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Xukuru language

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Xukuru
Native toBrazil
RegionPernambuco
Ethnicity6,400 Xukuru people (1999)[1]
Extinct(date missing)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xoo
Glottologxuku1239

Xukuru (Xucuru, Shukurú, Ichikile) is an extinct and poorly attested language of Brazil. It is also known as Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó, Ichikile. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda (1962).[3]

It was originally spoken in the Serra de São José and on the Meio River, Capibaribe River and Taperoa River in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Loukotka (1968) reports the most recent locations as the Serra Ararobá and Cimbres.[4]

Classification

Loukotka (1968) considers Xukuru to form a small family with Paratió.[4]

Other languages with this name

Xukuru-Kariri is a variety of Xokó, which may be a Kariri language. The name Kiriri is shared by Dzubukuá, another Kariri language, and by Katembri. The name Kiriri-Xoko is shared with yet another variety of Xokó.

Distribution

Geraldo Lapenda (1962) reported that the Xukuru people can be found primarily in the settlements of Canabrava and Brejinho in the aldeia of Cimbres, Pesqueira municipality. They can also be found in the settlements of Cajueiro, Ipanema Velho, Caldeirão, Jitó, Lagoa, Machado, Sitio do Meio, Riacho dos Afetos, Trincheiras, Bem-te-vi, Santana, and São José. Although the Xukuru traditionally occupied the Serra do Ororobá, they could also be found in other municipalities of Pernambuco, namely Caruaru, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Belo Jardim, Sanharó, Poção, Pesqueira, and Arcoverde.[3]

Phonology

Consonants

Xukuru consonants:[3]

p t k
b d g
f s x h
v z
m n
l
r j

Vowels

Xukuru vowels:[3]

i u
é [e] ó [o]
ê [ɛ] ô [ɔ]
a

Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).

Morphology

Common suffixes in Xukuru include -go, which forms verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and -men, of uncertain meaning.[3]

Vocabulary

Pompeu (1958)

Xucurú vocabulary from Pompeu (1958),[5] cited from Kurt Nimuendajú:[6][5]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xucurú
homem man xenúpre
mulher woman moéla
fogo fire intôa
água water teu
pedra stone kébra
cabeça head kreká
orelha ear bandulak
bôca mouth mãz
nariz nose korõzá
língua tongue izarágo
dente tooth ciladê
mão hand kereké
foot poyá
casa house sek
olho (olha) eye (see) pigó

Meader (1978)

Xukuru is also known from a word list elicited in 1961 by Paul Wagner from Antônio Caetano do Nascimento, the chief of Brazinho village in the Serra Urubu of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State. The list is reproduced below, with English translations also given.[7]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xukuru
água water křikišε
arco bow fřεša
azul blue ιniyε
bebo I drink taiyε̨
fazer beber to drink uřιnka/o
boca mouth opigomə̨
branco white piřaːša
carne de boi beef iːša de mařiñu
carne de porco pork iːša de pʰužu
casa home šεkI / šεkʰ
está chovendo it is raining křišišε
cobra snake katə̨go / šabatə̨na / sązařa
comer (fazer) eat křιŋgɔ
corda (de índio) rope (of Indian) kəšta
correr (fazer) run mutəgo
dia day 'aːdamε
dormir to sleep muřiša
flecha arrow bεštə
fogo fire kiya
fumo smoke mažε
fumando (fazendo) smoking ε/ιštə̨ŋgu
joelho knee žəže
lua moon kιlaRmɔ
machado axe takɔ de supapʰo
mãe mother tšiɔkɔ
mandioca cassava iːəmu
farinha de mandioca cassava flour įəmu
matar kill kopago/u
menino boy ambεkO / křipʰu/i
milho corn šιgu / šiːgřu / siːgu
morto (defunto) dead (deceased) kupʰu
mulher / moça woman / girl ɔkřιpi / tšɔkɔ
nariz nose šikřį
noite night batukį
noite clara clear night kilařižmąų / kιlařižmąų
noite sem luar moonless night batřokį / batokį
nuvem cloud nǫmbřu
olho eye aloži / lə̨že/ε
pai dad taiɔpʰu
panela de barro clay pot mɔiː
pau stick křə̨ži
foot poiya
pés-de-bode goat feet poia de mε̨mε̨ŋgo
pedra stone kařašiši / kašiši / kebřə
pequeno small křeɔ
perna fina thin leg žatiři
pessoa ruim bad person taːnañago
piolho louse kuša
preta black woman takažu křεga
preto black man takažu pu
sangue blood bǫdąso
sol sun aːdɔmε
terra earth lιmulagu
velho old iakɔ / taiəpu / přɔ
vem cá come here iąkɔ / iə̨nkɔ
verde green piřaša / takaιnyε
abóbora pumpkin porou
até logo see you later ambeřa
banana banana pakɔvɔ
beiju beiju šɔšɔgu
bicho-de-pé chigoe flea
(Tunga penetrans)
bušu / bušudu
bode goat mε̨mε̨ŋgo
boi ox mařį
bolsa handbag aiyɔ
bom-dia good morning břεmε̨/æ̨
brasa ember toe
brigar (mentir?) (fazer) fight (lie?) ařago
cabaça gourd kuřekɔ/a
caboclo caboclo taispu/U
caboclo velho old caboclo přɔ / sanumpI/i
cachaça cachaça uřiːka žɔgu
cachimbo smoking pipe šaduřε
café coffee fǫfǫ
cágado tortoise šabutε
cansado tired nanəgu
carneiro ram labudu
cavalo horse pitšιŋgə
chapéu hat křeakřugu
chefe chief přə
chorando crying šualya
cintura waist hododoːgu
dar na cabeça give in the head kupago
dinheiro money εntaiu
doce sweet kažuřə
duas horas da tarde two o'clock in the afternoon ŋgutimæ
escuro dark bətukį / batyukį
espingarda shotgun kašuvemini / nazařinə
espírito (homem) spirit (of man) kopʰu ařaga
fava fava bean kuřikə
feijão bean saka
fica quieto stay quiet naiyεtigořε / naiyε biago
fome (está com) hungry (be) šuřakI/i
fósforo match (lighter) křiya
galinha chicken tapuka
gato cat žetona
gato do mato / leão wildcat / lion tə̨tə̨ŋgu / tątągu
homem mal feito ugly man křugu/i
ladrão thief šikřεgugu
lagartinha small caterpillar kuřišiba
lenha firewood křə̨ži
língua dos Xukurus Xukuru language břɔbɔ
maça apple kuřikɔ
madeira wood křə̨ž
mentira a lie (not truth) uːegwe
mulata mulatto křεšuagu
nome da tribo Xukuru tribe šukuřuiz
Nossa Senhora Our Lady (Virgin Mary) təməį
Nosso Senhor Our Lord (Jesus) tupə̨
onça / rato jaguar / rat pipʰiu
padre father pažε
panela / jarro pot / pitcher mə̨yį
patim skate iːə̨kə̨
pato duck tapukə
peba drink šabutε / šababutε
peru turkey papιsaka / isaka
ponto de boi point of ox kakřiə̨kʰɔ
porco pig pužu
prato de barro clay plate šεtkibųgu
preá price bεŋo / bεŋgo
prender (fez) catch abřeřa
com raiva angry mařau
rapadura rapadura kařuža
rede net tipʰoia
roubar (fazer) steal ařagu / šιkřugu / šikřεgu
roupa (genérico) clothing (generic) takʰɔ
roupa rasgada rags, ripped clothing takə ařagu
saia skirt tinəŋgɔ
sapato shoe šaba
sapo toad sařapə
sede thirst sεři
soldado soldier ařεdæři / kəmakwį
titica useless ižari / šapřuiz
titica grande very useless žaři
trovão thunder təkəmařu / takəmařau
urinar urinate žιgu
urubu vulture gřaːsia
vai dar de corpo will give body šιkumə
viagem (fazer) travel ųbřeːřa / muntəgu

Lapenda (1962)

The following Xucuru words are from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). The data was collected by Raimundo Dantas Carneiro and Cícero Cavalcanti. (Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).)[3]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Xucuru
água water téw, kaité
água, rio water, river xakr
animal, boi animal, ox amank
arapuá Trigona spinipes bee suska
arma de fogo gun, firearm tuman-igú (tu-man-i-gú)
banana banana akôbra
barriga belly mayópó, tuyá
bébado drunk, intoxicated tan-yen
boa tarde! good afternoon! lakutmen
bode, cabra goat menmengo (men-men-go)
boi ox gahanxo (ga-han-xo), marinha (ma-rin-ha)
bom good konengo, pirara
bom dia! good morning! komenmen
brasa, fogo ember, fire xetkubú
cabeça head kréká
cabelo hair avenko, exék, unj
cacete club, bludgeon konkré, ximbó
cachimbo smoking pipe makringó, xanduré
cachimbo do ritual ritual pipe xanduré
cachorro dog jabrêgo
cacique chief, indigenous leader nekrètá
cadáver corpse kapxégo
café coffee zinbaw
carne meat, beef inxa
carneiro ram zangzag
carnívoro carnivore zmaragúgo
casa home xako
chapéu (coberta da cabeça) hat (head covering) kré agúgo
chover rain (verb) krikxé
comer, comida eat, food kringó
copular copulate uyuingo
correr run montógo, onbrêra
de manhã in the morning in bemen
de noite in the night in tataramen
de tarde in the afternoon in kutmen
defecar defecate xikúgo
Deus God Putú, Paité
dinheiro money itay
dizer say nennen (nen-nen)
doce sweet tuxá
doente, doença sick, illness tayrgêgo
dormir sleep gon-yá (gon-yá)
espancar, matar beat, kill kupágo
espirito spirit jetó
faca knife sakwaren, tilôa
farinha de mandioca cassava flour amun (a-mún)
feijão bean saká
feio ugly katongo, waga
feiticeiro sorcerer jubêgo
filho son akó
fogo fire itôka
fome, faminto, ter fome hungry xurak
frio cold xiá
fumaça smoke (noun) (chaminé) ximinéw
fumar smoke (verb) stongo
fumar durante o rito to smoke during a ritual jiton
gado cattle xafangú, amank
gato cat jetonm (je-ton-m)
gato-do-mato oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) tantango
guloso, gula greedy, gluttony inbrugúgo
homem branco white man karé
índio Indian xennunpr (xen-nun-pr)
intestino, ventre intestine, womb mayópó
invocar os espíritos invoke the spirits jetó jéti
ladrão thief xuhégo
lua moon klarihmon
marido husband aríderí
matar kill arágo
mau bad awixo, irú, inbrugúgo
mau, feio bad, ugly waga
melancia watermelon befêw
menino boy jéút, mayópípo
mentiroso, mentira, mentir liar, lie jupegúgo, xupegúgo
milho corn jigo, xigo
mocó (animal) rock cavy koriko pexerumen
não no biá
não falar not talk non-yen biá
nariz nose axéko, xikrin
negro black mankwé, jupú, taka, gon-yé
Nossa Senhora Our Lady Taminn (ta-min-n)
Nossa Senhora das Montanhas Our Lady of the Mountains Taman-ín-a (ta-man-in-a)
Nosso Senhor Our Lord Papá Duá
ôlho eye axó, pigamnan
onça jaguar wanmanx (wan-man-x), lanprêgo
ovelha sheep burudo, zangzag
foot poyá
pedra stone kwêbra, krekré
pequeno small akrugó, bibí, gingin, krinin, kuit
peru turkey teadusaka
pinto chick kréun-inxo (kré-ún-in-xo)
preá price bengo, koriko mandumen
prender catch ajigo
rapazola boy (big for his age) awiko
reunião ritual ritual meeting inkant
rito ritual prayá
sal salt lungin (lun-gin), ínkin
sol sun murasi
tatu-bola armadillo manntú (man-n-tú)
terra earth lemolahgo, kraxixi
tícaca opossum (type of) fekiá
timbu, gambá opossum totiko, utxaká
tripa intestines madgoz
urinar urinate xabrêgo
velha old woman wakó
velho old man pró, tayópo
venha cá come here iankwan
vento forte strong wind xuá
vinho de jurema jurema liquor jusa

Loukotka (1949)

The following Shukurú words are from Loukotka (1949). The data is from a 137-word manuscript list collected by Curt Nimuendajú in 1934 from 4 elderly semi-speakers in Pernambuco. The list was obtained by Loukotka in 1940.[8]

French gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Shukurú
chien dog ʒebrégo
dent tooth tʃilodé
eau water téu
femme woman moéla
feu fire intóa
hache axe tilóa
homme man ʃenũprĕ
jaguar jaguar lamprémp
langue tongue ĩʃ-arágŏ
main hand koreké
maïs maize ʃígŭ
maison house ʃek
manioc cassava ʃakurarágŭ
manger eat kreŋgô
oreille har bandalák
pied foot poyá
pierre stone kéiba
pot pot koréka
serpent snake saŋsála
tabac tobacco mãʒé
tête head kreká

Sentences

The following Xucuru sentences are from Lapenda (1962).[3]

No. Xucuru Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
1 xenunpr man-yógo karé O caboclo está com raiva do branco. The caboclo is angry with the white man.
2 jubêgo jog kupágo krèká tió-pípo O feiticeiro embriagado deu uma pancada na cabeça da moça. The drunken sorcerer hit the girl on the head.
3 xennunpr kringó xoxógo kuit O indio comeu um pequeno pedaço de beiju. The Indian ate a small piece of beiju.
4 inxa xangzag konengo A carne do carneiro é boa. The meat of the lamb is good.
5 urika karé konengo A bebida do branco é boa. The white drink is good.
6 xennunpr tayegêgo xurak O indio está doente de fome. The Indian is sick with hunger.
7 tapípo montógo arágo tumanigú xakrok, tapipo teregonmen xurak A menina foi matar com arma de fogo o tatu, ela chegou com fome. The girl went to kill the armadillo with a gun; she arrived hungry.
8 xurak, xugín konengo kringó Eu tenho fome, o feijão está bom de se comer. I'm hungry; the beans are good to eat.
9 kringó tuxá, pirara kaité xiá, xáko onbriá pró Comi doce, com boa água fria, em casa de meu velho camarada. I ate sweets, with good cold water, at my old friend's house.
10 tapuka tigá konengo kringó A galinha assada está boa de se comer. The roasted chicken is good to eat.
11 tapuka kringó kuit jigo A galinha comeu muito pouco milho. The chicken ate very little corn.
12 befêw konengo kringó A melancia está boa de se comer. The watermelon is good to eat.
13 wanmanx kringó menmengo A onça comeu o bode. The jaguar ate the goat.
14 amank arágo gon-yé xako O boi matou o negro em casa. The ox killed the black man at his home.
15 xako irú biá A casa não é ruim. The house is not bad.
16 pininga montógo xako Paulo O cavalo foi-se embora para a casa de Paulo. The horse left for Paulo's house.
17 pininga pirara montógo O cavalo é muito bom de se viajar. The horse is very good for traveling.
18 Pedro intataramen kebogó konkré xikrin, xukégo jibongo kuit Pedro de noite matou uma pessoa de cacetada no nariz, para roubar uma quantia insignificante. Pedro killed a person with a club on the nose, to steal a small amount.
19 Pedro xukégo pitinga jabrêgo akrugó onbriá Pedro roubou o cavalo é o cachorrinho de seu camarada. Pedro stole the horse and his friend's puppy.
20 karé xukégo gurinxáún akó xennunpr inkutmen O branco roubou a fava do filho do caboclo à tarde. The white man stole the beans from the caboclo's son in the afternoon.
21 arederi ajigo xennunpr O soldado prendeu o índio. The soldier caught the Indian.
22 jigo konengo inxa tapuka O milho é bom com carne de galinha. Corn is good with chicken meat.
23 inxa inkín konengo A carne salgada é boa. Salty meat is good.
24 amun konengo A farinha de mandioca é boa. Cassava flour is good.
25 sanzara arágo tepô A cobra matou a raposa. The snake killed the fox.
26 akó jadirimen irú O filho do soldado é ruim. The soldier's son is bad.
27 xenn awiko pirara, pirax A flor do rapazola é muito boa e bonita. The boy's flower is very good and beautiful.
28 mayópípo kréxa katongo O menino do mulato é feio. The mulatto boy is ugly.
29 tapipo karé tóé A menina do branco é modesta. The white girl is modest.
30 jéút xukégo kréagúgo onbriá O menino roubou o chapéu de seu camarada. The boy stole his friend's hat.
31 téw xiá konengo tuxá A água fria é boa com doce. Cold water is good with sweets.
32 pepuko João konengo biá A rede de João não é boa. João's net is not good.
33 tapipo xennunpr pirax, tapipo potá pirara A índia é muito bonita, ela dança muito bem. The Indian is very beautiful; she dances very well.
34 xennunpr poyá tayegêgo O índio está com o pé doente. The Indian has an injured foot.
35 Manú zmaragugo bengo Manuel é comedor de carne de preá. Manuel is a meat eater.
36 tazip pró waga O sapato do velho é feio. The old man's shoe is ugly.
37 krenj irú A lenha é ruim. The firewood is bad.
38 gon-yê poyá katongo O pé do negro é feio. The black man's foot is ugly.
39 batukrin xiá konengo O dia frio é bom. The cold day is good.
40 tayópo nen-yen biá xukurú Meu avó não fala o xucuru. My grandfather does not speak Xucuru.
41 karé Pesqueira nen-yen, xennunpr xukurú munkunj, karé xupegúgo O povo de Pesqueira diz que o índio xucuru é preguiçoso, isto não é verdade. The people of Pesqueira say that the Xucuru Indian is lazy; this is not true.
42 karé xukégo kraxixi xukurú Urubá, xennunpr nan-yógo Os brancos tomaram as terras dos índios da Serra Urubá, e êles ficaram com raiva. The whites took the lands of the Serra Urubá Indians, and they were angry.
43 kanbay zipotay Valha-me Deus! God help me!

References

  1. ^ Xukurú at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Xukuru at Ethnologue (12th ed., 1992).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Lapenda, Geraldo Calábria. 1962. O dialecto Xucuru. Doxa (Revista Oficial do Departamento de Cultura do Diretório Acadêmico da Faculdade de Filosofia de Pernambuco da Universidade do Recife), ano X, n. 10, p. 11-23.
  4. ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  5. ^ a b Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
  6. ^ Nimuendajú, Kurt. “Revista do Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano”. ns. 155, 158.
  7. ^ Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
  8. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1949). "Sur quelques langues inconnues de l'Amérique du Sud". Lingua Posnaniensis (in French). 1: 53–82.