With the release of version 4.1 in March, 2005 Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri were "disunified". The U+10A0 ... U+10CF range of the Georgian block now represents Asomtavruli and the Georgian Supplement block represents Nuskhuri.

Blocks

The Unicode block for Georgian is U+10A0 ... U+10FF. Mkhedruli (modern Georgian) occupies the U+10D0 ... U+10FF range and Asomtavruli occupies the U+10A0 ... U+10CF range.

The Unicode block for Georgian Supplement is U+2D00 ... U+2D2F and it represents Nuskhuri.

Georgian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+10Ax

Ⴀ

Ⴁ

Ⴂ

Ⴃ

Ⴄ

Ⴅ

Ⴆ

Ⴇ

Ⴈ

Ⴉ

Ⴊ

Ⴋ

Ⴌ

Ⴍ

Ⴎ

Ⴏ

U+10Bx

Ⴐ

Ⴑ

Ⴒ

Ⴓ

Ⴔ

Ⴕ

Ⴖ

Ⴗ

Ⴘ

Ⴙ

Ⴚ

Ⴛ

Ⴜ

Ⴝ

Ⴞ

Ⴟ

U+10Cx

Ⴠ

Ⴡ

Ⴢ

Ⴣ

Ⴤ

Ⴥ

Ⴧ

Ⴭ

U+10Dx

ა

ბ

გ

დ

ე

ვ

ზ

თ

ი

კ

ლ

მ

ნ

ო

პ

ჟ

U+10Ex

რ

ს

ტ

უ

ფ

ქ

ღ

ყ

შ

ჩ

ც

ძ

წ

ჭ

ხ

ჯ

U+10Fx

ჰ

ჱ

ჲ

ჳ

ჴ

ჵ

ჶ

ჷ

ჸ

ჹ

ჺ

჻

ჼ

ჽ

ჾ

ჿ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Georgian Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+2D0x

ⴀ

ⴁ

ⴂ

ⴃ

ⴄ

ⴅ

ⴆ

ⴇ

ⴈ

ⴉ

ⴊ

ⴋ

ⴌ

ⴍ

ⴎ

ⴏ

U+2D1x

ⴐ

ⴑ

ⴒ

ⴓ

ⴔ

ⴕ

ⴖ

ⴗ

ⴘ

ⴙ

ⴚ

ⴛ

ⴜ

ⴝ

ⴞ

ⴟ

U+2D2x

ⴠ

ⴡ

ⴢ

ⴣ

ⴤ

ⴥ

ⴧ

ⴭ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Keyboard layout

Main article: Georgian keyboard layout

Most keyboards in Georgia are fitted with both Latin and Georgian letters.

Below is the Georgian QWERTY keyboard. While Georgian has no capital letters, because it has 33 letters and English has only 26, using the shift key is necessary to write Georgian.

Gallery

• 
  Georgian Asomtavruli and Mkhedruli inscriptions at Urbnisi.
• 
  Stylized Georgian letters of Asomtavruli script, 13th century
• 
  Georgian letter უ
• 
  Georgian letter ფ
• 
  Georgian Mkhedruli alphabet
• 
  Fragment from Zaza Panaskerteli's treatise on medicine
• 
  Sample of Georgian calligraphy
• 
  Georgian inscriptions from the Kobair Monastery
• 
  Inscrption from Mtskheta
• 
  Georgian Mkhedruli alphabet
• 
  An inscription in Mkhedruli at the Motsameta monastery, dating to ჩყმვ meaning 1846.
• 
  Georgian road signs in Georgian Mkhedruli and Latin alphabets.
• 
  Georgian inscriptions in Church of the Visitation of Israel.
• 
  Georgian Mkhedruli inscriptions.
• 
  Georgian Mkhedruli inscriptions at Tsalenjikha Cathedral.
• 
  Georgian Mkhedruli inscriptions

See also

• Georgian Braille
• Georgian calligraphy
• Old Georgian language
• Georgian calendar
• Georgian numerals
• Georgian national system of romanization

Bibliography

• Aronson, Howard I. (1990), Georgian: a reading grammar (second ed.), Columbus, OH: Slavica
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659

External links

• Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)
• Georgian transliteration + Georgian virtual keyboard
• Direct transliteration Latin ↔ Georgian
• Georgian fonts, compliant with Unicode 4.0, also available for MAC OS 9 or X
• Template:PDFlink
• Template:PDFlink