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This article is about the 1979 science-fiction film. For its sequel, see Aliens (film).

Alien
A large egg-shaped object that is cracked and emits a yellow-ish light hovers in mid-air against a black background and above a waffle-like floor. The title "ALIEN" appears in block letters above the egg, and just below it in smaller type appears the tagline "in space no one can hear you scream".[6]
Theatrical release poster by Frankfurt Gips Balkind[7]
Directed byRidley Scott
Screenplay byDan O'Bannon
Story by
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyDerek Vanlint
Edited by
Music byJerry Goldsmith
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release dates
  • May 25, 1979 (1979-05-25) (United States)
  • September 6, 1979 (1979-09-06) (United Kingdom)
Running time
117 minutes[8]
Countries
LanguageEnglish
Budget$9–11 million[9][10][11]
Box office$104.9–203.6 million[9][10]

Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Sigourney Weaver, Tom Skerritt, Veronica Cartwright, Harry Dean Stanton, John Hurt, Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto. The film's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and attacks the crew of a spaceship. Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror. The film was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox. Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script. Shusett was executive producer. The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film. Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series, with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe.

Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success, receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects,[12][13] Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Scott, and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright,[14] and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, along with numerous other award nominations.[15] It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades, being considered one of the greatest films of all time. In 2002, the film was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.[15][16][17] In 2008, it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute, and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine.[18][19]

The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels, comic books, video games, and toys. It also launched Weaver's acting career by providing her with her first lead role, and the story of her character Ellen Ripley's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens (1986), Alien 3 (1992) and Alien: Resurrection (1997).,[20] a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator films, which includes Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), and also a prequel series of films, which includes Prometheus (2012) and Alien: Covenant (2017).

Plot

The commercial starship Nostromo is on a return trip to Earth with a seven-member crew in stasis: Captain Dallas (Skerritt), Executive Officer Kane (Hurt), Warrant Officer Ripley (Weaver), Navigator Lambert (Cartwright), Science Officer Ash (Holm), Engineer Parker (Kotto) and Technician Brett (Stanton), and also a cat named Jones. Detecting a mysterious transmission from the nearby planetoid LV-426, the ship's computer, Mother, awakens the crew. Company policy requires crews to investigate such transmissions so they land on the planetoid, sustaining damage from its atmosphere and rocky landscape. Parker and Brett repair the ship while Dallas, Kane and Lambert head out to investigate. They discover the source of the signal is a derelict alien spacecraft and head inside it, losing communication with Ash. Exploring the spacecraft, they find the remains of a large alien creature whose rib cage looks to have exploded from the inside.

On the Nostromo, Ripley determines that the transmission may be a warning, not a distress call. In the alien ship, Kane discovers a chamber containing hundreds of large egg-like objects. As he inspects one, it opens, and a squid-like organism springs out and attaches to his face. Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo. As acting senior officer, Ripley refuses to let them aboard, citing quarantine regulations, but Ash ignores her and lets them in anyway. The crew try to remove the creature from Kane's face but stop when they find that its blood is an extremely corrosive acid. It later detaches on its own and dies.

With the ship partly repaired, the crew lifts off. Kane awakens, dazed but otherwise unharmed. During a final crew meal before stasis, he chokes and convulses in pain before a small alien creature bursts from his chest, killing him, and escapes out into the ship. Wary of its corrosive blood, the crew attempt to find and trap it with motion-trackers, nets, electric prods and flamethrowers.

While looking for the alien with motion-trackers, Jones, the crew's cat, is accidentally detected and runs scared from a locker. To prevent further confusion, Brett sets off to catch the cat. He follows it into an engine room where the alien (Badejo), having undergone tremendously fast growth to full adulthood, attacks him and disappears into an air shaft with his body. After heated discussion, the crew agree the creature must be using the ship's labyrinthine air duct network to move around. Dallas volunteers to trap the alien within the duct system, but is ambushed and killed. Frightened of becoming the next victim, Lambert implores the others to abandon ship and escape in its small shuttle. Now in command, Ripley explains that the shuttle will not support four people and pushes ahead with Dallas's plan of flushing the alien out.

Now having access to Mother, Ripley discovers that Ash has been secretly ordered to return the alien to the company, with the crew regarded as expendable. Ripley confronts Ash and he tries to choke her to death. Parker intervenes and clubs Ash, knocking off his head to reveal him to be an android. Parker reanimates Ash's head and they learn he was assigned to the Nostromo to ensure the creature was returned for analysis (to the company's bioweapons division) at any expense, including the crew's lives. Ash taunts them about their chances against the "perfect organism". Ripley disconnects Ash and Parker burns his fractured remains with a flamethrower.

Ripley, Lambert, and Parker agree to set the Nostromo to self-destruct and escape in the shuttle. However, Parker and Lambert are killed by the alien while gathering life-support supplies. Now the sole survivor, Ripley initiates the self-destruct sequence and heads for the shuttle with Jones, to find the alien in her path. She retreats and attempts to abort the self-destruct but unsuccessfully, leading her to try again for the shuttle. The alien has gone and she narrowly escapes in the shuttle with Jones as the Nostromo explodes.

As she prepares for stasis, Ripley finds the alien has hidden aboard the shuttle, its biomechanical form having blended into the fascia. She dons a spacesuit and opens the shuttle's airlock, causing explosive decompression which blows the alien into the airlock doorway. She propels it into space by shooting it with a grappling hook and the gun catches in the closing airlock, tethering the alien to the shuttle. It attempts to crawl into one of the engines but Ripley ignites them, blasting the alien into space. After recording the ship's final log entry, she places herself and Jones into stasis for the voyage home to Earth.

Cast

The seven principal cast members of the film stand in front of a white backdrop, in costume and holding prop weapons from the film.
The principal cast members of Alien (left to right: Holm, Stanton, Weaver, Kotto, Skerritt, Cartwright, and Hurt)

Production

Development

Screenwriter Dan O'Bannon

While studying cinema at the University of Southern California, Dan O'Bannon had made a science fiction comedy film with director John Carpenter and concept artist Ron Cobb entitled Dark Star.[21] The film included an alien which had been created using a spray-painted beach ball, and the experience left O'Bannon "really wanting to do an alien that looked real."[21][22] A "couple of years" later he began working on a similar story that would focus more on horror: "I knew I wanted to do a scary movie on a spaceship with a small number of astronauts", he later recalled, "Dark Star as a horror movie instead of a comedy."[21] Ronald Shusett, meanwhile, was working on an early version of what would eventually become Total Recall.[21][22] Impressed by Dark Star, he contacted O'Bannon and the two agreed to collaborate on their projects, choosing to work on O'Bannon's film first as they believed it would be less costly to produce.[21][22] O'Bannon had written 29 pages of a script titled Memory comprising what would become the film's opening scenes: a crew of astronauts awaken to find that their voyage has been interrupted because they are receiving a signal from a mysterious planetoid. They investigate and their ship breaks down on the surface.[23][22] He did not yet, however, have a clear idea as to what the alien antagonist of the story would be.[21]

O'Bannon soon accepted an offer to work on Alejandro Jodorowsky's film adaptation of Dune, a project which took him to Paris for six months.[21][24] Though the project ultimately fell through, it introduced him to several artists whose works gave him ideas for his science-fiction story including Chris Foss, H. R. Giger, and Jean "Moebius" Giraud.[23] O'Bannon was impressed by Foss's covers for science fiction books, while he found Giger's work "disturbing":[21] "His paintings had a profound effect on me. I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work. And so I ended up writing a script about a Giger monster."[23] After the Dune project collapsed O'Bannon returned to Los Angeles to live with Shusett and the two revived his Memory script. Shusett suggested that O'Bannon use one of his other film ideas, about gremlins infiltrating a B-17 bomber during World War II, and set it on the spaceship as the second half of the story.[23][24] The working title of the project was now Star Beast, but O'Bannon disliked this and changed it to Alien after noting the number of times that the word appeared in the script. He and Shusett liked the new title's simplicity and its double meaning as both a noun and adjective.[23][21][25] Shusett came up with the idea that one of the crew members could be implanted with an alien embryo that would later burst out of him, feeling that this was an interesting plot device by which the alien creature could get aboard the ship.[21][24]

Dan [O'Bannon] put his finger on the problem: what has to happen next is the creature has to get on the ship in an interesting way. I have no idea how, but if we could solve that, if it can't be that it just snuck in, then I think the whole movie will come into place. In the middle of the night, I woke up and I said, "Dan I think I have an idea: the alien screws one of them [...] it jumps on his face and plants its seed!" And Dan says, oh my god, we've got it, we've got the whole movie.

—Screenwriter Ron Shusett[26][27]

In writing the script, O'Bannon drew inspiration from many previous works of science fiction and horror. He later stated that "I didn't steal Alien from anybody. I stole it from everybody!"[28] The Thing from Another World (1951) inspired the idea of professional men being pursued by a deadly alien creature through a claustrophobic environment.[28] Forbidden Planet (1956) gave O'Bannon the idea of a ship being warned not to land, and then the crew being killed one by one by a mysterious creature when they defy the warning.[28] Planet of the Vampires (1965) contains a scene in which the heroes discover a giant alien skeleton; this influenced the Nostromo crew's discovery of the alien creature in the derelict spacecraft.[28] O'Bannon has also noted the influence of "Junkyard" (1953), a short story by Clifford D. Simak in which a crew lands on an asteroid and discovers a chamber full of eggs.[22] He has also cited as influences Strange Relations by Philip José Farmer (1960), which covers alien reproduction, and various EC Comics horror titles carrying stories in which monsters eat their way out of people.[22]

With roughly 85% of the plot completed, Shusett and O'Bannon presented their initial script to several studios,[21] pitching it as "Jaws in space."[29] They were on the verge of signing a deal with Roger Corman's studio when a friend offered to find them a better deal and passed the script on to Gordon Carroll, David Giler, and Walter Hill, who had formed a production company called Brandywine with ties to 20th Century Fox.[21][30] O'Bannon and Shusett signed a deal with Brandywine, but Hill and Giler were not satisfied with the script and made numerous rewrites and revisions to it.[21][31] This caused tension with O'Bannon and Shusett, since Hill and Giler had very little experience with science fiction and according to Shusett: "They weren't good at making it better, or in fact at not making it even worse."[21] O'Bannon believed that they were attempting to justify taking his name off of the script and claiming it as their own.[21] Hill and Giler did add some substantial elements to the story, however, including the android character Ash which O'Bannon felt was an unnecessary subplot,[32] but which Shusett later described as "one of the best things in the movie...That whole idea and scenario was theirs."[21] In total Hill and Giler went through eight different drafts of the script, mostly concentrating on the Ash subplot but also making the dialogue more natural and trimming some sequences set on the alien planetoid.[33] In spite of the fact that the final shooting script was written by Hill and Giler, the Writers Guild of America awarded O'Bannon sole credit for the screenplay.

Despite the multiple rewrites, 20th Century Fox did not express confidence in financing a science-fiction film. However, after the success of Star Wars in 1977 the studio's interest in the genre rose substantially. According to Carroll: "When Star Wars came out and was the extraordinary hit that it was, suddenly science fiction became the hot genre." O'Bannon recalled that "They wanted to follow through on Star Wars, and they wanted to follow through fast, and the only spaceship script they had sitting on their desk was Alien".[21] Alien was greenlit by 20th Century Fox at an initial budget of $4.2 million.[21][33] Alien was funded by American dollars, but made by 20th Century-Fox's British production subsidiary.[34]

Direction

Director Ridley Scott

O'Bannon had originally assumed that he would direct Alien, but 20th Century Fox instead asked Hill to direct.[33][35] Hill declined due to other film commitments as well as not being comfortable with the level of visual effects that would be required.[36] Peter Yates, Jack Clayton, and Robert Aldrich were considered for the task, but O'Bannon, Shusett, and the Brandywine team felt that these directors would not take the film seriously and would instead treat it as a B monster movie.[35][37] Giler, Hill, and Carroll had been impressed by Ridley Scott's debut feature film The Duellists (1977) and made an offer to him to direct Alien, which Scott quickly accepted.[23][37] Scott created detailed storyboards for the film in London, which impressed 20th Century Fox enough to double the film's budget from $4.2 million to $8.4 million.[38][35] His storyboards included designs for the spaceship and space suits, drawing influences from films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey and Star Wars.[38] However, he was keen on emphasizing horror in Alien rather than fantasy, describing the film as "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre of science fiction".[35][37]

Giger's Necronom IV

O'Bannon introduced Scott to the artwork of H. R. Giger; both of them felt that his painting Necronom IV was the type of representation they wanted for the film's antagonist and began asking the studio to hire him as a designer.[35][37] 20th Century Fox initially believed Giger's work was too ghastly for audiences, but the Brandywine team were persistent and eventually won out.[37] According to Gordon Carroll: "The first second that Ridley saw Giger's work, he knew that the biggest single design problem, maybe the biggest problem in the film, had been solved."[35] Scott flew to Zürich to meet Giger and recruited him to work on all aspects of the Alien and its environment including the surface of the planetoid, the derelict spacecraft, and all four forms of the Alien from the egg to the adult.[35][37]

Casting

Further information on individual characters: List of Alien characters

Casting calls and auditions for Alien were held in both New York and London.[38] With only seven human characters in the story, Scott sought to hire strong actors so he could focus most of his energy on the film's visual style.[38] He employed casting director Mary Selway, who had worked with him on The Duellists, to head the casting in the United Kingdom, while Mary Goldberg handled casting in the United States.[39][40] In developing the story O'Bannon had focused on writing the Alien first, putting off developing the characters for a later draft.[35] He and Shusett had therefore written all of the roles as generic male ones with a note in the script explicitly stating "The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women."[39][41] This left Scott, Selway, and Goldberg free to interpret the characters as they liked and to cast accordingly. They wanted the Nostromo's crew to resemble working astronauts in a realistic environment, a concept summed up as "truckers in space".[38][39] According to Scott, this concept was inspired partly by Star Wars, which deviated from the pristine future often depicted in science fiction films of the time.[42]

To assist the actors in preparing for their roles, Ridley Scott wrote several pages of backstory for each character explaining their histories.[33][43] He filmed many of their rehearsals in order to capture spontaneity and improvisation, and tensions between some of the cast members, particularly towards the less-experienced Weaver, translated convincingly on film as tension between their respective characters.[43]

Film critic Roger Ebert notes that the actors in Alien were older than was typical in thriller films at the time, which helped make the characters more convincing:

None of them were particularly young. Tom Skerritt, the captain, was 46, Hurt was 39 but looked older, Holm was 48, Harry Dean Stanton was 53, Yaphet Kotto was 42, and only Veronica Cartwright at 30 and Weaver at 29 were in the age range of the usual thriller cast. Many recent action pictures have improbably young actors cast as key roles or sidekicks, but by skewing older, Alien achieves a certain texture without even making a point of it: These are not adventurers but workers, hired by a company to return 20 million tons of ore to Earth.[20]

David McIntee, author of Beautiful Monsters: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and Predator Films, asserts that part of the film's effectiveness in frightening viewers "comes from the fact that the audience can all identify with the characters...Everyone aboard the Nostromo is a normal, everyday, working Joe just like the rest of us. They just happen to live and work in the future."[44]

Filming

In a film studio, a director operates a crane-mounted camera aimed at a large grey model spacecraft, raised several feet in the air by a support structure underneath. The model is lit from one side by bright studio lights and has tall spires with many pieces protruding from them.
Ridley Scott filming model shots of the Nostromo and its attached ore refinery. He made slow passes filming at 2½ frames per second to give the models the appearance of motion.[23]

Alien was filmed over fourteen weeks from July 5 to October 21, 1978. Principal photography took place at Shepperton Studios near London, while model and miniature filming was done at Bray Studios in Water Oakley, Berkshire.[40] Production time was short due to the film's low budget and pressure from 20th Century Fox to finish on schedule.[43] A crew of over 200 workmen and technicians constructed the three principal sets: The surface of the alien planetoid and the interiors of the Nostromo and derelict spacecraft.[23] Art Director Les Dilley created 1/24th scale miniatures of the planetoid's surface and derelict spacecraft based on Giger's designs, then made moulds and casts and scaled them up as diagrams for the wood and fiberglass forms of the sets.[38] Tons of sand, plaster, fiberglass, rock, and gravel were shipped into the studio to sculpt a desert landscape for the planetoid's surface, which the actors would walk across wearing space suit costumes.[23] The suits themselves were thick, bulky, and lined with nylon, had no cooling systems and, initially, no venting for their exhaled carbon dioxide to escape.[45] Combined with a heat wave, these conditions nearly caused the actors to pass out and nurses had to be kept on-hand with oxygen tanks.[43][45] For scenes showing the exterior of the Nostromo, a 58-foot (18 m) landing leg was constructed to give a sense of the ship's size. Ridley Scott still did not think that it looked large enough, so he had his two sons and the son of Derek Vanlint, the cinematographer, stand in for the regular actors, wearing smaller space suits to make the set pieces seem larger.[45][46] The same technique was used for the scene in which the crew members encounter the dead alien creature in the derelict spacecraft. The children nearly collapsed due to the heat of the suits, and eventually oxygen systems were added to assist the actors in breathing.[43][45] Four identical cats were used to portray Jones, the Nostromo crew's pet.[40] During filming Sigourney Weaver discovered that she was allergic to the combination of cat hair and the glycerin placed on the actors' skin to make them appear sweaty. By removing the glycerin she was able to continue working with the cats.[47][43]

Alien originally was to conclude with the destruction of the Nostromo while Ripley escapes in the shuttle Narcissus. However, Ridley Scott conceived of a "fourth act" to the film in which the Alien appears on the shuttle and Ripley is forced to confront it. He pitched the idea to 20th Century Fox and negotiated an increase in the budget to film the scene over several extra days.[32][48] Scott had wanted the Alien to bite off Ripley's head and then make the final log entry in her voice, but the producers vetoed this idea as they believed that the Alien had to die at the end of the film.[48]

Post-production

Editing and post-production work on Alien took roughly 20 weeks to complete.[49] Terry Rawlings served as editor, having previously worked with Scott on editing sound for The Duellists.[49] Scott and Rawlings edited much of the film to have a slow pace to build suspense for the more tense and frightening moments. According to Rawlings: "I think the way we did get it right was by keeping it slow, funny enough, which is completely different from what they do today. And I think the slowness of it made the moments that you wanted people to be sort of scared...then we could go as fast as we liked because you've sucked people into a corner and then attacked them, so to speak. And I think that's how it worked."[49] The first cut of the film was over three hours long; further editing trimmed the final version to just under two hours.[49][50]

One scene that was cut from the film occurred during Ripley's final escape from the Nostromo: she encounters Dallas and Brett who have been partially cocooned by the Alien. O'Bannon had intended the scene to indicate that Brett was becoming an alien egg while Dallas was held nearby to be implanted by the resulting facehugger.[30] Production Designer Michael Seymour later suggested that Dallas had "become sort of food for the alien creature",[46] while Ivor Powell suggested that "Dallas is found in the ship as an egg, still alive."[49] Scott remarked that "they're morphing, metamorphosing, they are changing into...being consumed, I guess, by whatever the Alien's organism is...into an egg."[32] The scene was cut partly because it did not look realistic enough and partly because it slowed the pace of the escape sequence.[30][48] Tom Skerritt remarked that "The picture had to have that pace. Her trying to get the hell out of there, we're all rooting for her to get out of there, and for her to slow up and have a conversation with Dallas was not appropriate."[49] The footage was included amongst other deleted scenes as a special feature on the Laserdisc release of Alien, and a shortened version of it was re-inserted into the 2003 Director's Cut which was re-released in theaters and on DVD.[30][51]

Music

Main article: Alien (soundtrack)
Jerry Goldsmith composed the music for Alien.

The musical score for Alien was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, conducted by Lionel Newman, and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. Ridley Scott had originally wanted the film to be scored by Isao Tomita, but 20th Century Fox wanted a more familiar composer and Goldsmith was recommended by then-President of Fox Alan Ladd, Jr.[52] Goldsmith wanted to create a sense of romanticism and lyrical mystery in the film's opening scenes, which would build throughout the film to suspense and fear.[49] Scott did not like Goldsmith's original main title piece, however, so Goldsmith rewrote it as "the obvious thing: weird and strange, and which everybody loved."[49][52] Another source of tension was editor Terry Rawlings' choice to use pieces of Goldsmith's music from previous films, including a piece from Freud: The Secret Passion, and to use an excerpt from Howard Hanson's Symphony No. 2 ("Romantic") for the end credits.[49][52][53][54]

Scott and Rawlings had also become attached to several of the musical cues they had used for the temporary score while editing the film, and re-edited some of Goldsmith's cues and re-scored several sequences to match these cues and even left the temporary score in place in some parts of the finished film.[49] Goldsmith later remarked that "you can see that I was sort of like going at opposite ends of the pole with the filmmakers of the picture."[49] Nevertheless, Scott praised Goldsmith's score as "full of dark beauty"[52] and "seriously threatening, but beautiful."[49] It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album, and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.[15] The score has been released as a soundtrack album in several versions with different tracks and sequences.[55]

Design

H. R. Giger, who designed and worked on the Alien and its accompanying elements
Carlo Rambaldi created the mechanical head-effects for the Alien

O'Bannon brought in artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss (with whom he had worked on Dark Star and Dune, respectively) to work on designs for the human aspects of the film such as the spaceship and space suits.[35][56] Cobb created hundreds of preliminary sketches of the interiors and exteriors of the ship, which went through many design concepts and possible names such as Leviathan and Snark as the script continued to develop. The final name of the ship was derived from the title of Joseph Conrad's 1904 novel Nostromo, while the escape shuttle, called Narcissus in the script, was named after Conrad's 1897 novella The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'.[57] The production team particularly praised Cobb's ability to depict the interior settings of the ship in a realistic and believable manner. Under Ridley Scott's direction the design of the Nostromo shifted towards an 800-foot-long (240 m) tug towing a refining platform 2 miles (3.2 km) long and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide.[23] Cobb also created some conceptual drawings of the Alien, but these were not used.[35][56] Moebius was attached to the project for a few days as well, and his costume renderings served as the basis for the final space suits created by costume designer John Mollo.[23][56]

Sets

The sets of the Nostromo's three decks were each created almost entirely in one piece, with each deck occupying a separate stage and the various rooms connected via corridors. To move around the sets the actors had to navigate through the hallways of the ship, adding to the film's sense of claustrophobia and realism.[23][43][58] The sets used large transistors and low-resolution computer screens to give the ship a "used", industrial look and make it appear as though it was constructed of "retrofitted old technology".[46] Ron Cobb created industrial-style symbols and color-coded signs for various areas and aspects of the ship.[46] The company that owns the Nostromo is not named in the film, and is referred to by the characters as "the company". However, the name and logo of "Weylan-Yutani" appears on several set pieces and props such as computer monitors and beer cans.[57] Cobb created the name to imply a business alliance between Britain and Japan, deriving "Weylan" from the British Leyland Motor Corporation and "Yutani" from the name of his Japanese neighbor.[56][59] The 1986 sequel Aliens named the company as "Weyland-Yutani",[56][60] and it has remained a central aspect of the film franchise.

Art Director Roger Christian used scrap metal and parts to create set pieces and props to save money, a technique he employed while working on Star Wars.[46][61] Some of the Nostromo's corridors were created from portions of scrapped bomber aircraft, and a mirror was used to create the illusion of longer corridors in the below-deck area.[46] Special effects supervisors Brian Johnson and Nick Allder made many of the set pieces and props function, including moving chairs, computer monitors, motion trackers, and flamethrowers.[47][23]

H. R. Giger designed and worked on all of the alien aspects of the film, which he designed to appear organic and biomechanical in contrast to the industrial look of the Nostromo and its human elements.[23][46] For the interior of the derelict spacecraft and egg chamber he used dried bones together with plaster to sculpt much of the scenery and elements.[23][46] Veronica Cartwright described Giger's sets as "so erotic...it's big vaginas and penises...the whole thing is like you're going inside of some sort of womb or whatever...it's sort of visceral".[46] The set with the deceased alien creature, which the production team nicknamed the "space jockey", proved problematic as 20th Century Fox did not want to spend the money for such an expensive set that would only be used for one scene. Ridley Scott described the set as the cockpit or driving deck of the mysterious ship, and the production team was able to convince the studio that the scene was important to impress the audience and make them aware that this was not a B movie.[46][62] To save money only one wall of the set was created, and the "space jockey" sat atop a disc that could be rotated to facilitate shots from different angles in relation to the actors.[23][62] Giger airbrushed the entire set and the "space jockey" by hand.[46][62]

The origin of the jockey creature was not explored in the film, but Scott later theorized that it might have been the ship's pilot, and that the ship might have been a weapons carrier capable of dropping alien eggs onto a planet so that the aliens could use the local lifeforms as hosts.[32] In early versions of the script the eggs were to be located in a separate pyramid structure which would be found later by the Nostromo crew and would contain statues and hieroglyphs depicting the alien reproductive cycle, offering a contrast of the human, alien, and space jockey cultures.[24] Cobb, Foss, and Giger each created concept artwork for these sequences, but they were eventually discarded due to budgetary concerns and the need to trim the length of the film.[23] Instead the egg chamber was set inside the derelict ship and was filmed on the same set as the space jockey scene; the entire disc piece supporting the jockey and its chair were removed and the set was redressed to create the egg chamber.[23] Light effects in the egg chamber were created by lasers borrowed from English rock band The Who. The band was testing the lasers for use in their stage show in the sound stage next door.[63]

Spaceships and planets

I resent films that are so shallow they rely entirely on their visual effects, and of course science fiction films are notorious for this. I've always felt that there's another way to do it: a lot of effort should be expended toward rendering the environment of the spaceship, or space travel, whatever the fantastic setting of your story should be–as convincingly as possible, but always in the background. That way the story and the characters emerge and they become more real.

—Ron Cobb on his designs for Alien[23]

The spaceships and planets for the film were shot using models and miniatures. These included models of the Nostromo, its attached mineral refinery, the escape shuttle Narcissus, the alien planetoid, and the exterior and interior of the derelict spacecraft. Visual Effects Supervisor Brian Johnson, supervising modelmaker Martin Bower, and their team worked at Bray Studios, roughly 25 miles (40 km) from Shepperton Studios where principal filming was taking place.[64][65] The designs of the Nostromo and its attachments were based on combinations of Ridley Scott's storyboards and Ron Cobb's conceptual drawings.[64] The basic outlines of the models were made of wood and plastic, and most of the fine details were added from model kits of warships, tanks, and World War II bombers. Three models of the Nostromo were made: a 12-inch (30 cm) version for medium and long shots, a 4-foot (1.2 m) version for rear shots, and a 12-foot (3.7 m), 7-short-ton (6.4 t) rig for the undocking and planetoid surface sequences.[23][65] Scott insisted on numerous changes to the models even as filming was taking place, leading to conflicts with the modeling and filming teams. The Nostromo was originally yellow, and the team filmed shots of the models for six weeks before Johnson left to work on The Empire Strikes Back. Scott then ordered it changed to gray, and the team had to begin shooting again from scratch.[64][65] He ordered more and more pieces added to the model until the final large version with the refinery required a metal framework so that it could be lifted by a forklift. He also used a hammer and chisel on sections of the refinery, knocking off many of its spires which Bower had spent weeks creating. Scott also had disagreements with miniature effects cinematographer Dennis Ayling over how to light the models.[64]

A separate model, approximately 40 feet (12 m) long, was created for the Nostromo's underside from which the Narcissus would detach and from which Kane's body would be launched during the funeral scene. Bower carved Kane's burial shroud out of wood and it was launched through the hatch using a small catapult and filmed at high speed, then slowed down in editing.[64][66] Only one shot was filmed using blue screen compositing: that of the shuttle racing past the Nostromo. The other shots were simply filmed against black backdrops, with stars added via double exposure.[65] Though motion control photography technology was available at the time, the film's budget would not allow for it. The team therefore used a camera with wide-angle lenses mounted on a drive mechanism to make slow passes over and around the models filming at 2½ frames per second,[23] giving them the appearance of motion. Scott added smoke and wind effects to enhance the illusion.[64] For the scene in which the Nostromo detaches from the refinery, a 30-foot (9.1 m) docking arm was created using pieces from model railway kits. The Nostromo was pushed away from the refinery by the forklift, which was covered in black velvet, causing the arm to extend out from the refinery. This created the illusion that the arm was pushing the ship forward.[64][65] Shots from outside the ship in which the characters are seen through windows moving around inside were filmed using larger models which contained projection screens showing pre-recorded footage.[64]

A separate model was created for the exterior of the derelict alien spacecraft. Matte paintings were used to fill in areas of the ship's interior as well as exterior shots of the planetoid's surface.[64] The surface as seen from space during the landing sequence was created by painting a globe white, then mixing chemicals and dyes onto transparencies and projecting them onto it.[23][65] The planetoid was not named in the film, but some drafts of the script gave it the name Acheron[67] after the river which in Greek mythology is described as the "stream of woe", a branch of the river Styx, and which forms the border of Hell in Dante's Inferno. The 1986 sequel Aliens named the planetoid as "LV-426",[60] and both names have been used for it in subsequent expanded universe media such as comic books and video games.

Creature effects

A man covered with sweat lays on a medical examination table, with a spider-like alien creature covering his face. The creature is beige in color and has four long, thin fingers on either side of its body that grasp tightly around the man's head, and its long tail is coiled around his neck.
The "facehugger" was the first creature Giger designed for the film, giving it human-like fingers and a long tail.[68][58]

The scene of Kane inspecting the egg was shot during post-production. A fiberglass egg was used so that actor John Hurt could shine his light on it and see movement inside, which was provided by Ridley Scott fluttering his hands inside the egg while wearing rubber gloves.[62] The top of the egg opened via hydraulics, and the innards were made of a cow's stomach and tripe.[68][62] Initial test shots of the eggs were filmed using hen's eggs, and this footage was used in early teaser trailers. For this reason a hen's egg was used as the primary image for the film's advertising poster, and became a lasting image for the series as a whole rather than the Alien egg that actually appears in the film.[62]

The "facehugger" and its proboscis, which was made of a sheep's intestine, were shot out of the egg using high-pressure air hoses. The shot was acted out and filmed in reverse, then reversed and slowed down in editing to prolong the effect and show more detail.[68][62] The facehugger itself was the first creature that Giger designed for the film, going through several versions in different sizes before deciding on a small creature with humanlike fingers and a long tail.[68][58] Dan O'Bannon drew his own version based on Giger's design, with help from Ron Cobb, which became the final version.[32][58] Cobb came up with the idea that the creature could have a powerful acid for blood, a characteristic that would carry over to the adult Alien and would make it impossible for the crew to kill it by conventional means such as guns or explosives, since the acid would burn through the ship's hull.[32][24] For the scene in which the dead facehugger is examined, Scott used pieces of fish and shellfish to create its viscera.[68][62]

The head and tail of an alien creature is emerging from the ruptured chest cavity of a dead man. The small eyeless creature is beige in color, has sharp metallic-looking teeth and a long segmented tail. A significant amount of blood covers the creature and the man's body.
The "chestburster" was shoved up through the table and a false torso by a puppeteer.[68] The scene has been recognized as one of the film's most memorable.

The design of the "chestburster" was inspired by Francis Bacon's 1944 painting Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion.[68] Giger's original design resembled a plucked chicken, which was redesigned and refined into the final version seen onscreen.[68] Screenwriter Dan O'Bannon credits his experiences with Crohn's disease for inspiring the chest-busting scene.[69]

For the filming of the chestburster scene, the cast members knew that the creature would be bursting out of Hurt, and had seen the chestburster puppet, but they had not been told that fake blood would also be bursting out in every direction from high-pressure pumps and squibs.[47][70] The scene was shot in one take using an artificial torso filled with blood and viscera, with Hurt's head and arms coming up from underneath the table. The chestburster was shoved up through the torso by a puppeteer who held it on a stick. When the creature burst through the chest a stream of blood shot directly at Veronica Cartwright, shocking her enough that she fell over and went into hysterics.[47][68][23] According to Tom Skerritt: "What you saw on camera was the real response. She had no idea what the hell happened. All of a sudden this thing just came up."[68] The creature then runs off-camera, an effect accomplished by cutting a slit in the table for the puppeteer's stick to go through and passing an air hose through the puppet's tail to make it whip about.[68]

The real-life surprise of the actors gave the scene an intense sense of realism and made it one of the film's most memorable moments. During preview screenings the crew noticed that some viewers would move towards the back of the theater so as not to be too close to the screen during the sequence.[50] In subsequent years the chestburster scene has often been voted as one of the most memorable moments in film.[71] In 2007, the British film magazine Empire named it as the greatest 18-rated moment in film as part of its "18th birthday" issue, ranking it above the decapitation scene in The Omen (1976) and the transformation sequence in An American Werewolf in London (1981).[72]

For the scene in which Ash is revealed to be an android and has his head knocked off, a puppet was created of the character's torso and upper body which was operated from underneath by a small puppeteer.[43] During a preview screening of the film, this scene caused an usher to faint.[50][73] In the following scene, Ash's head is placed on a table and re-activated; for portions of this scene, an animatronic head was made using a face cast of actor Ian Holm.[48] However, the latex of the head shrank while curing and the result was not entirely convincing.[43] For the bulk of the scene, Holm knelt under the table with his head coming up through a hole and milk, caviar, pasta, fiber optics, and glass marbles were used to show the android's inner workings and fluids.[43][48]

The Alien

Further information on the creature: Alien (creature in Alien franchise)
A tall human-like alien creature stands inside the cargo hold of a spacecraft. It is all black in color, has a long, horizontally configured phallic-shaped head with its long rigid tongue extended, long arms with six digits on each hand, and long tubes protruding from its back.
Bolaji Badejo in costume as the Alien. The suit was made of latex, with the head as a separate piece housing the moving parts which controlled the second mouth.

Giger made several conceptual paintings of the adult Alien before crafting the final version. He sculpted the creature's body using plasticine, incorporating pieces such as vertebrae from snakes and cooling tubes from a Rolls-Royce.[67][68] The creature's head was manufactured separately by Carlo Rambaldi, who had worked on the aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind.[66] Rambaldi followed Giger's designs closely, making some modifications in order to incorporate the moving parts which would animate the jaw and inner mouth.[68] A system of hinges and cables was used to operate the creature's rigid tongue, which protruded from the main mouth and had a second mouth at the tip of it with its own set of movable teeth.[68] The final head had about 900 moving parts and points of articulation.[68] Part of a human skull was used as the "face", and was hidden under the smooth, translucent cover of the head.[67] Rambaldi's original Alien jaw is now on display in the Smithsonian Institution,[48] while in April 2007 the original Alien suit was sold at auction.[74] Copious amounts of K-Y Jelly were used to simulate saliva and to give the Alien an overall slimy appearance.[68][58] The creature's vocalizations were provided by Percy Edwards, a voice artist famous for providing bird sounds for British television throughout the 1960s and 1970s as well as the whale sounds for Orca: Killer Whale (1977).[52][75]

For most of the film's scenes the Alien was portrayed by Bolaji Badejo. A latex costume was specifically made to fit Badejo's 6-foot-10-inch (208 cm) slender frame, made by taking a full-body plaster cast of him.[68][23] Scott later commented that "It's a man in a suit, but then it would be, wouldn't it? It takes on elements of the host – in this case, a man."[37] Badejo attended t'ai chi and mime classes in order to create convincing movements for the Alien.[67][68] For some scenes, such as when the Alien lowers itself from the ceiling to kill Brett, the creature was portrayed by stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell;[23][76] in that scene a costumed Powell was suspended on wires and then lowered in an unfurling motion.[68][62]

"I've never liked horror films before, because in the end it's always been a man in a rubber suit. Well, there's one way to deal with that. The most important thing in a film of this type is not what you see, but the effect of what you think you saw."[23]

—Ridley Scott

Scott chose not to show the Alien in full through most of the film, showing only pieces of it while keeping most of its body in shadow in order to heighten the sense of terror and suspense. The audience could thus project their own fears into imagining what the rest of the creature might look like:[68] "Every movement is going to be very slow, very graceful, and the Alien will alter shape so you never really know exactly what he looks like."[23] The Alien has been referred to as "one of the most iconic movie monsters in film history" in the decades since the film's release, being noted for its biomechanical appearance and sexual overtones.[77] Roger Ebert has remarked that "Alien uses a tricky device to keep the alien fresh throughout the movie: It evolves the nature and appearance of the creature, so we never know quite what it looks like or what it can do...The first time we get a good look at the alien, as it bursts from the chest of poor Kane (John Hurt). It is unmistakably phallic in shape, and the critic Tim Dirks mentions its 'open, dripping vaginal mouth.'"[20]

Marketing

Further information: Alien (soundtrack) and List of Alien, Predator and Alien vs. Predator games

Around and shortly after Alien's release in theaters, a number of merchandise items and media were released and sold to coincide with the film. These included a novelization by Alan Dean Foster, in both adult and "junior" versions, which was adapted from the film's shooting script.[52] Heavy Metal magazine published a comic strip adaptation of the film entitled Alien: The Illustrated Story, as well as a 1980 Alien calendar.[52] Two behind-the-scenes books were released in 1979 to accompany the film: The Book of Alien contained many production photographs and details on the making of the film, while Giger's Alien contained much of H. R. Giger's concept artwork for the movie.[52] A soundtrack album was released as an LP featuring selections of Goldsmith's score, and a single of the main theme was released in 1980.[55] A 12-inch tall model kit of the Alien was released by the Model Products Corporation in the United States and by Airfix in the United Kingdom.[78] Kenner also produced a larger-scale Alien action figure, as well as a board game in which players raced to be first to reach the shuttle pod while Aliens roamed the Nostromo's corridors and air shafts.[78] Official Halloween costumes of the Alien were released for October 1979.[78] Several computer games based on the film were released, but not until several years after its theatrical run.[78]

Release

"It was the most incredible preview I've ever been in. I mean, people were screaming and running out of the theater."[73]

—Editor Terry Rawlings describing the film's screening in Dallas.

An initial screening of Alien for 20th Century Fox representatives in St. Louis suffered from poor sound in the theater. A subsequent screening in a newer theater in Dallas went significantly better, eliciting genuine fright from the audience.[73] Two theatrical trailers were shown to the public. The first consisted of rapidly changing still images set to some of Jerry Goldsmith's electronic music from Logan's Run. The second used test footage of a hen's egg set to part of Goldsmith's Alien score.[50] The film was previewed in various American cities in the spring of 1979[50] and was promoted by the tagline "In space, no one can hear you scream."[73][79]

Alien was rated "R" in the United States, "X" in the United Kingdom, and "M" in Australia.[40] In the UK, the British Board of Film Classification almost passed the film as an "AA" (for ages 14 and over), although there were concerns over the prevalent sexual imagery. 20th Century Fox eventually relented in pushing for an AA certificate after deciding that an X rating would be a better choice commercially for selling a horror film.[80]

Alien opened in American theaters on May 25, 1979.[79] The film had no formal premiere, yet moviegoers lined up for blocks to see it at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood where a number of models, sets, and props were displayed outside to promote it during its first run.[50][73] Religious zealots set fire to the model of the space jockey, believing it to be the work of the devil.[50] In the United Kingdom, Alien premiered at a gala performance at the Edinburgh Film Festival on September 1, 1979,[81][82] before starting an exclusive run at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on September 6, 1979, but it did not open widely in Britain until January 13, 1980.[50]

Critical reception

Critical reaction to the film was initially mixed. Some critics who were not usually favorable towards science fiction, such as Barry Norman of the BBC's Film series, were positive about the film's merits.[50] Others, however, were not; reviews by Variety, Sight and Sound, Vincent Canby and Leonard Maltin were mixed or negative.[83] (Maltin, however, reassessed the film upon the release of the Director's Cut and gave Alien a positive review.[84]) A review by Time Out said the film was an "empty bag of tricks whose production values and expensive trickery cannot disguise imaginative poverty".[85] In a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews discussing science fiction films of the 1950s and 1970s, critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert were critical of Alien. Ebert called it "basically just an intergalactic haunted house thriller set inside a spaceship" and one of several science fiction pictures that were "real disappointments" compared to Star Wars, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and 2001: A Space Odyssey, though he did compliment the early scene of the Nostromo's crew exploring the alien planet as showing "real imagination".[86] However, the film later made it onto Ebert's Great Movies list, giving it four stars and stating, "Ridley Scott's 1979 movie is a great original."[87]

The film currently holds a 97% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 102 reviews, with the consensus reading: "A modern classic, Alien blends science fiction, horror and bleak poetry into a seamless whole."[88]

Box office

The film was a commercial success, making $78,900,000 in the United States and £7,886,000 in the United Kingdom during its first run.[50] It ultimately grossed $80,931,801 in the United States, while international box office figures have varied from $24,000,000 to $122,700,000. Its total worldwide gross has been listed within the range of $104,931,801[10] to $203,630,630.[9]

According to 20th Century Fox accounts, however, by April 1980 when the film had earned a reported $100 million at the box office, after advertising, distribution fees, penalties and other costs were deducted, it was still recorded as having made a loss to the studio of $2.4 million. This was seen as an example of Hollywood creative accounting and was much criticised.[89] By August 1980 Fox was saying the film was $4 million in profit.[90]

Accolades

Further information: List of accolades received by Alien

Alien won the 1979 Academy Award for Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Art Direction (for Michael Seymour, Leslie Dilley, Roger Christian, and Ian Whittaker).[12][15] It won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Ridley Scott, and Best Supporting Actress for Veronica Cartwright,[14] and was also nominated in the categories of Best Actress for Sigourney Weaver, Best Make-up for Pat Hay, Best Special Effects for Brian Johnson and Nick Allder, and Best Writing for Dan O'Bannon.[15] It was also nominated for British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards for Best Costume Design for John Mollo, Best Editing for Terry Rawlings, Best Supporting Actor for John Hurt, and Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role for Sigourney Weaver.[15] It also won a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was nominated for a British Society of Cinematographers award for Best Cinematography for Derek Vanlint, as well as a Silver Seashell award for Best Cinematography and Special Effects at the San Sebastián International Film Festival.[15] Jerry Goldsmith's score received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album, and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.[15]

Home video

Alien has been released in many home video formats and packages over the years. The first of these was a seventeen-minute Super-8 version for home projectionists.[78] It was also released on both VHS and Betamax for rental, which grossed it an additional $40,300,000 in the United States alone.[50] Several VHS releases were subsequently sold both singly and as boxed sets. LaserDisc and Videodisc versions followed, including deleted scenes and director commentary as bonus features.[78][91] A VHS box set containing Alien and its sequels Aliens and Alien 3 was released in facehugger-shaped boxes, and included some of the deleted scenes from the Laserdisc editions.[91] When Alien: Resurrection premiered in theaters, another set of the first three films was released including a Making of Alien: Resurrection tape. A few months later the set was re-released with the full version of Alien: Resurrection taking the place of the making-of video.[91] Alien was released on DVD in 1999, both singly and, as The Alien Legacy, packaged with Aliens, Alien 3 and Alien: Resurrection.[92] This set, which was also released in a VHS version, included a commentary track by Ridley Scott.[78][91] The first three films of the series have also been packaged as the Alien Triple Pack.

"The traditional definition of the term 'Director's Cut' suggests the restoration of a director's original vision, free of any creative limitations. It suggests that the filmmaker has finally overcome the interference of heavy-handed studio executives, and that the film has been restored to its original, untampered form. Such is not the case with Alien: The Director's Cut. It's a completely different beast."[93]

—Ridley Scott

In 2003, 20th Century Fox was preparing the Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set, which would include Alien and its three sequels. In addition, the set would also include alternate versions of all four films in the form of "special editions" and "director's cuts". Fox approached Ridley Scott to digitally restore and remaster Alien, and to restore several scenes which had been cut during the editing process for inclusion in an expanded version of the film.[93] Upon viewing the expanded version, Scott felt that it was too long and chose to recut it into a more streamlined alternate version:

Upon viewing the proposed expanded version of the film, I felt that the cut was simply too long and the pacing completely thrown off. After all, I cut those scenes out for a reason back in 1979. However, in the interest of giving the fans a new experience with Alien, I figured there had to be an appropriate middle ground. I chose to go in and recut that proposed long version into a more streamlined and polished alternate version of the film. For marketing purposes, this version is being called "The Director's Cut."[93]

The "Director's Cut" restored roughly four minutes of deleted footage while cutting about five minutes of other material, leaving it about a minute shorter than the theatrical cut.[50] Many of the changes were minor, such as altered sound effects, while the restored footage included the scene in which Ripley discovers the cocooned Dallas and Brett during her escape of the Nostromo. Fox decided to release the Director's Cut in theaters, and it premiered on October 31, 2003.[50] The Alien Quadrilogy box set was released December 2, 2003, with both versions of the film included along with a new commentary track featuring many of the film's actors, writers, and production staff, as well as other special features and a documentary entitled The Beast Within: The Making of Alien. Each film was also released separately as a DVD with both versions of the film included. Scott noted that he was very pleased with the original theatrical cut of Alien, saying that "For all intents and purposes, I felt that the original cut of Alien was perfect. I still feel that way", and that the original 1979 theatrical version "remains my version of choice".[93] He has since stated that he considers both versions "director's cuts", as he feels that the 1979 version was the best he could possibly have made it at the time.[93]

The Alien Quadrilogy set earned Alien a number of new awards and nominations. It won DVDX Exclusive Awards for Best Audio Commentary and Best Overall DVD, Classic Movie, and was also nominated for Best Behind-the-Scenes Program and Best Menu Design.[15] It also won a Sierra Award for Best DVD, and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best DVD Collection and Golden Satellite Awards for Best DVD Extras and Best Overall DVD.[15] In 2010 both the theatrical version and Director's Cut of Alien were released on Blu-ray Disc, as a stand-alone release and as part of the Alien Anthology set.[94]

In 2014, to mark the film's 35th anniversary, a special re-release box set named Alien: 35th Anniversary Edition, containing the film on Blu-ray, a digital copy, a reprint of Alien: The Illustrated Story, and a series of collectible art cards containing artwork by H.R. Giger related to the film, was released.[95] The disk itself is the same as the respective disk on the 2010 Anthology Blu-ray release, and contains MU-TH-UR mode, despite the lack of the required bonus disk.[jargon] A reprint of the novel by Alan Dean Foster was also released.

Legacy

Sequels

Further information: Alien (franchise)
Sigourney Weaver became the star of the Alien films, reprising her role as Ripley in three sequels between 1986 and 1997. She did not appear in either of the Alien vs. Predator crossovers of the 2000s, but has expressed interest in doing a fifth Alien film.

The success of Alien led 20th Century Fox to finance three direct sequels over the next eighteen years, each by different writers and directors. Sigourney Weaver remained the only recurring actor through all four films, and the story of her character Ripley's encounters with the Aliens became the thematic thread running through the series.[20] James Cameron's Aliens (1986) focused more on action and involved Ripley returning to the planetoid accompanied by marines to confront hordes of Aliens.[60] David Fincher's Alien 3 (1992) had nihilistic tones[44] and found her on a prison planet battling another Alien, ultimately sacrificing herself to prevent her employers from acquiring the creatures.[96] Jean-Pierre Jeunet's Alien: Resurrection (1997) saw Ripley resurrected through cloning to battle more Aliens even further in the future.[97]

The success of the film series resulted in the creation of a media franchise with numerous novels, comic books, video games, toys, and other media and merchandise appearing over the years. A number of these began appearing under the Alien vs. Predator crossover imprint, which brought the Alien creatures together with the titular Predators of the Predator franchise. The film series eventually followed suit, with Paul W. S. Anderson's Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Colin and Greg Strause's Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007). These stories are set in the 2000s.[98][99][100]

Sigourney Weaver has expressed interest in reuniting with Ridley Scott to revive her character for another Alien film. In the 2003 commentary track for the Alien DVD included in the Alien Quadrilogy set, she and Scott both speculated on the possibility, with Weaver stating: "There is an appetite for a fifth one, which is something I never expected...it's really hard to come up with a fifth story that's new and fresh...but I have wanted to go back into space...I think outer space adventure is a good thing for us right now, 'cause Earth is so grim...so we've been talking about it, but very generally."[32] Scott remarked that, if the series were to continue, the most logical course would be to explore the origins of the space jockey and the Aliens.[101] Weaver supported this idea, stating that "I think it would be great to go back, because I'm asked that question so many times: 'Where did the Alien come from?' People really want to know in a very visceral way."[32] David Giler stated that he, Walter Hill, and Gordon Carroll, the producers of the first four films in the series, would not be willing to produce another unless it was about the Aliens' homeworld and Weaver was on board (although they were among the producers of Alien vs. Predator films). Weaver, in turn, indicated that she would only return to the franchise if either Scott or James Cameron were directing.[102] Cameron had been working on a story for a fifth Alien film which would explore the origins of the creatures, but ceased work on it when he learned that Fox was pursuing Alien vs. Predator, which he felt would "kill the validity of the franchise".[103][104] Weaver has continued to express interest in another installment, stating in 2008 that "I would definitely do another if I had a director like Ridley Scott and we had a good idea. Ridley is enthusiastic about it."[105]

In July 2009, 20th Century Fox announced that Jon Spaihts had been hired to write a prequel to Alien, with Scott attached to direct.[106] The script was subsequently re-worked by Scott and Damon Lindelof. Titled Prometheus, it went into production in May 2011, and was subsequently released in 2012. Scott released a statement: "While Alien was indeed the jumping-off point for this project, out of the creative process evolved a new, grand mythology and universe in which this original story takes place. The keen fan will recognize strands of Alien's DNA, so to speak, but the ideas tackled in this film are unique, large and provocative."[107]

Variety reported on February 18, 2015 that a new Alien film will be directed by Neill Blomkamp.[108] On February 25, it was confirmed that Sigourney Weaver would have a role in the film.[109]

Imitations

"The 1979 Alien is a much more cerebral movie than its sequels, with the characters (and the audience) genuinely engaged in curiosity about this weirdest of lifeforms...Unfortunately, the films it influenced studied its thrills but not its thinking."[20]

—Film critic Roger Ebert on Alien's cinematic impact.

Alien had both an immediate and long-term impact on the science fiction and horror genres. Shortly after its debut, Dan O'Bannon was sued by another writer named Jack Hammer for allegedly plagiarising a script entitled Black Space. However, O'Bannon was able to prove that he had written his Alien script first.[110] In the wake of Alien's success a number of other filmmakers imitated or adapted some of its elements, sometimes by copying its title. One of the first was The Alien Dead (1979), which was titled at the last minute to cash in on Alien's popularity.[111] Contamination (1980) was initially going to be titled Alien 2 until 20th Century Fox's lawyers contacted writer/director Luigi Cozzi and made him change it, and it built on press coverage of Alien's chestburster scene by having many similar creatures, which originated from large, slimy eggs, bursting from characters' chests.[111] An unauthorized sequel to Alien, titled Alien 2: On Earth, was released in 1980 and included alien creatures which incubate inside human hosts. Other science fiction films of the time that borrowed elements from Alien include Galaxy of Terror (1981), Inseminoid (1981), Forbidden World (1982), Xtro (1982), and Dead Space (1991).[111]

The film studio The Asylum has produced two mockbusters based on the Alien franchise: AVH: Alien vs. Hunter (based on the crossover Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem) and Alien Origin (based on Prometheus).

Analysis

Critics have analyzed Alien's sexual overtones. Following Barbara Creed's analysis of the Alien creature as a representation of the "monstrous-feminine as archaic mother,"[112] Ximena Gallardo C. and C. Jason Smith compared the facehugger's attack on Kane to a male rape and the chestburster scene to a form of violent birth, noting that the Alien's phallic head and method of killing the crew members add to the sexual imagery.[113][114] The film's script author, Dan O'Bannon, has argued that the scene is a metaphor for the male fear of penetration, and that the "oral invasion" of Kane by the facehugger functions as "payback" for the many horror films in which sexually vulnerable women are attacked by male monsters.[115] McIntee claims that "Alien is a rape movie as much as Straw Dogs (1971) or I Spit on Your Grave (1978), or The Accused (1988). On one level it's about an intriguing alien threat. On one level it's about parasitism and disease. And on the level that was most important to the writers and director, it's about sex, and reproduction by non-consensual means. And it's about this happening to a man."[116] He notes how the film plays on men's fear and misunderstanding of pregnancy and childbirth, while also giving women a glimpse into these fears.[117] Film analyst Lina Badley has written that the Alien's design, with strong Freudian sexual undertones, multiple phallic symbols, and overall feminine figure, provides an androgynous image conforming to archetypal mappings and imageries in horror films that often redraw gender lines.[118] O'Bannon himself later described the sexual imagery in Alien as overt and intentional: "One thing that people are all disturbed about is sex... I said 'That's how I'm going to attack the audience; I'm going to attack them sexually. And I'm not going to go after the women in the audience, I'm going to attack the men. I am going to put in every image I can think of to make the men in the audience cross their legs. Homosexual oral rape, birth. The thing lays its eggs down your throat, the whole number.'"[119]

Some have argued the film's narrative details and visual design were inspired by those of the 1965 Italian film Planet of the Vampires, such as a scene in which the crew discovers a ruin containing giant alien skeletons.[120]

In the decades since its original release, critics have analyzed and acknowledged Alien's roots in earlier works of fiction. It has been noted as having similarities with earlier science fiction films such as The Thing from Another World (1951),[20][121] Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954),[122] It! The Terror from Beyond Space (1958),[28][77] Night of the Blood Beast (1958),[123] and Queen of Blood (1966),[124] as well as fellow 1970s horror films Jaws (1975) and Halloween (1978).[20] Literary connections have also been suggested, including thematic comparisons to And Then There Were None (1939).[121] Many critics have also suggested that the film derives in part from A. E. van Vogt's The Voyage of the Space Beagle (1950), particularly its stories "The Black Destroyer", in which a cat-like alien infiltrates the ship and hunts the crew, and "Discord in Scarlet", in which an alien implants parasitic eggs inside crew members which then hatch and eat their way out.[125] O'Bannon, however, denies that this was a source of his inspiration for Alien's story.[22] Van Vogt initiated a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox over the similarities, but Fox settled out of court.[126] Rick Sanchez of IGN noted the "striking resemblance"[127] to Mario Bava's cult classic Planet of the Vampires (1965), especially in a celebrated sequence in which the crew discovers a ruin containing the skeletal remains of long dead giant beings, and in the design and shots of the ship itself, similar to the derelict spacecraft in Alien.[128] Despite the visual similarities, both O'Bannon and director Ridley Scott claimed in a 1979 interview that they had not seen Planet of the Vampires.[129]

Writer David McIntee has also noted similarities to the Doctor Who episode "The Ark in Space" (1975), in which an insectoid queen alien lays larvae inside humans which later eat their way out, a life cycle inspired by that of the ichneumon wasp.[22] He has also noted similarities between the first half of the film, particularly in early versions of the script, to H.P. Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness, "not in storyline, but in dread-building mystery",[130] and calls the finished film "the best Lovecraftian movie ever made, without being a Lovecraft adaptation", due to its similarities in tone and atmosphere to Lovecraft's works.[44] In 2009, Dan O'Bannon said the film was "strongly influenced, tone-wise, by Lovecraft, and one of the things it proved is that you can't adapt Lovecraft effectively without an extremely strong visual style ... What you need is a cinematic equivalent of Lovecraft's prose."[131] Regarding O'Bannon's initial Alien storyline, H. R. Giger stated, "I liked it particularly because I found it was in the vein of Lovecraft, one of my greatest sources of inspiration."[132]

Lasting critical praise

Alien has continued to receive critical acclaim over the years, particularly for its realism and unique environment,[77] and is cited one of the best films of 1979.[133][134] It has a 97% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 89 reviews,[135] while Metacritic gives an 83% approval rating based on 22 reviews.[136] Critical interest in the film was re-ignited in part by the theatrical release of the "Director's Cut" in 2003. Despite having criticized Alien in 1980, Roger Ebert included it in his "Great Movies" column in 2003, ranking it among "the most influential of modern action pictures" and praising its pacing, atmosphere, and settings:

One of the great strengths of Alien is its pacing. It takes its time. It waits. It allows silences (the majestic opening shots are underscored by Jerry Goldsmith with scarcely audible, far-off metallic chatterings). It suggests the enormity of the crew's discovery by building up to it with small steps: The interception of a signal (is it a warning or an SOS?). The descent to the extraterrestrial surface. The bitching by Brett and Parker, who are concerned only about collecting their shares. The masterstroke of the surface murk through which the crew members move, their helmet lights hardly penetrating the soup. The shadowy outline of the alien ship. The sight of the alien pilot, frozen in his command chair. The enormity of the discovery inside the ship ("It's full of ... leathery eggs ...").[20]

McIntee praises Alien as "possibly the definitive combination of horror thriller with science fiction trappings."[44] He notes, however, that it is a horror film first and a science fiction film second, since science fiction normally explores issues of how humanity will develop under other circumstances. Alien, on the other hand, focuses on the plight of people being attacked by a monster: "It's set on a spaceship in the future, but it's about people trying not to get eaten by a drooling monstrous animal. Worse, it's about them trying not to get raped by said drooling monstrous animal."[44] Along with Halloween and Friday the 13th (1980), he describes it as a prototype for the slasher film genre: "The reason it's such a good movie, and wowed both the critics, who normally frown on the genre, and the casual cinema-goer, is that it is a distillation of everything that scares us in the movies."[44] He also describes how the film appeals to a variety of audiences: "Fans of Hitchcockian thrillers like it because it's moody and dark. Gorehounds like it for the chest-burster. Science fiction fans love the hard science fiction trappings and hardware. Men love the battle-for-survival element, and women love not being cast as the helpless victim."[137]

David Edelstein wrote, "Alien remains the key text in the 'body horror' subgenre that flowered (or, depending on your viewpoint, festered) in the seventies, and Giger’s designs covered all possible avenues of anxiety. Men traveled through vulva-like openings, got forcibly impregnated, and died giving birth to rampaging gooey vaginas dentate — how’s that for future shock? This was truly what David Cronenberg would call 'the new flesh,' a dissolution of the boundaries between man and machine, machine and alien, and man and alien, with a psychosexual invasiveness that has never, thank God, been equaled."[138]

In 2002, Alien was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the National Film Preservation Board of the United States,[17] and was inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for historical preservation alongside other films of 1979 including All That Jazz, Apocalypse Now, The Black Stallion, and Manhattan.[16] In 2008 the American Film Institute ranked Alien as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre as part of AFI's 10 Top 10, a CBS television special ranking the ten greatest movies in ten classic American film genres. The ranks were based on a poll of over 1,500 film artists, critics, and historians, with Alien ranking just above Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) and just below Ridley Scott's other science fiction film Blade Runner (1982).[18] The same year, Empire magazine ranked it thirty-third on its list of the five hundred greatest movies of all time, based on a poll of 10,200 readers, critics, and members of the film industry.[19]

The film has also become one of the most influential science-fiction films.[139][140]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Pulleine, Tim (1979). "Alien". Monthly Film Bulletin. 46 (540). London: British Film Institute: 191. ISSN 0027-0407. p.c — 20th Century-Fox (London), A Brandywine-Ronald Shushett production
  2. ^ a b "Alien". American Film Institute. Retrieved August 25, 2015. Production Company: 20th Century-Fox Film Corp. Production Text: a Brandywine-Ronald Shusett production
  3. ^ "Endangering Science Fiction Film". Books.google.com. June 26, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  4. ^ Bryn V. Young-Roberts. "The Film Reader's Guide to James Cameron's Avatar". Books.google.com. p. 77. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  5. ^ Marc Blake; Sara Bailey (July 18, 2013). "Writing the Horror Movie". Books.google.com. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  6. ^ http://fox5sandiego.com/2017/05/18/alien-covenant/
  7. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11145730/Alien-Ridley-Scott-poster.html
  8. ^ "ALIEN". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  9. ^ a b c "Alien - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  10. ^ a b c "Alien (1979)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  11. ^ Official documentation for the film states that the budget was $11 million, but other sources give different numbers. Sigourney Weaver has stated that it was $14 million, while Ridley Scott, Ivor Powell, and Tom Skerritt have each recalled it being closer to $8.4 million. McIntee, 14–15.
  12. ^ a b "Awards database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Alien: Awards". Archived from the original on July 31, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b "Past Saturn Awards". The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, & Horror Films. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Alien (1979) - Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
  16. ^ a b "Films Selected to the National Film Registry, Library of Congress, 1989-2007". National Film Registry. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b "National Film Preservation Board". National Film Preservation Board. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b "AFI's 10 Top 10: Top 10 Sci-Fi". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire magazine. September 25, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Ebert, Roger (October 26, 2003). "Great Movies: Alien (1979)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 14, 2008. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Star Beast: Developing the Story", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h McIntee, 20.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Scanlon, Paul; Michael Cross (1979). The Book of Alien. London: Titan Books. ISBN 1-85286-483-4.
  24. ^ a b c d e McIntee, 21.
  25. ^ McIntee, 21–22.
  26. ^ Alien Evolution (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. 2001.
  27. ^ Alien Saga (DVD). Prometheus Entertainment. 2002.
  28. ^ a b c d e McIntee, 19.
  29. ^ Hays, Matthew (October 23, 2003). "A space odyssey". Montreal Mirror. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ a b c d McIntee, 24.
  31. ^ McIntee, 25.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Dan O'Bannon (Writer), Ridley Scott (Director), Sigourney Weaver (Actor) (2003). Alien (DVD (audio commentary track)). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc.
  33. ^ a b c d McIntee, 26.
  34. ^ Oliver, John (March 3, 2015). "10 great British sci-fi films". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The Visualists: Direction and Design", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  36. ^ McIntee, 26–27.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g McIntee, 27.
  38. ^ a b c d e f McIntee, 29.
  39. ^ a b c "Truckers in Space: Casting", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  40. ^ a b c d McIntee, 14.
  41. ^ McIntee, 22.
  42. ^ Scott, Ridley (2004). The Force Is With Them: The Legacy of Star Wars (Star Wars Trilogy DVD box set, audio commentary track). Los Angeles: Lucasfilm Ltd. and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. Within the context of that fantasy [George Lucas] said people still have to wash behind their ears at night. That was another wonderful touch. It influenced me when I did Alien. I thought I better push it a bit further and make them truck drivers.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fear of the Unknown: Shepperton Studios, 1978", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  44. ^ a b c d e f McIntee, 41.
  45. ^ a b c d McIntee, 33.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Darkest Reaches: Nostromo and Alien Planet", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  47. ^ a b c d McIntee, 32.
  48. ^ a b c d e f McIntee, 35.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Future Tense: Music and Editing", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McIntee, 40.
  51. ^ Alien (Director's Cut) (Alien Quadrilogy, DVD disc 1). Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. December 2, 2003.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h McIntee, 38.
  53. ^ "Symphony 2 Howard Hanson". Ukonline.co.uk. Retrieved October 12, 2015.[permanent dead link]
  54. ^ "Great American Composers". Classicalcdreview.com. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  55. ^ a b McIntee, 38–39.
  56. ^ a b c d e McIntee, 28.
  57. ^ a b McIntee, 15.
  58. ^ a b c d e McIntee, 31.
  59. ^ Mollo, John; Ron Cobb. The Authorized Portfolio of Crew Insignias from the United States Commercial Spaceship Nostromo, Designs and Realizations. I wanted to imply that poor old England is back on its feet and has united with the Japanese, who have taken over the building of spaceships the same way they have now with cars and supertankers. In coming up with a strange company name I thought of British Leyland and Toyota, but we couldn't use "Leyland-Toyota" in the film. Changing one letter gave me "Weylan," and "Yutani" was a Japanese neighbor of mine.
  60. ^ a b c Cameron, James (Director) (2003). Aliens (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: 20th Century Fox.
  61. ^ McIntee, 31–32.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i McIntee, 34.
  63. ^ Nathan, Ian (September 17, 2011). Alien Vault: The Definitive Story of the Making of the Film. Voyageur Press.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Outward Bound: Visual Effects", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  65. ^ a b c d e f McIntee, 36
  66. ^ a b McIntee, 37.
  67. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference McIntee, 30 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "The Eighth Passenger: Creature Design", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien
  69. ^ "The Horror! The Horror! Fright Flicks Finally Get Their Due". New York Observer. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  70. ^ "The Making of Alien's Chestburster Scene". The Guardian. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ Green, Graeme (December 10, 2009). "John Hurt talks Harry Potter, Flamenco and Chestbursters". Metro. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  72. ^ "Alien named as top 18-rated scene". BBC News. April 26, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
  73. ^ a b c d e "A Nightmare Fulfilled: Reaction to the Film", The Beast Within: The Making of Alien.
  74. ^ "Buy the 1979 Original Alien Suit By H.R. Giger". Gadgetmadness.com. April 2, 2007. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  75. ^ McIntee, 18.
  76. ^ Cite error: The named reference McIntee, 30-31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  77. ^ a b c Mackinder, Adrian (January 1, 2002). "Alien (1979) Movie Review". Future Movies. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g McIntee, 39.
  79. ^ a b "Alien". Allrovi. Archived from the original on July 31, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ "Alien: BBFC classification report" (PDF). BBFC. Retrieved May 29, 2012.[permanent dead link]
  81. ^ Derek Malcolm (September 6, 1979). "Something nasty lurking amid the good old Alien corn: Derek Malcolm reviews the new films in London and Edinburgh". The Guardian. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  82. ^ "33rd Edinburgh International Film Festival". British Film Institute. BFI (Online Database). Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  83. ^ "Anti Reviews on Movie-Film-Review". Christopher Tookey. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
  84. ^ Christopher, Rob (September 17, 2013). "Interview: Leonard Maltin Discusses 45 Years Of His Movie Guide". Chicagoist. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  85. ^ Halliwell, Leslie; Walker (editor), John (2001). Halliwell's Film & Video Guide 2001 (16th Edition). London: Harper Collins. p. 16. ISBN 0-00-653219-5. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  86. ^ "Invasion of the Outer Space Movies". Sneak Previews. Siskel&Ebert.org. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  87. ^ Ebert, Chaz (October 26, 2003). "Alien Movie Review & Film Summary (1979)". Roger Ebert. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  88. ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/alien/
  89. ^ ACCOUNTANTS PUT THE BITE ON 'ALIEN': 'ALIEN': A HIT BECOMES A MISS SCHREGER, CHARLES. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] April 27, 1980: o1.
  90. ^ MOVIES: 'ALIEN' FILM EARNS PROFIT OF $4 MILLION, FOX REPORTS Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] August 10, 1980: r29.
  91. ^ a b c d McIntee, 259.
  92. ^ Sauter, Michael (June 4, 1999). "More "Aliens" come to VHS and DVD". Entertainment Weekly. EW.com. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  93. ^ a b c d e Ridley Scott (Director) (December 2, 2003). Alien Quadrilogy (DVD booklet). Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc.
  94. ^ "Alien Series Has A Blu-ray Release Date". Retrieved May 28, 2012.
  95. ^ "Alien: 35th Anniversary Blu-ray Edition". Blu-ray.com. September 12, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  96. ^ Fincher, David (Director) (2003). Alien 3 (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: 20th Century Fox.
  97. ^ Jeunet, Jean-Pierre (Director) (2003). Alien: Resurrection (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: 20th Century Fox.
  98. ^ Anderson, Paul W. S. (Director) (2005). Alien vs. Predator (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: 20th Century Fox.
  99. ^ Strause, Colin and Greg (Directors) (2008). Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: 20th Century Fox.
  100. ^ The date in which the events of Alien are set is not revealed in the film itself, but the first draft of the script gave the year as 2087. McIntee, 23.
  101. ^ Ridley Scott (Director) (2003). Alien (DVD (audio commentary track)). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. It's a tough one, particularly with the success of four. I think if you close the lid it should be the end of the first chapter, and I think very simply what no one's done is simply gone back to re-visit 'what was it?' No one's ever said 'who's the space jockey?' He wasn't an Alien. What was that battleship? Is it a battleship? Is it an aircraft carrier? Is it a bio-mechanoid weapon carrier?...Why did it land? Did it crash-land, or did it settle there because it had engine trouble?...And how long ago? 'Cause those eggs would sit there.
  102. ^ McIntee, 264.
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  104. ^ Davidson, Paul (February 8, 2006). "AVP Killed Alien 5". IGN. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  107. ^ Abrams, Rachel (January 14, 2011). "Rapace boards Ridley Scott's Prometheus". Variety.com. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
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References

Scholarship

  • Anderson, Craig W. "Alien." Science Fiction Films of the Seventies. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1985. Print. 217-224.
  • Bell-Meterau, Rebecca. "Woman: The Other Alien in Alien." Women Worldwalkers: New Dimensions of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Ed. Weedman, Jane B. Lubbock, Tex: Texas Tech Press, 1985. Print. 9-24.
  • Elkins, Charles, ed. "Symposium on Alien." (Jackie Byars, Jeff Gould, Peter Fitting, Judith Lowder Newton, Tony Safford, Clayton Lee). Science-Fiction Studies 22.3 (Nov. 1980): 278-304.
  • Gallardo C., Ximena and C. Jason Smith (2004). Alien Woman: The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1569-5
  • Matheson, T.J. "Triumphant Technology and Minimal Man: The Technological Society, Science Fiction Films, and Ridley Scott's Alien." Extrapolation 33. 3: 215-229.
  • McIntee, David (2005). Beautiful Monsters: The Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to the Alien and Predator Films. Surrey: Telos Publishing. pp. 10–44, 208, 251, 258–260. ISBN 1-903889-94-4.
  • Torry, Robert. "Awakening to the Other: Feminism and the Ego-Ideal in Alien." Women's Studies 23 (1994): 343-363.
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