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Languages of South America

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Main European languages spoken in South America.

The languages of South America can be divided into three broad groups:

  • the languages of the (in most cases, former) colonial powers
  • many indigenous languages, some of which are co-official alongside the colonial languages
  • and various pockets of other languages spoken by immigrant populations

Main languages

Main native languages in Latin America, legend:
  Quechua   Guarani   Aymara
  Nahuatl   Maya languages   Mapudungún

Portuguese is the most spoken language of South America[1] by a small margin.[2] Spanish, with slightly fewer speakers than Portuguese, is the second most spoken language on the continent.

Other official and majority languages in specific countries are:

Indigenous languages

Main article: Indigenous languages of South America
Main language families of South America (other than Quechuan, Aimaran and Mapudungun, which expanded after the Spanish Conquest).

Indigenous languages of South America include, among several others, the Quechua languages in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and to a lesser extent in Argentina, Chile and Colombia; Guaraní in Paraguay and to a much lesser extent in Argentina and Bolivia; Aymara in Bolivia, Peru and to a lesser extent in Chile; Wayuu in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela; and Mapudungun in small pockets of southern Chile and Argentina.

In Bolivia, Quechua, Aymara, and Tupi Guarani are co-official alongside Spanish. In Paraguay, Guarani shares joint official status with Spanish. In Colombia, the languages of the country's ethnic groups are constitutionally recognized as official languages in their territories; more than 60 such aboriginal languages exist today. In Ecuador, Spanish, Northern Quechua and Shuar are official for intercultural relations. In Peru, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages are co-official in the areas where they are predominant. There are many other languages once spoken in South America that are extinct today (such as the extinct languages of the Marañón River basin).

In Brazil, there are around 135 indigenous languages confirmed. The regions with the most speakers are northern and southern Brazil, where there is a larger concentration of native people. Indigenous populations have been trying to keep their traditions of their homeland, with the help of Funai, the agency responsible for the protection of the native people.

Language Speakers Countries
Quechua 8,900,000[3] Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Colombia
Guarani 4,900,000[4] Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina
Aymara 2,800,000[5] Bolivia, Peru

Linguistic Classification of South America

Source:[6]

Other languages

Municipalities that the Talian is co-official in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, highlighted in red: Bento Gonçalves[7], Caxias do Sul[8], Flores da Cunha[9], Nova Roma do Sul[10][11] and Serafina Corrêa.[12]
Municipalities that the East Pomeranian dialect is co-official in Espírito Santo, Brazil: Domingos Martins[13][14][15], Itarana[16][17], Laranja da Terra[13][15], Pancas[13][18][19], Santa Maria de Jetibá[13][20][21] and Vila Pavão[13][22][21].

Italian is spoken by communities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Peru, and Venezuela.[citation needed]

German is used by some in Brazil, Argentina, Guyana, Suriname, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay.[citation needed]

Speakers of Arabic (chiefly of Lebanese, Syrian or Palestinian descent), are commonly found in parts of in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile (largest Palestinian colony outside the Middle East) and Venezuela.[citation needed]

Welsh is spoken and written in the historic towns of Trelew and Rawson in the Argentine Patagonia.[citation needed]

There are small Croatian, Greek, Polish, Ukrainian and Russian-speaking communities in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina.[citation needed]

There are also many Romani-speakers, originating in Eastern Europe, throughout South America particularly in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, and Argentina.[citation needed]

There are Eastern European Romanian speakers, especially in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia, where Romanian populations live.[citation needed]

There are also small clusters of Japanese-speakers in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia (including Okinawans from the island of Okinawa), Colombia, Paraguay, and Ecuador. Brazil currently holds the largest Japanese community outside Japan [23]

Hindustani and other Indian languages are commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.[citation needed]

Javanese is commonly found in Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.[citation needed]

The Rapa Nui Language is a Polynesian origin found in Easter Island, Chile. Maori is also found in Easter Island.[citation needed]

Most South American countries mandate the regular study of one or more of English, French, German or Italian. These countries often have advanced cultural language institutes for those respective languages centered in their major cities.[citation needed]

In Brazil, Italian and German dialects, specifically Talian, East Pomeranian and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch, have co-official status alongside Portuguese in about a dozen cities, and are mandatory subjects in schools in other municipalities. Brazil's largest city São Paulo has large numbers of German, Italian, Japanese and Levantine Arabic speakers.[citation needed] The states of Santa Catarina[24][25][26] and Rio Grande do Sul have Talian officially approved as a heritage language in these states,[27] and Espírito Santo has the East Pomeranian dialect,[28] along with the German language as cultural heritage.[28][29][30][31][32] [33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "How Many People Speak Portuguese, And Where Is what is the timeIt Spoken? | Babbel Magazine". The Babbel Magazine. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  2. ^ Lopez, Michel. "What are the 5 official languages of South America?". e2f. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  3. ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  4. ^ Guarani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  5. ^ Central Aymara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required), Southern Aymara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  6. ^ Greenberg, Joseph H. "The general classification of Central and South American languages", in: Men and cultures; selected papers of the 5th international congress of anthropological and ethnologicalsciences, Philadelphia, September 1956 PP. 791-4
  7. ^ "Câmara Bento – Projeto do Executivo é aprovado e Talian se torna a língua co-oficial – Jornal Cidades da Serra". web.archive.org. 24 September 2016.
  8. ^ "Lei confirma o Talian como segunda língua oficial de Caxias do Sul". web.archive.org. 30 March 2019.
  9. ^ "Leouve - Talian é língua cooficial de Flores da Cunha". web.archive.org. 15 June 2016.
  10. ^ Lei Nº 1310 de 16 de outubro de 2015 - Dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua do "talian", à língua portuguesa, no município de Nova Roma do Sul"
  11. ^ O Talian agora é a língua co-oficial de Nova Roma do Sul, município de Nova Roma do Sul
  12. ^ "Município de Serafina Corrêa Vereadores aprovam o talian como língua co-oficial do município". web.archive.org. 30 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e Espírito Santo investe na preservação da língua pomerana, in "Registros Escritos", fifth paragraph.
  14. ^ "A escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  15. ^ a b "A co-oficialização da língua pomerana (third paragraph)" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  16. ^ Município de Itarana participa de ações do Inventário da Língua Pomerana, Prefeitura Municipal de Itarana
  17. ^ «Lei Municipal nº 1.195/2016 de Itarana/ES». itarana.es.gov.br
  18. ^ "Pomerano!?" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  19. ^ "No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  20. ^ "Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  21. ^ a b Cooficialização de línguas no Brasil: características, desdobramentos e desafios, third page.
  22. ^ "Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espirito Santo" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  23. ^ "Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties | The Japan Times Online". 2008-01-15.
  24. ^ "LEI Nº 14.951" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  25. ^ "Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. FEIBEMO divulga cultura italiana" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  26. ^ "Fóruns sobre o Talian - Eventos comemoram os 134 anos da imigração italiana" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  27. ^ "Aprovado projeto que declara o Talian como patrimônio do RS]" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  28. ^ a b "O povo pomerano no ES" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  29. ^ "Plenário aprova em segundo turno a PEC do patrimônio" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  30. ^ "Emenda Constitucional na Íntegra" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  31. ^ "ALEES - PEC que trata do patrimônio cultural retorna ao Plenário" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  32. ^ "TITUS Didactica: German Dialects (map)". titus.uni-frankfurt.de.
  33. ^ "Pommern in Brasilien - LernCafe – Online-Journal zur allgemeinen Weiterbildung". www.lerncafe.de.
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