1984 United States presidential election in Illinois
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 County Results
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The 1984 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 6, 1984. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1984 United States presidential election. State voters chose 24 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.
Illinois was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota. Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York, the first major female candidate for the vice presidency.
Election information
The primaries and general elections coincided with those for other federal offices (Senate and House), as well as those for state offices.[1][2]
Turnout
Turnout in the state-run primary elections (Democratic and Republican) was 37.25% with a total of 2,254,503 votes cast.[1]
Turnout during the general election was 74.48%, with 4,819,088 votes cast.[2]
Primaries
State-run primaries were held for the Democratic and Republican parties on March 20.[1]
Democratic
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The 1984 Illinois Democratic presidential primary was held on March 20, 1984 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1984 presidential election.
| Candidate | Votes | % | Delegates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Walter F. Mondale | 670,951 | 40.43 | |
| Gary Hart | 584,579 | 35.23 | |
| Jesse L. Jackson | 348,843 | 21.02 | |
| George McGovern withdrew | 25,336 | 1.53 | |
| John Glenn withdrew | 19,800 | 1.19 | |
| Betty Jean Williams | 4,797 | 0.29 | |
| Alan Cranston withdrew | 2,786 | 0.17 | |
| Reubin Askew withdrew | 2,182 | 0.13 | |
| Write-in | 151 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 1,659,425 | 100 |
Republican
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The 1984 Illinois Republican presidential primary was held on March 20, 1984 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Republican Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1984 presidential election.
| Candidate | Votes | % | Delegates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ronald Reagan | 594,742 | 99.94 | |
| Write-in | 336 | 0.06 | |
| Total | 595,078 | 100 |
General election
| Elections in Illinois |
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The presidential election of 1984 was a very partisan election for Illinois, with over 99% of the electorate voting only either Democratic or Republican, though several other parties did appear on the presidential ballot in the State.[3] Nearly every county in Illinois voted in majority for Reagan, a particularly strong turnout in this rapidly liberalizing state. One notable exception to this trend was Chicago's highly populated Cook County, which voted in majority for Mondale, albeit with a 2.6% margin, or 51% to 48.4%. 1984 marks the last time any presidential candidate won Cook County with a single digit margin, and the last election that a Republican won over a million votes in that county.
Illinois weighed in for this election as 4 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. As of the 2016 presidential election[update], this is the last election in which Jackson County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.[4]
Democratic platform
Walter Mondale accepted the Democratic nomination for presidency after pulling narrowly ahead of Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and Rev. Jesse Jackson of Illinois - his main contenders during what would be a very contentious[5] Democratic primary. During the campaign, Mondale was vocal about reduction of government spending, and, in particular, was vocal against heightened military spending on the nuclear arms race against the Soviet Union,[6] which was reaching its peak on both sides in the early 1980s.
Taking a (what was becoming the traditional liberal) stance on the social issues of the day, Mondale advocated for gun control, the right to choose regarding abortion, and strongly opposed the repeal of laws regarding institutionalized prayer in public schools. He also criticized Reagan for what he charged was his economic marginalization of the poor, stating that Reagan's reelection campaign was "a happy talk campaign," not focused on the real issues at hand.[7]
A very significant political move during this election: the Democratic Party nominated Representative Geraldine Ferraro to run with Mondale as Vice-President. Ferraro is the first female candidate to receive such a nomination in United States history. She said in an interview at the 1984 Democratic National Convention that this action "opened a door which will never be closed again,"[8] speaking to the role of women in politics.
Republican platform
By 1984, Reagan was very popular with voters across the nation as the President who saw them out of the economic stagflation of the early and middle 1970's, and into a period of (relative) economic stability.[9]
The economic success seen under Reagan was politically accomplished (principally) in two ways. The first was initiation of deep tax cuts for the wealthy,[10] and the second was a wide-spectrum of tax cuts for crude oil production and refinement, namely, with the 1980 Windfall profits tax cuts.[11] These policies were augmented with a call for heightened military spending,[12] the cutting of social welfare programs for the poor,[13] and the increasing of taxes on those making less than $50,000 per year.[10] Collectively called "Reaganomics", these economic policies were established through several pieces of legislation passed between 1980 and 1987.
These new tax policies also arguably curbed several existing tax loopholes, preferences, and exceptions, but Reaganomics is typically remembered for its trickle down effect of taxing poor Americans more than rich ones. Reaganomics has (along with legislation passed under presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton) been criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.[14]
Virtually unopposed during the Republican primaries, Reagan ran on a campaign of furthering his economic policies. Reagan vowed to continue his "war on drugs," passing sweeping legislation after the 1984 election in support of mandatory minimum sentences for drug possession.[15] Furthermore, taking a (what was becoming the traditional conservative) stance on the social issues of the day, Reagan strongly opposed legislation regarding comprehension of gay marriage, abortion, and (to a lesser extent) environmentalism,[16] regarding the final as simply being bad for business.
Republican victory
Reagan won the election in Illinois with a decisive 13 point landslide, carrying all but five counties. No Republican candidate has received as strong of support in the American Great Lakes States, at large, post Reagan. While Illinois typically voted conservative at the time, the election results in Illinois are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party which took place through the 1980s; called by Reagan the "second American Revolution."[9] This was most evident during the 1984 presidential election.
It is speculated that Mondale lost support with voters nearly immediately during the campaign, namely during his acceptance speech at the 1984 Democratic National Convention. There he stated that he intended to increase taxes. To quote Mondale, "By the end of my first term, I will reduce the Reagan budget deficit by two thirds. Let's tell the truth. It must be done, it must be done. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did."[7] Despite this claimed attempt at establishing truthfulness with the electorate, this promise to raise taxes badly eroded his chances in what had already begun as an uphill battle against the charismatic Ronald Reagan.
Reagan also enjoyed high levels of bipartisan support during the 1984 presidential election, both in Illinois, and across the nation at large. Many registered Democrats who voted for Reagan (Reagan Democrats) stated that they had chosen to do so because they associated him with the economic recovery, because of his strong stance on national security issues with Russia, and because they considered the Democrats as "supporting American poor and minorities at the expense of the middle class."[16] These public opinion factors contributed to Reagan's 1984 landslide victory, in Illinois and elsewhere.
Notably, this is the closest to date that a Republican has come to carrying Cook County, home to Chicago, since Richard Nixon won it in 1972. Mondale took 51% of Cook County's vote to Reagan's 48.4%.
Results
| 1984 United States presidential election in Illinois[2] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | Ronald Reagan | 2,707,103 | 56.17% | 24 | |
| Democratic | Walter Mondale | 2,086,499 | 43.30% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | David Bergland | 10,086 | 0.21% | 0 | |
| Communist Party | Gus Hall | 4,672 | 0.10% | 0 | |
| Citizen's Party | Sonia Johnson | 2,716 | 0.06% | 0 | |
| Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | 2,632 | 0.05% | 0 | |
| New Alliance Party | Dennis Serrette | 2,386 | 0.05% | 0 | |
| Socialist Workers Party | Melvin Mason | 2,132 | 0.04% | 0 | |
| Write-Ins | 862 | 0.02% | 0 | ||
| Totals | 4,819,088 | 100.0% | 24 | ||
Results by county
| County | Ronald Wilson Reagan Republican |
Walter Frederick Mondale Democratic |
Various candidates Other parties |
Margin | Total votes cast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 20,225 | 65.99% | 10,336 | 33.72% | 88 | 0.29% | 9,889 | 32.27% | 30,649 |
| Alexander | 2,574 | 47.08% | 2,872 | 52.53% | 21 | 0.38% | -298 | -5.45% | 5,467 |
| Bond | 4,240 | 59.46% | 2,870 | 40.25% | 21 | 0.29% | 1,370 | 19.21% | 7,131 |
| Boone | 7,536 | 66.65% | 3,717 | 32.88% | 53 | 0.47% | 3,819 | 33.78% | 11,306 |
| Brown | 1,478 | 60.43% | 959 | 39.21% | 9 | 0.37% | 519 | 21.22% | 2,446 |
| Bureau | 11,741 | 62.57% | 6,925 | 36.90% | 99 | 0.53% | 4,816 | 25.66% | 18,765 |
| Calhoun | 1,648 | 53.04% | 1,443 | 46.44% | 16 | 0.51% | 205 | 6.60% | 3,107 |
| Carroll | 5,237 | 68.39% | 2,398 | 31.31% | 23 | 0.30% | 2,839 | 37.07% | 7,658 |
| Cass | 3,435 | 53.68% | 2,937 | 45.90% | 27 | 0.42% | 498 | 7.78% | 6,399 |
| Champaign | 39,224 | 58.61% | 27,266 | 40.74% | 435 | 0.65% | 11,958 | 17.87% | 66,925 |
| Christian | 8,534 | 52.84% | 7,541 | 46.69% | 77 | 0.48% | 993 | 6.15% | 16,152 |
| Clark | 5,318 | 63.45% | 3,032 | 36.17% | 32 | 0.38% | 2,286 | 27.27% | 8,382 |
| Clay | 4,562 | 64.22% | 2,524 | 35.53% | 18 | 0.25% | 2,038 | 28.69% | 7,104 |
| Clinton | 9,233 | 66.43% | 4,628 | 33.30% | 38 | 0.27% | 4,605 | 33.13% | 13,899 |
| Coles | 14,044 | 65.95% | 7,156 | 33.60% | 95 | 0.45% | 6,888 | 32.35% | 21,295 |
| Cook | 1,055,558 | 48.40% | 1,112,641 | 51.02% | 12,536 | 0.57% | -57,083 | -2.62% | 2,180,735 |
| Crawford | 6,261 | 66.44% | 3,130 | 33.21% | 33 | 0.35% | 3,131 | 33.22% | 9,424 |
| Cumberland | 3,002 | 63.04% | 1,733 | 36.39% | 27 | 0.57% | 1,269 | 26.65% | 4,762 |
| DeKalb | 4,534 | 65.57% | 2,352 | 34.01% | 29 | 0.42% | 2,182 | 31.55% | 6,915 |
| DeWitt | 20,294 | 64.50% | 10,942 | 34.78% | 229 | 0.73% | 9,352 | 29.72% | 31,465 |
| Douglas | 5,691 | 66.14% | 2,886 | 33.54% | 27 | 0.31% | 2,805 | 32.60% | 8,604 |
| DuPage | 227,141 | 75.66% | 71,430 | 23.79% | 1,644 | 0.55% | 155,711 | 51.87% | 300,215 |
| Edgar | 6,821 | 67.54% | 3,241 | 32.09% | 37 | 0.37% | 3,580 | 35.45% | 10,099 |
| Edwards | 2,778 | 72.25% | 1,057 | 27.49% | 10 | 0.26% | 1,721 | 44.76% | 3,845 |
| Effingham | 9,617 | 71.22% | 3,841 | 28.44% | 46 | 0.34% | 5,776 | 42.77% | 13,504 |
| Fayette | 6,607 | 63.09% | 3,844 | 36.70% | 22 | 0.21% | 2,763 | 26.38% | 10,473 |
| Ford | 4,871 | 73.11% | 1,763 | 26.46% | 29 | 0.44% | 3,108 | 46.65% | 6,663 |
| Franklin | 9,656 | 47.39% | 10,667 | 52.35% | 54 | 0.27% | -1,011 | -4.96% | 20,377 |
| Fulton | 9,147 | 49.77% | 9,131 | 49.69% | 99 | 0.54% | 16 | 0.09% | 18,377 |
| Gallatin | 1,939 | 47.15% | 2,164 | 52.63% | 9 | 0.22% | -225 | -5.47% | 4,112 |
| Greene | 4,057 | 60.96% | 2,563 | 38.51% | 35 | 0.53% | 1,494 | 22.45% | 6,655 |
| Grundy | 9,595 | 66.98% | 4,671 | 32.61% | 59 | 0.41% | 4,924 | 34.37% | 14,325 |
| Hamilton | 3,074 | 57.50% | 2,251 | 42.11% | 21 | 0.39% | 823 | 15.39% | 5,346 |
| Hancock | 6,251 | 62.50% | 3,713 | 37.13% | 37 | 0.37% | 2,538 | 25.38% | 10,001 |
| Hardin | 1,689 | 58.26% | 1,205 | 41.57% | 5 | 0.17% | 484 | 16.70% | 2,899 |
| Henderson | 2,289 | 53.51% | 1,969 | 46.03% | 20 | 0.47% | 320 | 7.48% | 4,278 |
| Henry | 14,504 | 57.41% | 10,679 | 42.27% | 79 | 0.31% | 3,825 | 15.14% | 25,262 |
| Iroquois | 11,327 | 77.13% | 3,300 | 22.47% | 58 | 0.39% | 8,027 | 54.66% | 14,685 |
| Jackson | 13,609 | 52.55% | 12,105 | 46.74% | 182 | 0.70% | 1,504 | 5.81% | 25,896 |
| Jasper | 3,673 | 67.35% | 1,750 | 32.09% | 31 | 0.57% | 1,923 | 35.26% | 5,454 |
| Jefferson | 9,642 | 57.10% | 7,200 | 42.64% | 43 | 0.25% | 2,442 | 14.46% | 16,885 |
| Jersey | 5,146 | 57.60% | 3,762 | 42.11% | 26 | 0.29% | 1,384 | 15.49% | 8,934 |
| Jo Daviess | 5,877 | 63.18% | 3,348 | 35.99% | 77 | 0.83% | 2,529 | 27.19% | 9,302 |
| Johnson | 3,424 | 67.36% | 1,647 | 32.40% | 12 | 0.24% | 1,777 | 34.96% | 5,083 |
| Kane | 72,655 | 69.09% | 31,875 | 30.31% | 629 | 0.60% | 40,780 | 38.78% | 105,159 |
| Kankakee | 23,807 | 60.02% | 15,246 | 38.44% | 612 | 1.54% | 8,561 | 21.58% | 39,665 |
| Kendall | 10,872 | 73.81% | 3,789 | 25.72% | 69 | 0.47% | 7,083 | 48.09% | 14,730 |
| Knox | 14,974 | 55.21% | 12,027 | 44.34% | 121 | 0.45% | 2,947 | 10.87% | 27,122 |
| Lake | 118,401 | 68.35% | 53,947 | 31.14% | 876 | 0.51% | 64,454 | 37.21% | 173,224 |
| LaSalle | 27,388 | 56.89% | 20,532 | 42.65% | 219 | 0.45% | 6,856 | 14.24% | 48,139 |
| Lawrence | 4,686 | 61.35% | 2,924 | 38.28% | 28 | 0.37% | 1,762 | 23.07% | 7,638 |
| Lee | 11,178 | 73.76% | 3,919 | 25.86% | 58 | 0.38% | 7,259 | 47.90% | 15,155 |
| Livingston | 12,291 | 72.65% | 4,567 | 26.99% | 61 | 0.36% | 7,724 | 45.65% | 16,919 |
| Logan | 9,932 | 70.71% | 4,052 | 28.85% | 62 | 0.44% | 5,880 | 41.86% | 14,046 |
| Macon | 30,457 | 54.28% | 25,463 | 45.38% | 192 | 0.34% | 4,994 | 8.90% | 56,112 |
| Macoupin | 12,282 | 53.51% | 10,602 | 46.19% | 69 | 0.30% | 1,680 | 7.32% | 22,953 |
| Madison | 57,021 | 53.94% | 48,352 | 45.74% | 340 | 0.32% | 8,669 | 8.20% | 105,713 |
| Marion | 11,300 | 59.65% | 7,599 | 40.11% | 46 | 0.24% | 3,701 | 19.54% | 18,945 |
| Marshall | 4,060 | 62.53% | 2,386 | 36.75% | 47 | 0.72% | 1,674 | 25.78% | 6,493 |
| Mason | 4,109 | 54.89% | 3,354 | 44.80% | 23 | 0.31% | 755 | 10.09% | 7,486 |
| Massac | 3,827 | 54.29% | 3,194 | 45.31% | 28 | 0.40% | 633 | 8.98% | 7,049 |
| McDonough | 9,383 | 67.02% | 4,561 | 32.58% | 57 | 0.41% | 4,822 | 34.44% | 14,001 |
| McHenry | 47,282 | 76.21% | 14,420 | 23.24% | 340 | 0.55% | 32,862 | 52.97% | 62,042 |
| McLean | 32,221 | 66.64% | 15,880 | 32.84% | 248 | 0.51% | 16,341 | 33.80% | 48,349 |
| Menard | 3,925 | 68.07% | 1,826 | 31.67% | 15 | 0.26% | 2,099 | 36.40% | 5,766 |
| Mercer | 4,907 | 54.97% | 3,982 | 44.61% | 38 | 0.43% | 925 | 10.36% | 8,927 |
| Monroe | 6,936 | 67.89% | 3,256 | 31.87% | 25 | 0.24% | 3,680 | 36.02% | 10,217 |
| Montgomery | 8,191 | 56.08% | 6,360 | 43.55% | 54 | 0.37% | 1,831 | 12.54% | 14,605 |
| Morgan | 10,683 | 66.37% | 5,361 | 33.30% | 53 | 0.33% | 5,322 | 33.06% | 16,097 |
| Moultrie | 3,593 | 59.17% | 2,458 | 40.48% | 21 | 0.35% | 1,135 | 18.69% | 6,072 |
| Ogle | 13,503 | 73.40% | 4,803 | 26.11% | 90 | 0.49% | 8,700 | 47.29% | 18,396 |
| Peoria | 45,607 | 55.02% | 36,830 | 44.43% | 462 | 0.56% | 8,777 | 10.59% | 82,899 |
| Perry | 5,852 | 55.88% | 4,584 | 43.77% | 36 | 0.34% | 1,268 | 12.11% | 10,472 |
| Piatt | 5,000 | 63.46% | 2,840 | 36.05% | 39 | 0.49% | 2,160 | 27.41% | 7,879 |
| Pike | 5,295 | 57.03% | 3,965 | 42.70% | 25 | 0.27% | 1,330 | 14.32% | 9,285 |
| Pope | 1,545 | 62.00% | 940 | 37.72% | 7 | 0.28% | 605 | 24.28% | 2,492 |
| Pulaski | 1,923 | 52.48% | 1,724 | 47.05% | 17 | 0.46% | 199 | 5.43% | 3,664 |
| Putnam | 1,912 | 56.02% | 1,487 | 43.57% | 14 | 0.41% | 425 | 12.45% | 3,413 |
| Randolph | 9,415 | 59.48% | 6,355 | 40.15% | 59 | 0.37% | 3,060 | 19.33% | 15,829 |
| Richland | 5,665 | 71.95% | 2,182 | 27.71% | 27 | 0.34% | 3,483 | 44.23% | 7,874 |
| Rock Island | 35,121 | 46.41% | 40,208 | 53.13% | 343 | 0.45% | -5,087 | -6.72% | 75,672 |
| Saline | 7,176 | 54.15% | 6,038 | 45.57% | 37 | 0.28% | 1,138 | 8.59% | 13,251 |
| Sangamon | 54,086 | 61.10% | 34,059 | 38.47% | 378 | 0.43% | 20,027 | 22.62% | 88,523 |
| Schuyler | 2,515 | 61.93% | 1,533 | 37.75% | 13 | 0.32% | 982 | 24.18% | 4,061 |
| Scott | 1,976 | 67.33% | 943 | 32.13% | 16 | 0.55% | 1,033 | 35.20% | 2,935 |
| Shelby | 6,372 | 59.38% | 4,317 | 40.23% | 41 | 0.38% | 2,055 | 19.15% | 10,730 |
| St. Clair | 51,046 | 49.01% | 52,294 | 50.21% | 808 | 0.78% | -1,248 | -1.20% | 104,148 |
| Stark | 2,228 | 67.15% | 1,072 | 32.31% | 18 | 0.54% | 1,156 | 34.84% | 3,318 |
| Stephenson | 14,237 | 67.37% | 6,723 | 31.82% | 171 | 0.81% | 7,514 | 35.56% | 21,131 |
| Tazewell | 33,782 | 59.15% | 23,095 | 40.44% | 238 | 0.42% | 10,687 | 18.71% | 57,115 |
| Union | 4,721 | 55.13% | 3,815 | 44.55% | 28 | 0.33% | 906 | 10.58% | 8,564 |
| Vermilion | 22,932 | 57.89% | 16,530 | 41.73% | 149 | 0.38% | 6,402 | 16.16% | 39,611 |
| Wabash | 3,639 | 66.73% | 1,795 | 32.92% | 19 | 0.35% | 1,844 | 33.82% | 5,453 |
| Warren | 5,846 | 63.59% | 3,318 | 36.09% | 29 | 0.32% | 2,528 | 27.50% | 9,193 |
| Washington | 5,129 | 68.24% | 2,363 | 31.44% | 24 | 0.32% | 2,766 | 36.80% | 7,516 |
| Wayne | 6,298 | 70.36% | 2,621 | 29.28% | 32 | 0.36% | 3,677 | 41.08% | 8,951 |
| White | 5,500 | 61.23% | 3,457 | 38.48% | 26 | 0.29% | 2,043 | 22.74% | 8,983 |
| Whiteside | 16,743 | 59.59% | 11,226 | 39.96% | 127 | 0.45% | 5,517 | 19.64% | 28,096 |
| Will | 78,684 | 63.25% | 45,193 | 36.33% | 520 | 0.42% | 33,491 | 26.92% | 124,397 |
| Williamson | 14,930 | 56.06% | 11,614 | 43.61% | 86 | 0.32% | 3,316 | 12.45% | 26,630 |
| Winnebago | 64,203 | 58.66% | 44,629 | 40.78% | 619 | 0.57% | 19,574 | 17.88% | 109,451 |
| Woodford | 10,758 | 70.44% | 4,425 | 28.97% | 89 | 0.58% | 6,333 | 41.47% | 15,272 |
| Totals | 2,707,103 | 56.17% | 2,086,499 | 43.30% | 25,486 | 0.53% | 620,604 | 12.88% | 4,819,088 |
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e "OFFICIAL VOTE Cast at the GENERAL PRIMARY ELECTION MARCH 20, 1984" (PDF). www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "OFFICIAL VOTE Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION NOVEMBER 6, 1984" (PDF). www.elections.il.gov. Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2013-11-11.
- ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ Kurt Andersen, "A Wild Ride to the End", Time, May 28, 1984
- ^ Trying to Win the Peace, by Even Thomas, Time, July 2, 1984
- ^ a b Mondale's Acceptance Speech, 1984, AllPolitics
- ^ Martin, Douglas (2011-03-27). "Geraldine A. Ferraro, First Woman on Major Party Ticket, Dies at 75". The New York Times. pp. A1. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ a b Raines, Howell (November 7, 1984). "Reagan Wins By a Landslide, Sweeping at Least 48 States; G.O.P. Gains Strength in House". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
- ^ a b "U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1913–2011 (Nominal and Inflation-Adjusted Brackets)". Tax Foundation. September 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
- ^ Joseph J. Thorndike (Nov 10, 2005). "Historical Perspective: The Windfall Profit Tax". Retrieved November 11, 2013.
- ^ Historical tables, Budget of the United States Government Archived 2012-04-17 at the Wayback Machine, 2013, table 6.1.
- ^ Niskanen, William A. (1992). "Reaganomics". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
- ^ Jerry Lanson (2008-11-06). "A historic victory. A changed nation. Now, can Obama deliver?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
- ^ Alexander, Michelle (2010). The New Jim Crow. New York: The New Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1595581037.
- ^ a b Prendergast, William B. (1999). The Catholic vote in American politics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 186, 191–193. ISBN 0-87840-724-3.
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