2012 United States presidential election

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United States presidential election, 2012
← 2008 November 6, 2012 2016 →
All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
 
Nominee Barack Obama Mitt Romney
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Massachusetts
Running mate Joe Biden Paul Ryan
  File:Jill Stein 2012.jpg
Nominee Gary Johnson Jill Stein
Party Libertarian Green
Home state New Mexico Massachusetts
Running mate James Gray Cheri Honkala
  File:Rocky Anderson speech cropped.jpg
Nominee Virgil Goode Rocky Anderson
Party Constitution Justice
Home state Virginia Utah
Running mate Jim Clymer Luis J. Rodriguez
Incumbent President

Barack Obama
Democratic




2012 U.S. presidential election
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Minor parties
Related races
← 2008 2012 2016 →

Template:Wikinewshas

The 2012 United States presidential election is scheduled to be held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. It will be the 57th quadrennial presidential election in which presidential electors, who will officially elect the president and the vice president of the United States on December 17, 2012, will be chosen. The exceptions to this being a tie amongst the electoral votes or if no candidate received the minimum number of electoral votes needed to win the election, in which case the United States House of Representatives will choose the President, and the United States Senate will choose the Vice President. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and Democratic Vice-President Joe Biden are running for a second term during this election, the former being constitutionally limited to only two terms.[1] Their major challengers are the Republican Party nominee Former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate vice-presidential candidate Congressman Paul Ryan.

Four other candidates are mathematically eligible to win the election by a majority of the electoral college: former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, the Libertarian nominee;[2] and Jill Stein, the Green Party nominee, have attained ballot access sufficient to qualify for enough electoral votes to mathematically win the presidency.[3] Virgil Goode, the Constitution Party nominee, and Rocky Anderson, the Justice Party nominee, have the combined ballot access and write-in status in enough states to reach 270 electoral votes, the minimum number needed to win the election.[4] These four minor party candidates are widely regarded as having no chance of winning the election, though they are seen by political pundits as potential spoilers for Romney and/or Obama.[5]

As specified in the Constitution, the 2012 presidential election will coincide with the United States Senate elections where one-third of the Senators will face re-election (33 Class I seats), and the United States House of Representatives elections (which occurs biennially) to elect the members for the 113th Congress. Eleven gubernatorial elections and many elections for state legislatures will also take place at the same time.

Electoral college changes

The 2010 Census changed the Electoral College vote apportionment for the presidential elections from 2012 to 2020 in the states mapped and listed below.[6]

States won by Democrats
in 2000, 2004, and 2008

  • Illinois −1
  • Massachusetts −1
  • Michigan −1
  • New Jersey −1
  • New York −2
  • Pennsylvania −1
  • Washington +1

States won by Republicans
in 2000, 2004, and 2008

  • Arizona +1
  • Georgia +1
  • Louisiana −1
  • Missouri −1
  • South Carolina +1
  • Texas +4
  • Utah +1

Remaining states

  • Florida (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) +2
  • Iowa (Democratic in 2000 and 2008, Republican in 2004) −1
  • Nevada (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) +1
  • Ohio (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) −2
The result of the 2008 presidential election
Changes from the 2000 to the 2010 census

Eight states (Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, South Carolina, Texas, Utah and Washington) gained votes, due to reapportionment based on the 2010 Census. Similarly ten states (Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania) lost votes.

In the political climate of 2011, this would give the Democratic Party a net loss of six electoral votes in states won by Al Gore, John Kerry and Barack Obama in the past three presidential elections, rendering the party a national total of 242. Conversely, the Republican Party will achieve a net gain of six electoral votes in states won by George W. Bush and John McCain in the past three presidential elections, rendering the Republican Party a national total of 180. Votes allocated to remaining states (i.e., those where the majority voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates during the last three presidential elections) remain unchanged from the national total of 115.

In 2011, several states enacted new laws that were attacked by the Democratic Party as attempts to improve the Republican Party's presidential prospects. Measures were taken in Florida, Georgia, Ohio,[7] Tennessee and West Virginia to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting. Kansas, South Carolina,[8] Tennessee, Texas[9] and Wisconsin[10] began requiring voters to identify themselves with government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws,[11] and former President Bill Clinton denounced it, saying, "There has never been in my lifetime, since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting, the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today".[12] He said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, college students, Blacks, and Latinos.[13][14] Rolling Stone magazine criticized the American Legislative Exchange Council for lobbying in states to bring about these laws.[11] The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law, pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election.[15]

A new plan was proposed in Pennsylvania that would change its representation in the electoral college from a winner-take-all model to a district-by-district model.[16] The Governorship and both houses of its congress were Republican-controlled, and the move was viewed by some as an affront to Obama's re-election effort.[17][18][19]

Nominations

Democratic Party

Main articles: Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2012; Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012; and 2012 Democratic National Convention

Primaries

With an incumbent president running for reelection against token opposition, the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful. The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Additionally, high-ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention. A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries, though none made a significant impact in the delegate count. Running unopposed everywhere else, President Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3, 2012 by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to clinch the nomination.[20][21]

Candidates

Republican Party

Main articles: Republican Party presidential candidates, 2012; Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012; and 2012 Republican National Convention

The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The caucuses allocated delegates to the respective state delegations to the national convention, but the actual election of the delegates were many times at a later date. Delegates were elected in different ways that vary from state to state. They could be elected at local conventions, selected from slates submitted by the candidates, selected at committee meetings, or elected directly at the caucuses and primaries. Additionally, high-ranking RNC members known as Superdelegates each received one vote in the convention.

Primaries

Main articles: Prelude to the Republican presidential primaries, 2012 and Republican Party presidential debates, 2012

Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included: Congressman and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul, former Governor Tim Pawlenty, who co-chaired John McCain's campaign in 2008, former Governor Mitt Romney, who was widely considered the runner-up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

The first debate took place on May 5, 2011 in Greenville, South Carolina, with businessman Herman Cain, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Paul, Pawlenty, and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating. There was another about a month later, with Gingrich, Romney, former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman and Rep. Michele Bachmann participating and Johnson excluded. A total of thirteen debates would be held before the Iowa caucuses.

The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll, which took place in Iowa on August 13, 2011. Pawlenty withdrew from the race after doing poorly, as did Thaddeus McCotter, the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate.[22] Bachmann won the straw poll, and this proved to be the acme of her campaign.[23]

A segment of the conservative primary electorate found Romney to be too liberal or moderate for their tastes, and a number of potential "anti-Romney" candidates were put forward,[24][25] including Donald Trump,[26] Sarah Palin,[27] and Texas Governor Rick Perry,[28] the last of whom ultimately decided to run. He did poorly in subsequent debates, and Cain and Gingrich came into the fore.

Due to a number of scandals, Cain withdrew just before the end of the year, after getting on the ballot in several states.[29] Johnson, who had been able to get into only one other debate, withdrew in order to seek the Libertarian Party nomination.[30]

For the first time in modern GOP history, three different candidates won the first three contests.[31] Although Romney was thought to originally have won in Iowa and New Hampshire, Santorum was declared the winner (by 34 votes) in Iowa a few weeks after the caucuses.[32] Gingrich won South Carolina by a large and surprising margin.[33]

A number of candidates dropped out at this time. Bachmann, who finished fifth in Iowa, withdrew after the caucuses.[34] Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire, and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina.[35]

Santorum, who had previously run an essentially one-state campaign in Iowa, took his campaign national and carried three more states on February 7.[36] Romney won all other contests after South Carolina, including Florida, seen at the time as a major win over Gingrich.

The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6. With ten states voting and 391 delegates being allocated, it had nearly half the potential impact of its 2008 predecessor. Romney carried six states and Santorum three, while Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia.[37] Throughout the rest of March, 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events, including all of the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates (Wyoming's county conventions). Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries, but was unable to make any gain on Romney, who remained the frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March.

On April 10, Santorum suspended his campaign, leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front-runner for the presidential nomination and Gingrich to claim he is the "last conservative" still actively campaigning for the nomination.[38] Gingrich then withdrew on May 1 after a spokesman announced on April 25 that he would do so.[39] On the same day as Gingrich's spokesman announced his future withdrawal, the Republican National Committee (RNC) declared Romney the party's presumptive nominee.[40] Paul officially remained in the race but stopped campaigning on May 14. On May 29, Romney won the Texas 2012 Republican primaries; the subsequent accumulation of the state's 155 delegates was enough for him to clinch the party's nomination.[41]

On August 28, 2012, delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney as the party's presidential nominee.[42] Romney formally accepted the delegates' nomination on August 30, 2012.[43]

Candidates

Major third parties

Main article: United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2012

The following third parties have nominated candidates that have ballot access to 270 electoral votes, which is the minimum number needed to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.

Write-in states that are confirmed to have full elector slates, and are to be included in the final ballot count, appear in Bold.

Libertarian Party

Main articles: Libertarian Party (United States); 2012 Libertarian National Convention; and Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2012
Gary Johnson
Gold - States where Gary Johnson has ballot access.
Yellow - States where Gary Johnson has write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[72] The Johnson/Gray ticket is on all state ballots except in Michigan and Oklahoma where its ballot access has been challenged. (515 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[73] Michigan
Total: 515 possible electoral votes

Green Party

Main articles: Green Party of the United States; 2012 Green National Convention; and Jill Stein presidential campaign, 2012
File:Jill Stein 2012.jpg
Jill Stein
Light green - States where Jill Stein has ballot access.
Green - States where Jill Stein has write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[76] Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin - (447 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[76] Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Missouri, Montana, South Dakota, New Hampshire, Vermont, Wyoming
Total: 447 possible electoral votes

Constitution Party

Main articles: Constitution Party (United States); 2012 Constitution Party National Convention; and Virgil Goode presidential campaign, 2012
Virgil Goode
Light purple - States where Virgil Goode has ballot access.
Purple - States where Virgil Goode has write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[79] Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming - (257 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[79] Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia - (112 electoral votes)
Total: 369 possible electoral votes

Justice Party

Main articles: Justice Party (United States) and Rocky Anderson
File:Rocky Anderson speech cropped.jpg
Rocky Anderson
Light blue - States where Rocky Anderson has ballot access.
Blue - States where Rocky Anderson has write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[82][83][84][85] Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington - (145 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming - (126 electoral votes)[86]
Total: 271 possible electoral votes

Americans Elect

Main article: Americans Elect
  • No candidates nominated
Ballot access: Before ending its primary process, the organization had gained ballot access in 29 states with 286 electoral votes.[87]

Following the unsuccessful Unity08, Peter Ackerman started Americans Elect, a non-partisan non-profit organization, with the objective of having the first online nomination process in American history. Americans Elect's motto was "Pick a president, not a party". No candidates met the requirements of online support set out by the organization to enter into its online caucus, so on May 17 the primary process came to an end without a nominee and no AE candidate will run for President in 2012. The online caucus site is now inactive except for a home page with the phrase "See You in 2013".[88]

Party conventions

Map of United States showing Charlotte, Tampa, Nashville, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and Baltimore
Charlotte
Charlotte
Tampa
Tampa
Nashville
Nashville
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Baltimore
Baltimore
class=notpageimage|
Sites of the 2012 National Party conventions

General election campaign

See also: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012 and Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012

Debates

Main article: United States presidential election debates, 2012

The Commission on Presidential Debates announced four debates.[95] Candidates must appear on sufficient state-ballots to be mathematically eligible to win the presidency and achieve at least 15% support in five national polls as of the date of determination.[96]

An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday October 23, at University Club of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois.[100] The debate was moderated by Larry King[101] and organized by the Free and Equal Elections Foundation.[100] Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green), Virgil Goode (Constitution) and Rocky Anderson (Justice) were the participants.[100][101] A second debate between Stein and Johnson was announced for Monday, November 5, to take place in Washington, D.C.;[102][103] it will be hosted by RT.[104]

Election

The election will proceed as follows:

  • November 6, 2012 – Election Day
  • December 17, 2012 – Electoral College will formally elect a President and Vice President.
  • January 3, 2013 – The new Congress is sworn in.
  • January 6, 2013 – Electoral votes are formally counted before a joint session of Congress.
  • January 20, 2013 – Inauguration oaths are taken; the new presidential term starts.
  • January 21, 2013 – Inauguration Day (as the 20th, the traditional date of Inauguration Day, falls on a Sunday)[105]

See also

References

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  104. ^ "RT to host final US presidential third-party debate". RT.com. October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  105. ^ "Schumer Elected as Chair of 2013 Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved August 15, 2012.

Further reading

  • William G. Mayer and Jonathan Bernstein, eds. The Making of the Presidential Candidates, 2012 (Rowman & Littlefield; 2012) 241 pages; ISBN 978-1-4422-1170-4; Scholars explore nominations in the post-public-funding era, digital media and campaigns, television coverage, and the Tea Party.

External links

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