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Demographics of Israel

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Demographics of {{{place}}}
Population of Israel since 1949
Population9,097,000 (99th) [1][2]
Density401/km2 (35th)
Growth rate2.0% [3]
Birth rate21.5 births/1,000 population (101st)
Death rate5.2 deaths/1,000 population (174th)
Life expectancy82.7 years (8th)
 • male80.7 years
 • female84.6 years
Fertility rate3.13 children born/woman (76th)
Infant mortality rate4.03 deaths/1,000 live births (25th)
Age structure
0–14 years27.3%
15–64 years62.2%
65 and over10.5%
Sex ratio
Total1.01 male(s)/female
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years1.03 male(s)/female
65 and over0.78 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityIsraelis
Major ethnicJews
Minor ethnicArabs, Druze, Arameans, Armenians, Circassians, Samaritans
Language
OfficialHebrew
SpokenArabic, Russian, Yiddish, French, English

The demographics of Israel are monitored by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. The State of Israel has a population of approximately 9,152,100 inhabitants as of January 2020. Some 74.24% are Jews of all backgrounds (about 6,697,000 individuals), 20.95% are Arab of any religion other than Jewish (about 1,890,000 individuals), while the remaining 4.81% (about 434,000 individuals) are defined as "others", including persons of Jewish ancestry deemed non-Jewish by religious law and persons of non-Jewish ancestry who are family members of Jewish immigrants (neither of which are registered at the Ministry of Interior as Jews), Christian non-Arabs, Muslim non-Arabs and all other residents who have neither an ethnic nor religious classification.[4]

Israel's annual population growth rate stood at 2.0% in 2015, more than three times faster than the OECD average of around 0.6%.[5] With an average of three children per woman, Israel also has the highest fertility rate in the OECD by a considerable margin and much higher than the OECD average of 1.7.[6]

Definition

The territory of Israel can be defined in a number of ways as a result of a complex and unresolved political situation (see table below). For example, whilst the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics defines the area of Israel to include the annexed East Jerusalem and Golan Heights, and to exclude the militarily controlled regions of the West Bank, the CBS defines the population of Israel to also include Israeli settlers living in the Area C of West Bank and the Muslim residents of East Jerusalem and Area C, who have Israeli residency or citizenship.

Demographic regions of Israel and surrounding terrotories
Region Status Population (thousands) Area (km2)
Israelis (including Jews and Muslims) Cumulative total Non-Israeli Palestinians Cumulative total Area Cumulative total
Green Line Area sovereign to Israel after 1949 Armistice Agreements 6,819[7] — — — 20,582[7]
East Jerusalem Occupied by Israel in 1967. Annexed by Israel via the Jerusalem Law of 1980, The law was not recognised internationally[8] and determined null and void by United Nations Security Council Resolution 478.[9][10] 455[11] — 225 (double counted)[12] — 336[13] —
Golan Heights Occupied by Israel in 1967. Annexed by Israel via the Golan Heights Law of 1981, The law was not recognised internationally[8] and determined null and void by United Nations Security Council Resolution 497.[9][10] The United States became the first country to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the Golan, which the rest of the international community considers Israeli occupied Syrian territory.[14] 42[15] 7,316[15] n.a. (Syrians) n.a. 1,154[16] 22,072[16]
Seam Zone Area between the Green Line and the West Bank barrier – area occupied by Israel in 1967, currently part of Area C 188[17] — 35[17] — 200[13] —
Other Israeli settlements and IDF military areas (West Bank Area C) Israeli control, except over Palestinian civilians, according to the administrative divisions of the Oslo Accords 57[7] 7,620[15] 115[18] 375[7] 2,961[19] 25,233[7]
Palestinian National Authority (West Bank Areas A and B) Palestinian civil control, according to the administrative divisions of the Oslo Accords — — 2,311[20] 2,686[7] 2,143[18] 27,376[7]
Gaza Strip Palestinian governed area. Israel controls airspace, maritime border and 80% of land border. — — 1,816[21] 4,502[7] 360[21] 27,736[7]

Cities

Main article: List of Israeli cities

Within Israel's system of local government, an urban municipality can be granted a city council by the Israeli Interior Ministry when its population exceeds 20,000.[22] The term "city" does not generally refer to local councils or urban agglomerations, even though a defined city often contains only a small portion of an urban area or metropolitan area's population.

 
Rank Name District Pop. Rank Name District Pop.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv 		1 Jerusalem Jerusalem 981,711a 11 Ramat Gan Tel Aviv 172,486 Haifa
Haifa
Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion
2 Tel Aviv Tel Aviv 474,530 12 Beit Shemesh Jerusalem 154,694
3 Haifa Haifa 290,306 13 Ashkelon Southern 153,138
4 Rishon LeZion Central 260,453 14 Rehovot Central 150,748
5 Petah Tikva Central 255,387 15 Bat Yam Tel Aviv 128,465
6 Netanya Central 233,104 16 Herzliya Tel Aviv 106,741
7 Ashdod Southern 226,827 17 Hadera Haifa 103,041
8 Bnei Brak Tel Aviv 218,357 18 Kfar Saba Central 101,556
9 Beersheba Southern 214,162 19 Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut Central 99,171
10 Holon Tel Aviv 197,957 20 Lod Central 85,351

^a This number includes East Jerusalem and West Bank areas, which had a total population of 573,330 inhabitants in 2019.[24] Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

Ethnic and religious groups

Further information: Israelis and Religion in Israel

The most prominent ethnic and religious groups, who live in Israel at present and who are Israeli citizens or nationals, are as follows:

Jews

Main article: Israeli Jews

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2008, of Israel's 7.3 million people, 75.6 percent were Jews of any background.[25] Among them, 70.3 percent were Sabras (born in Israel), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are olim (Jewish immigrants to Israel)—20.5 percent from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2 percent from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.[26] About 44.9% percent of Israel's Jewish population identify as either Mizrahi or Sephardi, 44.2% identify as Ashkenazi, about 3% as Beta Israel and 7.9% as mixed or other. [27]

The paternal lineage of the Jewish population of Israel as of 2015 is as follows:

Ethnic origin of Israeli Jews
Countries of Origin Population Percentage
Share 2015[28] 2008[26] Share 2015 2008
Total
Increase
 6,276,800 5,523,700
-
 100% 100%
From Israel by paternal country of origin:
Increase
 2,765,500 2,043,800
Increase
 44.06% 37%
From Europe by own or paternal country of origin:
Decrease
 1,648,000 1,662,800
Decrease
 26.26% 30.1%
Russia and former USSR
Decrease
 891,700 923,600
Decrease
 14.21% 16.83%
Romania
Decrease
 199,400 213,100
Decrease
 3.18% 3.86%
Poland
Decrease
 185,400 198,500
Decrease
 2.95% 3.59%
France
Increase
 87,500 63,200
Increase
 1.39% 1.14%
Germany and Austria
Increase
 70,800 49,700
Increase
 1.13% 0.9%
Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia
Decrease
 59,800 64,900
Decrease
 0.95% 1.17%
United Kingdom
Increase
 46,000 39,800
Increase
 0.73% 0.72%
Bulgaria and Greece
Decrease
 45,500 48,900
Decrease
 0.72% 0.89%
Other European
Increase
 61,900 61,100
Decrease
 0.99% 1.11%
From Africa by own or paternal country of origin:
Increase
 897,300 859,100
Decrease
 14.3% 15.53%
Morocco
Decrease
 484,500 486,600
Decrease
 7.72% 8.81%
Algeria and Tunisia
Increase
 133,500 120,600
Decrease
 2.13% 2.18%
Ethiopia
Increase
 133,200 106,900
Increase
 2.12% 1.94%
Libya
Decrease
 66,800 67,400
Decrease
 1.06% 1.22%
Egypt
Decrease
 54,600 55,800
Decrease
 0.87% 1.01%
Other African
Increase
 24,700 17,200
Increase
 0.39% 0.31%
From Asia by own or paternal country of origin:
Decrease
 674,500 681,400
Decrease
 10.75% 12.33%
Iraq
Decrease
 225,800 233,500
Decrease
 3.6% 4.23%
Iran (Persia)
Increase
 140,100 134,700
Increase
 2.23% 2.44%
Yemen
Decrease
 134,100 138,300
Decrease
 2.14% 2.5%
Turkey
Decrease
 74,600 76,900
Decrease
 1.19% 1.39%
India and Pakistan
Increase
 47,600 45,600
Decrease
 0.76% 0.83%
Syria and Lebanon
Decrease
 34,500 35,300
Decrease
 0.55% 0.64%
Other Asian
Increase
 18,000 17,200
Decrease
 0.29% 0.31%
From the Americas and Oceania by own or paternal country of origin:
Increase
 291,500 249,800
Increase
 4.64% 4.52%
United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Increase
 181,000 149,200
Increase
 2.88% 2.7%
Argentina
Increase
 62,600 59,400
Decrease
 1% 1.08%
Other Latin American
Increase
 47,900 41,200
Increase
 0.76% 0.75%

Arabs

Main article: Arab citizens of Israel
Distribution of Arabic speaking localities in Israel

Arab citizens of Israel are those Arab residents of Mandatory Palestine, who remained within Israel's borders following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the establishment of the state of Israel. It is including those born within the state borders subsequent to this time, as well as those who had left during the establishment of the state (or their descendants), who have since re-entered by means accepted as lawful residence by the Israeli state (primarily family reunifications).

In 2019, the official number of Arab residents in Israel was 1,890,000 people, representing 21% of Israel's population.[29] This figure includes 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 percent of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship.[30]

Arab Muslims

Most Arab citizens of Israel are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam. A small minority are Ahmadiyya sect and there are also some Alawites (affiliated with Shia Islam) in the northernmost village of Ghajar with Israeli citizenship. As of 2019, Arab citizens of Israel comprised 21 percent of the country's total population.[29] About 82 percent of the Arab population in Israel are Sunni Muslims, a very small minority are Shia Muslims, another 9 percent are Druze, and around 9 percent are Christian (mostly Eastern Orthodox and Catholic denominations).

Bedouin
Main article: Negev Bedouin

The Arab Muslim citizens of Israel include also the Bedouins, who are divided into two main groups: the Bedouin in the north of Israel, who live in villages and towns for the most part, and the Bedouin in the Negev, who include half-nomadic and inhabitants of towns and Unrecognized villages. According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as of 1999, 110,000 Bedouins live in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.[31] The vast majority of Arab Bedouins of Israel practice Sunni Islam.

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya community was first established in the region in the 1920s, in what was then Mandatory Palestine. There is a large community in Kababir, a neighbourhood on Mount Carmel in Haifa.[32][33] It is unknown how many Israeli Ahmadis there are, although it is estimated there are about 2,200 Ahmadis in Kababir alone.[34]

Arab Christians

As of December 2013, about 161,000 Israeli citizens practiced Christianity, together comprising about 2% of the total population.[35] The largest group consists of Melkites (about 60% of Israel's Christians), followed by the Greek Orthodox (about 30%), with the remaining ca. 10% spread between the Roman Catholic (Latin), Maronite, Anglican, Lutheran, Armenian, Syriac, Ethiopian, Coptic and other denominations.[35]

Copts

Some 1,000 Israeli citizens belong to the Coptic community, originating in Egypt.

Druze

Main article: Israeli Druze

The Arab citizens of Israel include also the Druze, who numbered at an estimated 143,000 in April 2019.[36] All of the Druze living in what was then British Mandate Palestine became Israeli citizens after the declaration of the State of Israel. Though a few individuals identify themselves as "Palestinian Druze",[37] the vast majority of Druze do not consider themselves to be 'Palestinian', and consider their Israeli identity stronger than their Arab identity. Druze serve prominently in the Israel Defense Forces, and are represented in mainstream Israeli politics and business as well, unlike Muslim Arabs who are not required to and generally choose not to serve in the Israeli army.

Syriac Christians

Arameans

Main articles: Arameans in Israel and Maronites in Israel

In 2014, Israel decided to recognize the Aramaic community within its borders as a national minority, allowing some of the Christians in Israel to be registered as "Aramean" instead of "Arab".[38] As of October 2014, some 600 Israelis requested to be registered as Arameans, with several thousand eligible for the status – mostly members of the Maronite community.

The Maronite Christian community in Israel of around 7,000 resides mostly in the Galilee, with a presence in Haifa, Nazareth and Jerusalem. It is largely composed of families that lived in Upper Galilee in villages such as Jish long before the establishment of Israel in 1948. In the year 2000, the community was joined by a group of Lebanese SLA militia members and their families, who fled Lebanon after 2000 withdrawal of IDF from South Lebanon.

Assyrians

Main article: Assyrians in Israel

There are around 1,000 Assyrians living in Israel, mostly in Jerusalem and Nazareth. Assyrians are an Aramaic speaking, Eastern Rite Christian minority who are descended from the ancient Mesopotamians. The old Syriac Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark lies in Jerusalem. Other than followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church, there are also followers of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church living in Israel.

Other citizens

Samaritans

Main article: Samaritans

The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Ancestrally, they claim descent from a group of Israelite inhabitants who have connections to ancient Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the beginning of the Common Era. 2007 population estimates show that 712 Samaritans live half in Holon, Israel and half at Mount Gerizim in the West Bank. The Holon community holds Israeli citizenship, while the Gerizim community resides at an Israeli controlled enclave, holding dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship.

Armenians

Main article: Armenians in Israel

About 4,000 Armenians reside in Israel mostly in Jerusalem (including in the Armenian Quarter), but also in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jaffa. Armenians have a Patriarchate in Jerusalem and churches in Jerusalem, Haifa and Jaffa. Although Armenians of Old Jerusalem have Israeli identity cards, they are officially holders of Jordanian passports.[39]

Circassians

Main article: Circassians in Israel
Circassians in Kfar Kama

In Israel, there are also a few thousand Circassians, living mostly in Kfar Kama (2,000) and Reyhaniye (1,000).[40] These two villages were a part of a greater group of Circassian villages around the Golan Heights. The Circassians in Israel enjoy, like Druzes, a status aparte. Male Circassians (at their leader's request) are mandated for military service, while females are not.

People from post-Soviet states

Russophone shop in Haifa

Ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Belorussians, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who were eligible to emigrate due to having, or being married to somebody who has, at least one Jewish grandparent and thus qualified for Israeli citizenship under the revised Law of Return. A number of these immigrants also belong to various ethnic groups from the Former Soviet Union such as Armenians, Georgians, Azeris, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Tatars, among others. Some of them, having a Jewish father or grandfather, identify as Jews, but being non-Jewish by Orthodox Halakha (religious law), they are not recognized formally as Jews by state. Most of them are in the mainstream of Israel culture and are called "expanded Jewish population". In addition, a certain number of former Soviet citizens, primarily women of Russian and Ukrainian ethnicity, emigrated to Israel, after marrying Muslim or Christian Arab citizens of Israel, who went to study in the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. 1,557,698 people from the current Russia and Ukraine live in Israel.[41]

Finns

Although most people of Finnish origin in Israel are Finnish Jews who immigrated to Israel, and their descendants, a small number of Finnish Christians moved to Israel in the 1940s before the independence and gained citizenship following independence. For the most part, many of the original Finnish settlers intermarried with the other communities in the country, and therefore remain very small in number. A Moshav shitufi near Jerusalem named Yad HaShmona, meaning the "Memorial for the Eight", was established in 1971 by a group of Finnish Christian-Israelis, although today, most members are Israeli, and are predominantly Hebrew speakers, and the moshav has become a center of so-called "Messianic Jews".[42][43]

Bahá'ís

The Bahá'í population in Israel is almost entirely made up of volunteers serving at the Bahá'í World Centre. Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), the Faith's founder, was banished to Akka and died nearby where his shrine is located. During his lifetime he instructed his followers not to teach and convert those living in the area, and the Bahá'ís descending from those original immigrants were later asked to leave and teach elsewhere. For nearly a century there has been a policy by Shoghi Effendi and later the Universal House of Justice to not accept converts from Israel. The 650 or so foreign national Bahá'ís living in Israel are almost all on temporary duty serving at the shrines and administrative offices.[44][45][46] A fluctuating segment of Baha'is consists of pilgrims.[47]

Vietnamese

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel and their descendants is estimated at 150 to 200.[48] Most of them came to Israel in between 1976–1979, after prime minister Menachem Begin authorized their admission to Israel and granted them political asylum. The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the Israel Defense Forces. Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Tel Aviv, but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem, and Ofakim.

African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem

Main article: African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem

The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a religious sect[49] of blacks Americans, founded in 1960 by Ben Carter[50][51] a metal worker in Chicago. The members of this sect believe they are descended from the tribes of Judah driven from the Holy Land by the Romans during the First Jewish War (70 AD), and who reportedly emigrated to West Africa before being taken as slaves to the United States.[50][52] With a population of over 5,000, most members live in their own community in Dimona, Israel, with additional families in Arad, Mitzpe Ramon, and the Tiberias area. The group believes that the ancient Israelites are the ancestors of black Americans and that the actual Jews are "impostors".[53] All scholarship does consider them to be of subsaharan African origin as the genetic studies on black American have shown too[54] and not from levantine one. Their ancestors were black Americans who after being expelled from Liberia have illegally immigrated to Israel in the late 1960s by using tourist visas, requesting that Israel provide them legal citizenship status. Israel granted their requests.[55] The African Hebrew Israelites, like the Haredim and most Israeli Arabs, are not required to serve in the military; however, some do so.

Naturalized foreign workers

Some naturalized foreign workers and their children born in Israel, predominantly from the Philippines, Nepal, Nigeria, Senegal, Romania, China, Cyprus, Thailand, and South America (mainly Colombia).

Non-citizens

African migrants

Further information: Sudanese refugees in Israel and Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel
Meeting between Sudanese refugees and Israeli students, 2007.

The number and status of African migrants in Israel is disputed and controversial, but it is estimated that at least 70,000 refugees mainly from Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and the Ivory Coast reside and work in Israel. A count in late 2011 published in Ynet pointed out the number only in Tel Aviv is 40,000, which represents 10 percent of the city's population. The vast majority live in the southern parts of the city. There is a significant population in the southern Israeli cities of Eilat, Arad, and Beersheba.

Foreign workers

Further information: Filipinos in Israel, Chinese people in Israel, and Palestinian workers in Israel

There are around 300,000 foreign workers, residing in Israel under temporary work visas, including Palestinians. Most of those foreign workers engage in agriculture and construction. The main groups of those foreign workers include the Chinese, Thai, Filipinos,[56] Nigerians, Romanians, and Latin Americans.

Other refugees

Approximately 100–200 refugees from Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraqi Kurdistan, and North Korea were absorbed in Israel as refugees. Most of them were also given Israeli resident status, and currently reside in Israel.[57] As of 2006, some 200 ethnic Kurdish refugees from Turkey resided in Israel as illegal immigrants, fleeing the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[58]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Israel
Road sign in Hebrew, Arabic and English

Due to its immigrant nature, Israel is one of the most multicultural and multilingual societies in the world. Hebrew is the official language of the country, and Arabic is given special status, while English and Russian are the two most widely spoken non-official languages. A certain degree of English is spoken widely, and is the language of choice for many Israeli businesses. Hebrew and English language are mandatory subjects in the Israeli school system, and most schools offer either Arabic, French, Spanish, German, Italian, or Russian.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Israel
Religion in Israel
     Jewish,      Muslim,      Christian,      Druze,      Other.
Until 1995, figures for Christians also included Others.[59]

According to a 2010 Israel Central Bureau of Statistics study[60] of Israelis aged over 18, 8% of Israeli Jews define themselves as Haredim (or ultra-Orthodox); an additional 12% are "religious" (non-Haredi Orthodox, also known as: dati leumi/national-religious or religious Zionist); 13% consider themselves "religious-traditionalists" (mostly adhering to Jewish Halakha); 25% are "non-religious traditionalists" (only partly respecting the Jewish Halakha), and 43% are "secular".

While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israel's population in 1990,[61] they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.[62] By 2020, they were 12% of the population.[63]

Religious makeup, 2019[64][65][4]
Group Population %
Jews 6,697,000 74.2%
Muslims 1,605,700 17.8%
Christians 180,400 2.0%
Druze 143,000 1.6%
Other/unknown 394,900 4.4%

Education

Main article: Education in Israel

Education between ages 5 and 15 is compulsory. It is not free, but it is subsidized by the government, individual organizations (such as the Beit Yaakov System), or a combination. Parents are expected to participate in courses as well. The school system is organized into kindergartens, 6-year primary schools, and either 6-year secondary schools or 3-year junior secondary schools + 3-year senior secondary schools (depending on region), after which a comprehensive examination is offered for university admissions.

Policy

See also: Demographic threat § Israel

As Israel's continued existence as a Jewish state relies upon maintenance of a Jewish demographic majority, Israeli demographers, politicians, and bureaucrats have treated Jewish population growth promotion as a central question in their research and policymaking. Non-Jewish population growth and immigration is regarded as a threat to the Jewish demographic majority, and to Israel's security [citation needed], as detailed in the Koenig Memorandum.

Israel is the eighteenth-most-densely-crowded country in the world. In an academic article, Jewish National Fund Board member Daniel Orenstein, argues that, as elsewhere, overpopulation is a stressor on the environment in Israel; he shows that environmentalists have conspicuously failed to consider the impact of population on the environment, and argues that overpopulation in Israel has not been appropriately addressed for ideological reasons.[66][67]

Citizenship and Entry Law

Main article: Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law

The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 was first passed on 31 July 2003, and has since been extended until 31 July 2008. The law places age restrictions for the automatic granting of Israeli citizenship and residency permits to spouses of Israeli citizens, such that spouses who are inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza Strip are ineligible. On 8 May 2005, the Israeli ministerial committee for issues of legislation once again amended the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law, to restrict citizenship and residence in Israel only to Palestinian men over the age of 35, and Palestinian women over the age of 25. Those in favor of the law say the law not only limits the possibility of the entrance of terrorists into Israel, but, as Ze'ev Boim asserts, allows Israel "to maintain the state's democratic nature, but also its Jewish nature" (i. e., its Jewish demographic majority).[68] Critics, including the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,[69] say the law disproportionately affects Arab citizens of Israel, since Arabs in Israel are far more likely to have spouses from the West Bank and Gaza Strip than other Israeli citizens.[70]

In the constitutional challenges to the Citizenship and Entry to Israel Law, the state, represented by the Attorney General, insisted that security was the only objective behind the law. The state also added that even if the law was intended to achieve demographic objectives, it is still in conformity with Israel's Jewish and democratic definition, and thus constitutional. In a 2012 ruling by the Supreme Court on the issue, some of the judges on the panel discussed demography, and were inclined to accept that demography is a legitimate consideration in devising family reunification policies that violate the right to family life.[71]

Soviet immigration

Further information: 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and 1990s Post-Soviet aliyah

During the 1970s about 163,000 people of Jewish descent immigrated to Israel from the USSR.

Later Ariel Sharon, in his capacity as Minister of Housing & Construction and member of the Ministerial Committee for Immigration & Absorption, launched an unprecedented large-scale construction effort to accommodate the new Russian population in Israel so as to facilitate their smooth integration and encourage further Jewish immigration as an ongoing means of increasing the Jewish population of Israel.[72] Between 1989 and 2006, about 979,000 Jews emigrated from the former Soviet Union to Israel.

Statistics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1950 1,370,100—    
1960 2,150,400+4.61%
1970 3,022,100+3.46%
1980 3,921,700+2.64%
1990 4,821,700+2.09%
2000 6,369,300+2.82%
2010 7,695,100+1.91%
2019 9,098,700+1.88%
Source: [73][74][75] 2019 data[76]

Total population

9,980,540[77]

Note: includes over 200,000 Israelis and 250,000 Arabs in East Jerusalem, about 421,400 Jewish settlers on the West Bank (Judea and Samaria), and about 42,000 in the Golan Heights (July 2007 est.). Does not include Arab populations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Does not include 222,000 foreigners living in the country.[78]

Population demography
Group[73][79] Population Proportion of total Growth rate
Jews: 6,556,000 74.6% 1.7%
Non-Haredi 5,522,598 62.8% 1.2%
Haredi 1,033,000 11.8% 5.0%
Arabs 1,837,000 20.9% 2.1%
Other 400,000 4.5% N/A
Total 8,793,000 100% 1.9%

Age structure

A population pyramid that shows the age of the population by sex in 2017

Total:

  • 0–14 years: 28.0%
  • 15–64 years: 62.1%
  • 65 years and over: 9.9%

Jews:

  • 0–14 years: 25.5%
  • 15–64 years: 63.1%
  • 65 years and over: 11.4%

Arab:

  • 0–14 years: 37.5%
  • 15–64 years: 58.6%
  • 65 years and over: 3.9% (2010 est.)

Median age

  • Total: 29.7
  • Jewish: 31.6
  • Arab: 21.1

The Jewish median age in Jerusalem district and the West Bank are 24.9 and 19.7, respectively, and both account for 16% of the Jewish population, but 24% of 0–4-year olds. The lowest median age in Israel, and one of the lowest in the world, is found in two of the West Bank's biggest Jewish cities: Modi'in Illit (11), Beitar Illit (11)[80] followed by Bedouin towns in the Negev (15.2).[81]

Population growth rate

  • 2.0% (2016)

During the 1990s, the Jewish population growth rate was about 3% per year, as a result of massive immigration to Israel, primarily from the republics of the former Soviet Union. There is also a very high population growth rate among certain Jewish groups, especially adherents of Orthodox Judaism. The growth rate of the Arab population in Israel is 2.2%, while the growth rate of the Jewish population in Israel is 1.8%. The growth rate of the Arab population has slowed from 3.8% in 1999 to 2.2% in 2013, and for the Jewish population, the growth rate declined from 2.7% to its lowest rate of 1.4% in 2005. Due to a rise in fertility of the jewish population since 1995 and immigration, the growth rate has since risen to 1.8% [82].

Birth rate

IV/2016-III/2017

  • Total: 21.3 births/1,000 population
  • Jews and others: 20.5 births/1,000 population
  • Muslims: 24.6 births/1,000 population
  • Christians: 14.4 births/1,000 population
  • Druze: 17.3 births/1,000 population

Births, in absolute numbers, by mother's religion[83]

Birth rates of various Israeli peoples
Year Jewish Muslim Christian Druze Others Total % Jewish % Muslim
1996 83,710 30,802 2,678 2,682 1,461 121,333 69.0% 25.4%
2000 91,936 35,740 2,789 2,708 3,217 136,390 67.4% 26.2%
2005 100,657 34,217 2,487 2,533 4,019 143,913 69.9% 23.8%
2006 104,513 34,337 2,500 2,601 4,219 148,170 70.5% 23.2%
2007 107,986 34,572 2,521 2,510 4,090 151,679 71.2% 22.8%
2008 112,803 34,860 2,511 2,534 4,215 156,923 71.9% 22.2%
2009 116,599 35,253 2,514 2,517 4,159 161,042 72.4% 21.9%
2010 120,673 36,221 2,511 2,535 4,315 166,255 72.6% 21.8%
2011 121,520 35,247 2,596 2,469 4,464 166,296 73.1% 21.2%
2012 125,409 36,041 2,610 2,371 4,509 170,940 73.4% 21.1%
2013 126,999 34,927 2,602 2,350 4,566 171,444 74.1% 20.4%
2014 130,576 35,965 2,814 2,366 4,706 176,427 74.0% 20.4%
2015 132,220 36,659 2,669 2,376 4,799 178,723 74.0% 20.5%
2016 134,100 37,592 2,613 2,446 4,654 181,405 73.9% 20.7%
2017 134,630 39,550 2,504 2,350 4,614 183,648 73.3% 21.5%
2018 135,809 38,757 2,721 2,434 4,649 184,370 73.7% 21.0%
2019 132,916 38,656 2,374 2,291 4,497 180,734 73.5% 21.4%

Current natural population growth

  • Births from January–September 2018 = Jewish: 100,627; Muslim: 29,167; Christian: 2,056; Druze: 1,803; Others: 3,420; Total: 137,073
  • Births from January–September 2019 = Jewish: 98,329; Muslim: 28,435; Christian: 1,740; Druze: 1,715; Others: 3,260; Total: 133,479

Between the mid-1980s and 2000, the fertility rate in the Muslim sector was stable at 4.6–4.7 children per woman; after 2001, a gradual decline became evident, reaching 3.51 children per woman in 2011. By point of comparison, in 2011, there was a rising fertility rate of 2.98 children among the Jewish population.[84]

Births and deaths

Birth and death rates in Israel[85][86]
Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
1950 1,370,000 43,431 8,700 34,731 34.1 6.8 27.3
1951 1,578,000 50,542 9,866 40,676 34.3 6.7 27.6
1952 1,630,000 52,556 11,666 40,890 32.8 7.3 25.5
1953 1,669,000 52,552 10,916 41,636 31.9 6.6 25.3
1954 1,718,000 48,951 11,328 37,623 28.9 6.7 22.2
1955 1,789,000 50,686 10,532 40,154 28.9 6.0 22.9 4.03
1956 1,872,000 52,287 12,025 40,262 28.6 6.6 22.0
1957 1,976,000 53,940 12,487 41,453 28.0 6.5 21.5
1958 2,032,000 52,649 11,615 41,034 26.3 5.8 20.5
1959 2,089,000 54,604 12,056 42,548 26.5 5.9 20.6
1960 2,150,000 56,002 12,053 43,949 26.4 5.7 20.7
1961 2,234,000 54,869 12,663 42,206 25.0 5.8 19.2
1962 2,332,000 56,356 13,701 42,655 24.7 6.0 18.7
1963 2,430,000 59,491 14,425 45,066 25.0 6.1 18.9
1964 2,526,000 63,544 15,491 48,053 25.6 6.3 19.3
1965 2,598,000 66,146 16,261 49,885 25.8 6.3 19.5 3.99
1966 2,657,000 67,148 16,582 50,566 25.6 6.3 19.3
1967 2,776,000 64,980 17,463 47,517 23.9 6.4 17.5
1968 2,841,000 69,911 18,689 51,222 24.9 6.7 18.2
1969 2,930,000 73,666 19,767 53,899 25.5 6.9 18.6
1970 3,022,000 80,843 21,234 59,609 27.2 7.1 20.1
1971 3,121,000 85,899 21,415 64,484 28.0 7.0 21.0
1972 3,225,000 85,544 22,719 62,825 27.0 7.2 19.8
1973 3,338,000 88,545 23,054 65,491 27.0 7.0 20.0
1974 3,422,000 93,166 24,135 69,031 27.6 7.1 20.5
1975 3,493,000 95,628 24,600 71,028 27.7 7.1 20.6 3.68
1976 3,575,000 98,763 24,012 74,751 27.9 6.8 21.1
1977 3,653,000 95,315 24,951 70,364 26.4 6.9 19.5
1978 3,738,000 92,602 25,153 67,449 25.1 6.8 18.3 3.28
1979 3,836,000 93,710 25,700 68,010 24.7 6.8 17.9 3.21
1980 3,922,000 94,321 26,364 67,957 24.3 6.8 17.5 3.14
1981 3,978,000 93,308 26,085 67,223 23.6 6.6 17.0 3.06
1982 4,064,000 96,695 27,780 68,915 24.0 6.9 17.1 3.12
1983 4,119,000 98,724 27,731 70,993 24.0 6.7 17.3 3.14
1984 4,200,000 98,478 27,805 70,673 23.3 6.6 16.7 3.13
1985 4,266,000 99,376 28,093 71,283 23.1 6.5 16.6 3.12
1986 4,331,000 99,341 29,415 69,926 22.7 6.7 16.0 3.09
1987 4,407,000 99,022 29,244 69,778 22.2 6.6 15.6 3.05
1988 4,477,000 100,454 29,176 71,278 22.2 6.4 15.8 3.06
1989 4,560,000 100,757 28,580 72,177 22.1 6.3 15.8 3.03
1990 4,822,000 103,349 28,734 74,615 22.0 6.1 15.9 3.02
1991 5,059,000 105,725 31,266 74,459 21.4 6.3 15.1 2.91
1992 5,196,000 110,062 33,327 76,735 21.5 6.5 15.0 2.93
1993 5,328,000 112,330 33,000 79,330 21.3 6.3 15.0 2.92
1994 5,472,000 114,543 33,535 81,008 21.2 6.2 15.0 2.90
1995 5,612,000 116,886 35,348 81,538 21.1 6.4 14.7 2.88
1996 5,758,000 121,333 34,664 86,669 21.3 6.1 15.2 2.94
1997 5,900,000 124,478 36,124 88,354 21.4 6.2 15.2 2.93
1998 6,041,000 130,080 36,955 93,125 21.8 6.2 15.6 2.98
1999 6,209,000 131,936 37,291 94,645 21.6 6.1 15.5 2.94
2000 6,369,000 136,390 37,688 98,702 21.7 6.0 15.7 2.95
2001 6,509,000 136,636 37,186 99,450 21.2 5.8 15.4 2.89
2002 6,631,000 139,535 38,415 101,120 21.2 5.8 15.4 2.89
2003 6,748,000 144,936 38,499 106,437 21.7 5.8 15.9 2.95
2004 6,870,000 145,207 37,938 107,269 21.3 5.6 15.7 2.90
2005 6,991,000 143,913 39,038 104,875 20.8 5.6 15.2 2.84
2006 7,117,000 148,170 38,765 109,405 21.0 5.5 15.5 2.88
2007 7,244,000 151,679 39,813 111,866 21.1 5.5 15.6 2.90
2008 7,419,000 156,923 39,484 117,439 21.5 5.4 16.1 2.96
2009 7,552,000 161,042 38,812 122,230 21.5 5.2 16.3 2.96
2010 7,695,000 166,255 39,613 126,642 21.8 5.2 16.6 3.03
2011 7,837,000 166,296 40,889 125,407 21.4 5.3 16.1 3.00
2012 7,984,000 170,940 42,100 128,840 21.6 5.3 16.3 3.05
2013 8,134,000 171,444 41,683 129,761 21.3 5.2 16.1 3.03
2014 8,297,000 176,427 42,457 133,970 21.5 5.2 16.3 3.08
2015 8,463,000 178,723 44,507 134,216 21.3 5.3 16.0 3.09
2016 8,629,000 181,405 44,244 137,161 21.2 5.2 16.0 3.11
2017 8,798,000 183,648 44,923 138,725 21.1 5.2 15.9 3.11
2018 8,968,000 184,370 44,802 139,568 20.8 5.0 15.8 3.09
2019(p) 9,139,000 181,709 45,961 134,820 20.0 5.1 14.9

(p) = preliminar results

Current vital statistics

Births[87]

  • January 2019= Increase 15,532
  • January 2020 = Decrease 15,059

Deaths

  • January 2019 = Negative increase 4,806
  • January 2020 = Positive decrease 4,554

Natural increase

  • January 2019 = Increase 10,726
  • January 2020 = Decrease 10,505

Structure of the population

Structure of the Israeli population (1 July 2012)[85]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 3 916 125 3 994 400 7 910 525 100
0–4 417 479 397 686 815 165 10,30
5–9 377 005 358 520 735 525 9,30
10–14 346 662 329 776 676 438 8,55
15–19 314 286 299 211 613 497 7,76
20–24 300 332 289 936 590 268 7,46
25–29 291 710 287 934 579 644 7,33
30–34 276 871 278 321 555 191 7,02
35–39 268 377 270 934 539 311 6,82
40–44 232 269 236 767 469 036 5,93
45–49 201 080 206 786 407 867 5,16
50–54 189 222 201 916 391 138 4,94
55–59 179 379 194 732 374 111 4,73
60–64 165 789 183 357 349 146 4,41
65–69 115 943 130 457 246 400 3,11
70–74 89 904 103 747 188 651 2,38
75–79 68 016 88 979 156 994 1,98
80–84 46 204 67 535 113 739 1,44
85–89 26 669 45 650 72 319 0,91
90–94 10 499 16 451 26 950 0,34
95–99 2 418 4 374 6 792 0,09
100+ 1 012 1 331 2 342 0,03
Structure of the population (1 July 2012)[85]
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 141 146 1 085 982 2 227 128 28,15
15–64 2 419 314 2 449 894 4 869 208 61,55
65+ 355 665 458 524 814 189 10,29

Death rate

  • 5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

There were a total of 38,666 deaths in 2006. (39,026 in 2005 & 37,688 in 2000). Of this 33,568 were Jews (34,031 in 2005 & 33,421 in 2000). 3,078 were Muslims (2,968 in 2005 & 2,683 in 2000). 360 were Druze (363 in 2005 & 305 in 2000). 712 were Christian (686 in 2005 & 666 in 2000).[citation needed]

Net migration rate

  • 1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

There were a total of 28,629 immigrants who made Aliyah to Israel in 2019 (jan-oct):

12,722 from Russia; 5,247 from Ukraine; 2,470 from the United States; 276 from Canada; 143 from Australia;  1,996 from France;  469 from the UK; 350 from Brazil; 321 from South Africa; 93 from Venezuela; 127 from Mexico; 143 from Turkey; 57 from Iran; 14 from Thailand and 5 from Japan.[88]

Emigration

For many years definitive data on Israeli emigration was unavailable.[89] In The Israeli Diaspora sociologist Stephen J. Gold maintains that calculation of Jewish emigration has been a contentious issue, explaining, "Since Zionism, the philosophy that underlies the existence of the Jewish state, calls for return home of the world's Jews, the opposite movement—Israelis leaving the Jewish state to reside elsewhere—clearly presents an ideological and demographic problem."[90]

In the past several decades, emigration (yerida) has seen a considerable increase. From 1990 to 2005, 230,000 Israelis left the country; a large proportion of these departures included people who initially immigrated to Israel and then reversed their course (48% of all post-1990 departures and even 60% of 2003 and 2004 departures were former immigrants to Israel). 8% of Jewish immigrants in the post-1990 period left Israel, while 15% of non-Jewish immigrants did. In 2005 alone, 21,500 Israelis left the country and had not yet returned at the end of 2006; among them 73% were Jews, 5% Arabs, and 22% "Others" (mostly non-Jewish immigrants, with Jewish ancestry, from USSR). At the same time, 10,500 Israelis came back to Israel after over one year abroad; 84% were Jews, 9% Others, and 7% Arabs.[91]

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2005, 650,000 Israelis had left the country for over one year and not returned. Of them, 530,000 are still alive today. This number does not include the children born overseas. It should also be noted that Israeli law grants citizenship only to the first generation of children born to Israeli emigrants.

Density

Population density per square kilometer, by district, sub-district and geographical area

Geographic deployment:

Sex ratio

  • At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  • 15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
  • Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

  • 7 deaths/100,000 live births (2010).

Infant mortality rate

  • Total: 4.03 deaths/1,000 live births
  • Male: 4.20 deaths/1,000 live births
  • Female: 3.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

  • Total population: 82.4 years
  • Male: 80.7 years
  • Female: 84.2 years (2016)[92]
Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[93]
Period Life expectancy Period Life expectancy
1950–1955 68.9 1985–1990 75.9
1955–1960 70.0 1990–1995 77.2
1960–1965 71.0 1995–2000 78.3
1965–1970 71.8 2000–2005 79.6
1970–1975 72.6 2005–2010 80.9
1975–1980 73.5 2010–2015 81.9
1980–1985 74.6

Total fertility rate

The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that an average woman would have, in her lifetime.

  • 3.09 children born/woman (2018)
-
Year Jews Muslims Christians Druze Others Total
2000 2.66 4.74 2.55 3.07 2.95
2001 2.59 4.71 2.46 3.02 2.89
2002 2.64 4.58 2.29 2.77 2.89
2003 2.73 4.50 2.31 2.85 2.95
2004 2.71 4.36 2.13 2.66 1.47 2.90
2005 2.69 4.03 2.15 2.59 1.49 2.84
2006 2.75 3.97 2.14 2.64 1.55 2.88
2007 2.80 3.90 2.13 2.49 1.49 2.90
2008 2.88 3.84 2.11 2.49 1.57 2.96
2009 2.90 3.73 2.15 2.49 1.56 2.96
2010 2.97 3.75 2.14 2.48 1.64 3.03
2011 2.98 3.51 2.19 2.33 1.75 3.00
2012 3.04 3.54 2.17 2.26 1.68 3.05
2013 3.05 3.35 2.13 2.21 1.68 3.03
2014 3.11 3.35 2.27 2.20 1.72 3.08
2015 3.13 3.32 2.12 2.19 1.72 3.09
2016 3.16 3.29 2.05 2.21 1.64 3.11
2017 3.16 3.37 1.93 2.10 1.58 3.11
2018 3.17 3.20 2.06 2.16 1.54 3.09

Jewish total fertility rate increased by 10.2% during 1998–2009, and was recorded at 2.90 during 2009. During the same time period, Arab TFR decreased by 20.5%. Muslim TFR was measured at 3.73 for 2009. During 2000, the Arab TFR in Jerusalem (4.43) was higher than that of the Jews residing there (3.79). But as of 2009, Jewish TFR in Jerusalem was measured higher than the Arab TFR (2010: 4.26 vs 3.85, 2009: 4.16 vs 3.87). TFR for Arab residents in the West Bank was measured at 2.91 in 2013,[94] while that for the Jewish residents was reported at 5.10 children per woman.[95]

The ethnic group with highest recorded TFR is the Bedouin of Negev. Their TFR was reported at 10.06 in 1998, and 5.73 in 2009. TFR is also very high among Haredi Jews. For Ashkenazi Haredim, the TFR rose from 6.91 in 1980 to 8.51 in 1996. The figure for 2008 is estimated to be even higher. TFR for Sephardi/Mizrahi Haredim rose from 4.57 in 1980 to 6.57 in 1996.[96]

Health expenditures

  • 7.6% of total GDP (2010)

Physicians density

  • 3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2007)

Hospital bed density

  • 3.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

  • 0.2% (2009 est.)

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

  • 26% of women and 40% of men are overweight. In both genders, obesity rate is 15% (as of 2011).[97]

Education expenditures

  • 5.9% of total GDP (2009)

Literacy

Age 15 and over can read and write (2011 estimate):[98]

  • Total population: 97.8%
  • Male: 98.7%
  • Female: 96.8%
Graph of Total Fertility Rate vs. GDP (PPP) per capita of each country, including Israel, 2015.[99][100]

Future projections

In June 2013, the Central Bureau of Statistics released a demographic report, projecting that Israel's population would grow to 11.4 million by 2035, with the Jewish population numbering 8.3 million, or 73% of the population, and the Arab population at 2.6 million, or 23%. This includes some 2.3 million Muslims (20% of the population), 185,000 Druze, and 152,000 Christians. The report predicts that the Israeli population growth rate will decline to 1.4% annually, with growth in the Muslim population remaining higher than the Jewish population until 2035, at which point the Jewish population will begin growing the fastest.[101]

In 2017, the Central Bureau of Statistics projected that Israel's population would rise to about 18 million by 2059, including 14.4 million Jews and 3.6 million Arabs. Of the Jewish population, about 5.25 million would be ultra-Orthodox Jews. Overall, the forecast projected that 49% of the population would be either ultra-Orthodox Jews (29%) and Arabs (20%).[102] It also projected a population of 20 million in 2065.[103]

Other forecasts project that Israel could have a population as high as 23 million, or even 36 million, by 2050.[104]

See also

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Further reading

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