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August 1980

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August 14–31, 1980: Solidarnosc movement wins recognition of freedom to organize trade unions
August 19, 1980: Fire kills all 301 people on Saudi airliner
August 28, 1980: University of Aberdeen scientists perform world's first MRI scan[1]
August 2, 1980: Terrorist bomb kills 85 at Italian railway station

The following events happened in August 1980:

August 1, 1980 (Friday)

  • The premium cable network Cinemax was inaugurated in the U.S. as a movies-only channel operated by Home Box Office (HBO)[2] The new service began at 10:00 in the morning Eastern Time.[3]
  • The wreck of the Dublin to Cork express train killed 18 people and injured more than 70, most of them teenagers who were on their way to Cork for a weekend vacation. Part of a group of 200 students, the victims were enjoying themselves in "two crowded restaurant cars located just behind the locomotive." At the railway station in the village of Buttevant in County Cork, only 30 miles (48 km) from their destination, the locomotive struck a faulty switch and derailed; the rear coaches then plowed into the back of the second dining car. The accident, at the time, was Ireland's deadliest crash.[4]
  • Vigdís Finnbogadóttir became the 4th President of Iceland and the world's first democratically elected female president.[5]
  • Died:

August 2, 1980 (Saturday)

August 3, 1980 (Sunday)

U.S. flag substitute, 1980

August 4, 1980 (Monday)

  • Hurricane Allen swept across Haiti, killing 220 people in 24 hours.[11] After officials in Haiti discovered 140 additional bodies that had been buried in mudslides, the death toll was revised from 80 to 220.[12] Of 272 people killed by Hurricane Allen, all but 52 of the deaths were in Haiti.[13]
  • As Hurricane Allen broke the high pressure system that had stalled over Texas and brought rainstorms, the record heat wave in much of the United States began to abate as Dallas and most of north Texas reached a temperature of only 95 °F (35 °C)[14] after six weeks in a row (42 consecutive days) of "triple-digit heat" — daily highs of at least 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures — since June 23.[15]
  • Died: Susan G. Komen, 36, American model, from breast cancer. In her memory, her younger sister Nancy Goodman Brinker founded the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation.

August 5, 1980 (Tuesday)

August 6, 1980 (Wednesday)

August 7, 1980 (Thursday)

Flanders and Wallonia

August 8, 1980 (Friday)

August 9, 1980 (Saturday)

August 10, 1980 (Sunday)

A giant panda cub
  • For the first time since the People's Republic had started the practice of allowing zoos in other nations to receive the endangered species of bear, a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) was born outside of China.[31] "Xeng-Li" was born in captivity at the Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City, but lived only eight days after being accidentally smothered by its captive mother, "Yin-Yin".[32]
  • David Francis Hoffman murdered his wife, Carol Stebbins, at their home in Saint Paul, Minnesota, dismembered her body and then disposed of it with the help of his mother, Helen Ulvinen.[33]
  • Died: Gareth Evans, 34, British philosopher, from lung cancer

August 11, 1980 (Monday)

The light-rail Metro train[34]
  • The Tyne and Wear Metro system, the United Kingdom's first light-rail underground subway system, opened its first stage. The original line ran in northern England within the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, from Haymarket Metro station in Newcastle upon Tyne, to Tynemouth Metro station in North Tyneside.[35]
  • The presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Teddy Kennedy ended at the Democratic convention after Kennedy's supporters were unable to get a change of rules to permit an "open convention", where the would be allowed to vote for the candidate of their choice on the first ballot, regardless of whom they had been committed to represent. With 1,666 votes of 3,330 necessary to change the rules, less than 1,390 were in favor and 1,936 were against the change. After Speaker of the U.S. House and convention chairman Tip O'Neill announced the result at 8:42 in the evening, Kennedy quit the race.[36]
  • The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued an order banning further construction of memorials to the late Chairman Mao Zedong and called for a strict limit on the number of portraits of Mao and of inscriptions of quotes attributed to him.[37] The gradual dismantling of the personality cult had started in the final week of July, when workers were seen removing four large portraits of Chairman Mao from the Great Hall of the People in Tienanmen Square in Beijing.
  • Chrysler Corporation re-introduced its Imperial luxury automobile brand with a 1981 model, after discontinuing its luxury line in 1975, as the first of the new "K cars" rolled off of the assembly line at Chrysler's plant in Windsor, Ontario. At a ceremony, Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca handed the keys to the first model to singer Frank Sinatra, who endorsed the car— one of the few 8-cylinder vehicles made in North America— in TV commercials. The vehicle was priced at $19,000 in the U.S., equivalent to $58,500 in 2020.[38] The second, smaller version of the Imperial was manufactured only for the 1981, 1982 and 1983 model years.

August 12, 1980 (Tuesday)

  • ALADI (Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración) or Latin American Integration Association) was founded with the signing of a treaty by foreign ministers of 10 South American nations and Mexico, at a gathering in Uruguay to sign the 1980 Treaty of Montevideo. ALADI provided a system of classifying the member nations in three tiers of economic development, with Argentina, Brazil and Mexico as "highly industrialized countries"; Venezuela, Colombia and Chile as "fairly developed countries"; and Uruguay, Bolivia and Paraguay as "Lesser developed nations".[39] The new organization replaced the Latin American Free Trade Association (ALALC/LAFTA) founded in 1960, "ending 20 years of efforts to emulate the European Common Market". The Associated Press noted that "Although delegates... paid lib service to the ideal of a 'Latin American Common Market,' they abolished a mechanism for negotiating across-the-board tariff reductions on traded items."[40]
  • The day after the British right-to-die organization EXIT, The Society for the Right to Die with Dignity announced that it would not publish its planned book Guide to Self-deliverance,[41] its U.S. counterpart, the newly created Hemlock Society, announced that it would publish its own book.[42] Based in Santa Monica, California, the group and its director Derek Humphry announced at a press conference that it would publish its own manual (released later under the title Let Me Die Before I Wake). Three officials at the Hemlock Society press event stressed repeatedly that the group was opposed to suicide, and Dr. Richard Scott clarified that "We're talking about accelerated death, chosen death for incurably ill people.[43][44]
  • Born: Maggie Lawson, American TV actress; in Louisville, Kentucky

August 13, 1980 (Wednesday)

  • After a pet pig strayed into Muslim prayer services during the Eid al-Fitr holiday, rioting that killed over 100 people began in the Indian city of Moradabad in Uttar Pradesh state[45] and then spread to the cities of Srinagar, Aligarh and Bareilly. When local police refused to remove the pig, the angry worshipers responded by throwing rocks, and the police countered by firing into the crowd.[46]
  • U.S. President Jimmy Carter defeated Senator Edward Kennedy to win renomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City. With all delegates required to vote for the candidate to whom they were pledged, Carter won on the first ballot, with 2,129 delegate votes, compared to 1,146 for Kennedy. Kennedy then released a statement saying that he would support Carter's election to a second term.[47]
  • Baseball's National League voted against adopting the designated hitter rule used in the American League, despite expectations that the rule change would be implemented. With the approval necessary of seven of the 12 NL club-owners, 4 approved, 5 rejected and 3 abstained.[48][49]

August 14, 1980 (Thursday)

  • Workers at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk walked out on strike after the government of Poland announced a second rise in food prices.[50] Two days later, shipyard electrician Lech Walesa, an activist with the WZZW trade union alliance, initially negotiated a settlement with the Polish government for his co-workers at the shipyard[51] before being criticized by Anna Walentynowicz and other labor organizers for making a deal that only affected the Lenin Shipyard, and Walesa and she then rallied strikers elsewhere in Gdańsk.
  • Panic from a stampede in a movie theater in Iraq killed 59 people, most of them children who were watching a matinee when a small fire broke out and spread smoke. According to the Iraqi News Agency, the blaze occurred at the al-Baida cinema Jedidi, a suburb of Baghdad.[52]
  • Johan Ferrier, the first President of Suriname, was forced to resign by the Surinamese Army after having been the South American nation's head of state since its independence in 1975. Previously, Ferrier, who had been kept as president after the February coup d'état that ousted Prime Minister Henck Arron, had served as the last Dutch colonial governor. Ferrier was replaced by Arron's replacement, Prime Minister Henk Chin A Sen.[53]
  • Dorothy Stratten, the 1979 Playboy Playmate of the Year, was murdered by her estranged husband Paul Leslie Snider, who subsequently committed suicide.[54]

August 15, 1980 (Friday)

  • George Manuel Bosque, a guard for the Brink's armored car company, drove off with $1,850,000 in cash after persuading his co-worker, the truck driver, to let him borrow the vehicle to pick up another individual.[55] The cash had been flown from Honolulu by the First Hawaiian Bank and the Central Pacific Bank and was picked up at the airport before 7:00 in the morning by driver Jean Marie Jean, whom Bosque persuaded to let him use the truck to make a pickup from a messenger at another terminal of the airport. Bosque then drove the truck to the Airport Hilton hotel, where he stole a car from a maid at the hotel, then drove to Daly City, where he abandoned the vehicle at the Serramonte Shopping Center.[56] Bosque would return to San Francisco, where he would be arrested on November 23, 1981 as he was leaving a supermarket.[57] Sentenced to 15 years in prison, he would be paroled after less than five years and die of a drug overdose in 1991.[58]
  • Died: U.S. Army General William Hood Simpson, 92, Commander of the 9th U.S. Army in World War II

August 16, 1980 (Saturday)

  • Thirty-seven people were killed in a nightclub fire in London after an angry patron poured gasoline at the rear of the building and set it ablaze.[59] At the time, it was the worst mass murder in British history.[60] John Thompson had been ejected from Rodo's, a dance club at 18 Denmark Place in Soho, after an argument with a bartender, then went to a service station, purchased a gallon of fuel, and poured it through a mailbox slot.[61]
  • Fifteen people were killed by the second of two gas explosions at the Golden Underground Shopping Arcade, an underground shopping center in the Japanese city of Shizuoka.[62] The first blast, relatively minor, caused a fire at a sushi shop. Forty minutes later, while a crowd had gathered to watch firemen investigate, a much larger explosion happened at the same spot.[63]
  • Sixteen people were killed in a stampede at the Eden Gardens stadium in Calcutta (now Kolkata) during the annual soccer football match between rivals Mohun Bagan and East Bengal. The triggering incident was the act of the referee in ejecting one player from each team after a foul. Angry fans of both teams began throwing debris on the field and then fighting each other, and when police rushed into the section where the fight was occurring and began swinging cane clubs, fans fled in panic and many were trampled. The match continued while the violence was taking place in the stands, and ended in a 0 to 0 tie.[64][65]
  • The Lenin Shipyard at Gdańsk granted shipyard employees their demands, bringing an agreement to end a three-day strike. As Walesa was preparing to celebrate, Alina Pienkowska spoke up on behalf of workers in the rest of Poland who had followed his example of walking out on strike and told him "You betrayed them. Now the authorities will crush us like bedbugs." Though most of the strikers "rushed home to their families", New York Times reporter Michael T. Kaufman later noted in her obituary, "Ms. Pienkowska's message got through, and in many cases wives sent their husbands back; by nightfall, the shipyard was filling up once more."[66]
  • Choi Kyu-hah, the President of South Korea who was serving as a figurehead during military rule after the 1979 assassination of President Park Chung-hee, resigned.[67] Under the terms of the South Korean constitution, Prime Minister Park Choon-hoon took over as Acting President pending the formal selection of General Chun Doo Hwan as a successor to Choi. General Chu Yung-bok, the Defense Minister, announced that all 600,000 members of the armed forces and the 2.5 million member reserve militia on alert.[68]
  • Born:
  • Died: James Dallas Egbert III, American college student

August 17, 1980 (Sunday)

  • Operations of the U.S. Viking 1 orbiter, which had arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976, were terminated 10 days after it had been raised from its altitude of 33,943 kilometres (21,091 mi) to 56,000 kilometres (35,000 mi).[69]
  • In Australia, a 10-week-old baby, Azaria Chamberlain, disappeared from a campsite at Ayers Rock in the Northern Territory.[70] Her parents said that she had been taken away by a dingo during the night, but the child's mother, Lindy Chamberlain, was convicted of murder and her husband Michael was convicted of being an accessory. Three years later, Mrs. Chamberlain was released after a piece of the child's clothing was found in a dingo lair near the site of the disappearance and the convictions would be overturned in 1988.
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Gwen Bristow, 76, American journalist, novelist and screenwriter
    • William T. Keeton, 47, American zoologist and entomologist, after the failure of his mechanical heart valve

August 18, 1980 (Monday)

  • Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping gave the speech "On the Reform of the Party and State Leadership System" to the Chinese Communist Party Politburo and the Central Committee, beginning political reforms in the People's Republic of China, that would lead to a new constitution in 1982.[71][72]
  • In southwest Iran, 80 eighty people were killed and 45 injured in an explosion of a road construction company's stockpile of blasting material at the city of Gachsaran. As bystanders watched, some local residents were assisting firefighters in combating a blaze in a neighboring building, when the fire triggered the explosion.[73]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Arman (stage name for Aramais Vardani Hovsepian), 59, Iranian film actor and director
    • John Sebastian, 66, American harmonicist

August 19, 1980 (Tuesday)

  • In what was at the time the third deadliest aviation disaster, all 301 people aboard Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 163— 287 passengers and 14 crew —were killed when the jetliner caught fire shortly after taking off from Riyadh on a flight to Jeddah within Saudi Arabia.[74] Although the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar returned to Riyadh and landed successfully, the crew was unable to open the doors to evacuate the aircraft and all aboard died of smoke inhalation. Initial reports were that 281 passengers and crew had died,[75] and the number was revised after all of the bodies were found. Although the source of ignition was unclear, two portable camping stoves that had been smuggled onto the airplane were found in the airplane's passenger compartment, along with a fire extinguisher that had been used in an apparent attempt to extinguish a blaze.[76] However, an investigation later concluded that the fire had started in the baggage compartment beneath the passenger cabin, that toxic smoke inhalation caused most of the deaths, and "the pilot wasted valuable time in dealing with the situation."[77] Most of the bodies were those of passengers who had crowded toward the emergency exits at the front of the airliner.
  • Sixty-seven people were killed and 62 injured in the worst railway disaster in Poland's history when a freight train missed a stop signal and collided head-on with a crowded passenger train.[78] The early-morning disaster happened near the village of Otloczyn, about 10 miles south of Torun. Many of those killed were vacationers who were returning to Lodz from resorts on the Baltic Sea
  • Born:
  • Died: Otto Frank, 91, German businessman and Holocaust survivor, father of Anne Frank

August 20, 1980 (Wednesday)

  • For the first time since 1973, the Soviet Union began the jamming of the radio frequencies of most western news broadcasts beamed at the Soviets, particularly the Voice of America and the BBC News. The decision was made to prevent Soviet citizens from learning news of the labor unrest in Poland.[79] Although English language and Georgian language programs continued without deliberate interference, broadcasts in Russian and six other languages in the U.S.S.R. were blocked by "static-like noise or buzz created by high-powered transmitters built for that purpose" or by "loud music".[80]
  • The existence of the "Stealth Bomber" (officially, the B-2 Spirit), an experimental American aircraft that was "virtually invisible to Soviet radar", was publicly revealed for the first time by the U.S. Department of Defense.[81] The B-2 bomber would be unveiled to the public in 1989.
  • Died: Joe Dassin, 41, American-born French singer and songwriter, from a heart attack

August 21, 1980 (Thursday)

  • Fourteen of the crew on a Soviet Navy Echo-class nuclear submarine, K-122, were killed by an onboard fire. The sub crew sent a distress call when the boat was 85 miles (137 km) east of Okinawa, but refused help from Japanese aircraft and a patrol boat that sped to the scene.[82]
  • Died: Walter E. Sachs, 96, American financier and partner in the Goldman Sachs for 52 years

August 22, 1980 (Friday)

  • A team of archaeologists in Israel announced that they had unearthed a large "palace fortress" near the Temple Mount in Jerusalem that they believed was the palace of King David or King Solomon.[83] Excavation leader of Yigal Shiloh of Hebrew University told reporters "Until this day, no monumental construction such as this has been uncovered in Israel in any other Biblical city," and estimated that the five-story tall structure had been constructed sometime between the 13th century BCE and the 10th century BCE.
  • At least 75 people drowned in the sinking of the Mexican ferry boat Campeche as a load of people, several cars and trucks, and a bus went down in the Laguna de Términos between Carmen Island and the mainland of the state of Campeche. With more than 100 people on board, only 26 survived.[84][85]
  • The United States and the African nation of Somalia reached an agreement for Somalia to receive $20 million in military support in return for allowing American military forces to use Somalia's seaports and airfields.[86]
  • Died:

August 23, 1980 (Saturday)

August 24, 1980 (Sunday)

  • As part of his bid to retain leadership of Poland during the nationwide labor unrest in the Communist republic, Polish United Workers Party leader Edward Gierek announced the dismissal of Prime Minister Edward Babiuch and three other members of the PUWP Politburo, as well as his plan to allow secret ballot, multicandidate elections for new union leaders in all workplaces.[90] Gierek announced that Jozef Pinkowski had been selected as the replacement for Babiuch.
  • In the ongoing Guatemalan Civil War, 17 labor union leaders and a Catholic administrator were abducted from an estate near Escuintla, on the southern coast of Guatemala. They were last seen alive at a National Police detention center in Guatemala City where they were tortured before they vanished.[91]
  • Born: Rachael Carpani, Australian TV actress; in Sydney
  • Died:

August 25, 1980 (Monday)

August 26, 1980 (Tuesday)

August 27, 1980 (Wednesday)

  • A three million dollar extortion attempt involving a time bomb delivered to Harrah's Casino in Stateline, Nevada, ended with a failed try at disarming and an explosion that caused extensive damage Harvey's Resort Hotel. The day before, two men wheeled "a box about the size of a desk" into the casino and said that they had been told to deliver a photocopying machine. The device had with it a letter demanding payment in exchange for the instructions on defusing the bomb, and a warning that it would detonate automatically if further attempts were made to move it. U.S. Army specialists attached a remote-controlled "shaker" device to the bomb "to determine if it could be safely tampered with" and at 3:43 in the evening, the bomb detonated, hurling debris four blocks away and severely damaging the first three floors of the 11-story Harvey's Resort Hotel.[100]
  • Chun Doo-hwan was approved as the new President of South Korea by 2,525 of the 2,540 members of the National Council for Reunification, after the resignation of Choi Kyu-hah. The secret balloting took place at a sports arena in Seoul, and Chun had no opposition. The South Korean government issued a release stating that the 15 people who failed to vote for Chun "had been either ill, traveling abroad or unavoidably delayed in appearing for the balloting."[101]
  • Nguza Karl-i-Bond was named as the new Prime Minister of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), three years after he had been sentenced to death by firing squad for treason.[102] Zaire's President Mobutu Sese Seko, who had ordered Karl-i-Bond's death sentence in 1977 but later pardoned and released his former aide, approved the appointment of the former condemned man to the head of government with the title "First State Commissioner". Karl-i-Bond replaced Bo-Boliko Lokonga, who had been elevated to the position of Executive Secretary of Mobutu's Popular Movement of the Revolution political party.
  • The daily Ottawa Journal and Winnipeg Tribune newspapers abruptly cased publishing, after 95 and 90 years, respectively, of operation.[103] Below headlines reporting "Hostage-taking cons still talking" and "A movie freak finally gets his fill", the morning Journal read "Ottawa Journal closed— Statement from the publisher" and the lead began, "It is with the deepest regret that I am obliged to announce the cessation of publication and closure of The Ottawa Journal effective with this morning's edition, Wednesday, August 27, 1980.[104]
  • Born: Derrick Strait, American college football cornerback
  • Died:
    • Douglas Kenney, 33, American comedy writer and co-founder of the National Lampoon, was killed after falling from a cliff while on vacation in Hawaii
    • Sam Levenson, 68, American comedian and former game show host.

August 28, 1980 (Thursday)

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used for the first time after a team led by John Mallard built the first full-body scanner at the University of Aberdeen.[105] Mallard's team obtained the first clinically useful MRI image of a patient's internal tissues, identifying a primary tumor in the patient's chest, an abnormal liver, and secondary cancer in his bones.[106] The machine was later used at St Bartholomew's Hospital, in London, from 1983 to 1993. Mallard and his team are credited for technological advances that led to the widespread introduction of MRI.
  • Father Gleb Yakunin, a Russian Orthodox priest and Soviet Dissident who had created the Christian Committee for the Defense of the Rights of Believers in 1976, was sentenced to five years imprisonment in a Gulag administered labor camp, followed by five years of internal exile. Yakunin had been found guilty of anti-Soviet agitation after continuing to publish articles about the suppression of religious freedom in the Soviet Union.[107] The trial had been the first of a dissident priest since the 1975 signing of the Helsinki Accords. The next day, mathematician Tatyana Velikanova received a sentence of four years in a women's labor camp and five years of internal exile.[108] for publishing reports of human rights violations. Yakunin would be kept in the KGB Lefortovo prison until 1985, and then in the Perm 37 labor camp before being exiled to the Yakutsk region near the Arctic Circle. In 1987 he would be released under an amnesty by Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev.[109] Velikanova would serve most of her sentence, first in prison and then in exile in the Kazakh SSR.[110]
  • The Society for Risk Analysis was founded as an interdisciplinary, international commission to participate in risk assessment of potential world problems from developing events, and to develop policy recommendations for finding a peaceful resolution.[111]
  • Born: Carly Pope, Canadian TV actress; in Vancouver
  • Died: Hristo Georgiev, 24, Bulgarian serial killer who murdered at least five women, was executed by a firing squad in prison in Sofia.

August 29, 1980 (Friday)

  • An attempt by 165 people to hijack an airliner took place in Peru when the group of Cuban refugees forced their way onto Braniff International Flight 920, which had stopped in Lima on its way to Los Angeles. The flight began from Santiago in Chile and was at the Lima airport when "about 400 Cuban refugees swarmed onto the runway before dawn" and many of them forced their way up the boarding ramp before police stopped the others. The group had been in a refugee camp since April, when they had been allowed to leave Cuba after occupying the grounds of the Peruvian Embassy in Havana, and were demanding to join family in the U.S. They released their hostages and surrendered the next day in return for not being prosecuted.[112]
  • U.S. Representative Michael "Ozzie" Myers (D-Pennsylvania) became the first member of Congress to be convicted of accepting a bribe during the FBI's Abscam investigation. Myers, convicted along with three other defendants, was expelled on October 2 by his colleagues in the U.S. House of Representatives by a vote of 376 to 30, becoming the first Congressman since the U.S. Civil War to receive expulsion.[113]
  • Born:
  • Died:

August 30, 1980 (Saturday)

August 31, 1980 (Sunday)

  • The Gdańsk Agreement was signed at the Gdańsk Shipyard in Poland, opening the way to start the first independent trade union in the communist bloc, Solidarność (Solidarity).[117][118][119]
  • More than 200 people in the Nigerian city of Ibadan were killed, and 50,000 left homeless in a flood of the Ogunpa River.[120]
  • Jimmy Stevens was arrested, along with 70 of his followers after fighting for three months to make the South Pacific island of Espiritu Santo independent from the former New Hebrides and the Republic of Vanuatu. The rebels, who had moved inland after an invasion by French and British colonial forces in July, were finally defeated by the intervention of 110 troops from the Papua New Guinean infantry.[121]
  • Died: Dahmane El Harrachi, 55, Algerian singer of Chaabi music, was killed in an automobile accident in Algiers.

References

  1. ^ attribution: Andy Gaskell
  2. ^ "2d Cable Movie Service From Home Box Office", The New York Times, July 31, 1980, pT-19
  3. ^ "All-movie channel debuting on cable", Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, August 1, 1980, p13
  4. ^ "Train Disaster In Ireland Kills At Least 17, Injures 40", Indianapolis Star, August 2, 1980, p4
  5. ^ "Iceland's 1st Woman President Says World Full Of Conflict", Indianapolis Star, August 2, 1980, p4
  6. ^ "Marquess, Wife Slain After Death Threat", Indianapolis Star, August 2, 1980, p4
  7. ^ "Rail Station Blast Kills 55 in Italy", Miami Herald, August 3, 1980, p1
  8. ^ "Terrorists blamed in Italy blast", Philadelphia Inquirer, August 4, 1980, p1
  9. ^ "Games end, boycott debate continues", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 4, 1980, p9
  10. ^ "Triple trial for 51 athletes", Victoria (BC) Colonist, August 7, 1980, p43
  11. ^ "Hurricane Allen's Wrath Rips Haiti, Jamaica", Sacramento (CA) Bee, August 6, 1980, pA1
  12. ^ "140 more bodies found in Allen's wake— Haitian officials shovel mud as toll of hurricane climbs", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), August 12, 19806, p6
  13. ^ "Hurricane Toll in Haiti Increases to 220", The New York Times, August 13, 1980, pA11
  14. ^ "Texas streak ends; high 'only' 95, Billings (MT) Gazette, August 5, 1980, p11
  15. ^ "Rains End 42 Days of 100-Plus Heat", Los Angeles Times, August 5, 1980, p2
  16. ^ "Sicópatas de Viña: El Caso Completo" (Psychopaths of Viña: The Complete Case)
  17. ^ "Solomons hold first election", Baltimore Sun, August 7, 1980, p4
  18. ^ "Sicilian official shot dead", The Guardian (London), August 7, 1980, p6
  19. ^ "Limited Autonomy Is Given To Regions in Belgium", The New York Times, August 8, 1980, pA9
  20. ^ "More strikes, unrest grip Polish industries", Philadelphia Inquirer, August 15, 1980, p17-A
  21. ^ "University merger", Sydney Morning Herald, August 18, 1980, p4
  22. ^ Singapore Infopedia, quoting "This Will be Nantah's Last Convocation", The Straits Times (Singapore), August 10, 1980, p5
  23. ^ "Presidential Decree No. 1706, August 8, 1980", The LawPhil Project, Arellano Law Foundation
  24. ^ "Ford Pinto put out to pasture, will be replaced by new models", The Province (Vancouver), August 10, 1980, p21
  25. ^ "10 die in resort hotel blaze", San Francisco Examiner, August 8, 1980, p12
  26. ^ "Yahya Khan, Ex-Head of Pakistan, Dies", Indianapolis News, August 9, 1980, p15
  27. ^ "Educator Selected As Iran's Premier", Miami Herald, August 10, 1980, p1
  28. ^ "Iran's Parliament Picks Hard-Liner as Prime Minister by a Wide Margin", The New York Times, August 12, 1980, pA8
  29. ^ "Lebanon's Prime Minister Resigns", Tampa Tribune, August 10, 1980, p7
  30. ^ Jacqueline Cochran Dies; Record-Shattering Pilot", Los Angeles Times, August 10, 1980, p1
  31. ^ "Panda Born in Mexico, First Outside China", The New York Times, August 15, 1980, pA16
  32. ^ "8-Day-Old Panda Dies In Accident in Mexico", The New York Times, August 19, 1980, pA7
  33. ^ "Hoffman denies he intended to kill wife", by Dan Oberdorfer, Minneapolis Star Tribune, February 10, 1981, p19
  34. ^ Attribution: Walter-Dendy, deceased
  35. ^ "In pictures: Metro is 30 years old". August 11, 2010 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  36. ^ "Carter wins; Kennedy quits", St. Petersburg (FL) Times, August 12, 1980, pA1
  37. ^ "China Restricts Memorials for Mao And Calls for a Limit on Portraits", The New York Times, August 11, 1980, pA7
  38. ^ "Sinatra gets first Chrysler Imperial", Ottawa Journal, August 12, 1980, p19
  39. ^ "Latin countries sign pace", UPI report in Montreal Gazette, August 13, 1980, p41
  40. ^ "South American trade group dies", AP report in Rapid City (SD) Journal, August 12, 1980, p16
  41. ^ "Euthanasia Society Cancels Suicide Manual", Miami Herald, August 12, 1980, p1
  42. ^ "New suicide manual planned", Miami News, August 13, 1980, p2
  43. ^ "American group plans to publish guide to suicide", San Bernardino County (CA) Sun, August 14, 1980, pB-11
  44. ^ "California Group Plans to Publish a Guide to Suicide", The New York Times, August 15, 1980, pD14
  45. ^ "Moslem rioting set off by pigs flares in India", Des Moines (IA) Register, August 16, 1980, p2
  46. ^ "Moslems still riot in India, toll hits 145", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 18, 1980, p3
  47. ^ "Carter Wins Nomination for a Second Term; Gets Kennedy Pledge of 'Support and Work'", The New York Times, August 14, 1980, pA1
  48. ^ "National League Rejects Designated Hitter Rule", Atlanta Constitution, August 14, 1980, pC-5
  49. ^ "How a fishing trip and the Phillies kept the DH out of the National League", by David Moulton, Naples (FL) Daily News, April 27, 2015
  50. ^ "Strike hits shipyard in Poland", Chicago Tribune, August 15, 1980, p2
  51. ^ "Polish Workers Reach Accord", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 17, 1980, p6
  52. ^ "Fire panics moviegoers; 59 killed, mostly children", Des Moines (IA) Register, August 16, 1980, p2
  53. ^ "Suriname President Ousted in Army-Backed Coup", The New York Times, August 15, 1980, pA5
  54. ^ "'Playmate Of Year Is Shot To Death", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 15, 1980, p1
  55. ^ "$1 million Brinks robbery", San Francisco Examiner, August 15, 1980, p1
  56. ^ "How Brink's job was pulled— FBI searches for $1.8 million, guard in theft", by Malcolm Glover and Dennis J. Opatrny, San Francisco Examiner, August 16, 1980, p1
  57. ^ "Ex-Guard Pleads Not Guilty in Robbery of Brink's", The New York Times, November 24, 1981, pA15
  58. ^ "George Bosque, 36; Stole $1.85 Million", The New York Times, July 6, 1991, pA11
  59. ^ "London nightclub fire kills 37", San Francisco Examiner, August 16, 1980, p2
  60. ^ "Nightclub blaze 'murder' says police", Sydney Morning Herald, August 19, 1980, p4
  61. ^ "Soho Club- 1980", London Fire Journal & British Fire History blog, January 22, 2010
  62. ^ "Blasts Kill 12, Injure 180, At Japanese Arcade", Pittsburgh Press, August 16, 1980, p3
  63. ^ "Blasts Kill 11, Injure 176 In Japanese City", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 16, 1980, p2
  64. ^ "12 killed, 100 injured in Calcutta soccer riot", Philadelphia Inquirer, August 17, 1980, p13-F
  65. ^ "Soccer deaths", The Guardian (London), August 18, 1980, p4
  66. ^ "A Politics of Experience", by Lawrence Goodwyn, First of the Year: 2008 (Routledge, 2017)
  67. ^ "President Resigns in South Korea To Make Way for Army Strongman", The New York Times, August 16, 1980, pA1
  68. ^ "S. Korea President Resigns", Pittsburgh Press, August 16, 1980, p3
  69. ^ "Viking Mission Finished, But Study Continues"], by Ralph Cornelis, Newport News (VA) Daily Press, August 17, 1980, p23
  70. ^ "Little hope for baby girl taken by wild dog", Sydney Morning Herald, August 19, 1980, p3
  71. ^ "The Traditional Party and State Leadership System", by Zengke He, in Chinese Political Science Review (March 3, 2016) pages 149–170
  72. ^ "On the reform of the Party and state leadership system (August 18, 1980)", Collected works of Deng Xiaoping, vol. II., 2nd ed (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1994) pp. 327–332
  73. ^ "80 Killed and 45 Hurt in Explosion, Iran Says", The New York Times, August 22, 1980, pA3
  74. ^ "301 dead in jet fire; gas stove suspected", Pensacola (FL) News, August 21, 1980, p1
  75. ^ "281 burn to death trapped in Saudi jet", Ottawa Journal, August 20, 1980, p1
  76. ^ "Butane Stove Cited In Fatal Jet Fire", Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City UT), August 21, 1980, p1
  77. ^ "Report on Saudi Plane Fire Says Gas Caused Deaths", The New York Times, October 6, 1980, pA5
  78. ^ "69 killed as two trains crash head-on in Poland", Baltimore Sun, August 20, 1980, p2
  79. ^ "Soviets Renew Jamming of Western Broadcasts", by Robert Gillette, Los Angeles Times, August 21, 1980, p5
  80. ^ "Soviet Jamming U.S. Broadcasts In 7 Languages", The New York Times, August 22, 1980, pA10
  81. ^ "New U.S. Plane Said to Foil Radar", The New York Times, August 21, 1980, pA1
  82. ^ "Soviet Nuclear Sub Adrift; No Radioactivity Detected", Los Angeles Times, August 22, 1980, p1
  83. ^ "Palace of David or Solomon Believed Found", The New York Times, August 23, 1980, pA1
  84. ^ "Mexico probes ferrying incident", Longview (TX) News-Journal, August 25, 1980, p6
  85. ^ "Death Toll Rises to 50 In Mexican Boat Sinking", The New York Times, August 25, 1980, pA6
  86. ^ "U.S., Somalia Agree on Use of Ports and Airfields", Los Angeles Times, August 22, 1980, pI-3
  87. ^ "Sioux nation rejects settlement", Billings (MT) Gazette, August 24, 1980, p3-B
  88. ^ "Sioux won't sell! Reject offer for Black Hills", Pensacola (FL) News Journal, August 24, 1980, p11
  89. ^ "President detains PM", The Guardian (London), August 26, 1980, p5
  90. ^ "Poland's Premier Is Dismissed in Sweeping Party Shake-up; Pledges Union Ballot", The New York Times, August 25, 1980, pA1
  91. ^ Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1980-1981, Case 7490 (June 25, 1981)
  92. ^ "Gower Champion Dies Hours Before Show Opens", The New York Times, by John Corry August 26, 1980, p1
  93. ^ “CPSU CC Politburo Decision Setting Up Suslov Commission,” August 25, 1980, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, TsKhSD, F. 89, F. 42, D. 22.
  94. ^ Louis Sell, From Washington to Moscow: US-Soviet Relations and the Collapse of the USSR (Duke University Press, 2016)
  95. ^ "Zimbabwe Is Welcomed Into U.N.", The New York Times, August 26, 1980, pA4
  96. ^ "Anderson Chooses Lucey for His Ticket", The New York Times, August 26, 1980, pA1
  97. ^ "Airliner Crash Kills 31 Near Airport at Jakarta", The New York Times, August 27, 1980, p11
  98. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Vickers 812 Viscount PK-IVS Jakarta-Kemayoran Airport (JKT)". aviation-safety.net.
  99. ^ "Missing Part of Diary Is Said to Add New Detail on Shooting of Wallace", The New York Times, August 29, 1980, pA13
  100. ^ "Bomb Set by Extortionists Goes Off After Nevada Casino Is Evacuated", The New York Times, August 28, 1980, pA1
  101. ^ "Chun Formally Picked as President In One-Candidate Election in Seoul", by Henry Scott Stokes, The New York Times, August 27, 1980, p4
  102. ^ "Foreign Minister of Zaire Becomes Prime Minister", The New York Times, August 28, 1980, pA10
  103. ^ "2 Major Newspapers Closed in Canada", by Henry Giniger, The New York Times, August 28, 1980, pA3
  104. ^ "Ottawa Journal closed", Ottawa Journal, August 27, 1980, p1
  105. ^ "The life-saving machine developed in Aberdeen", by Fiona Stalker, BBC News, July 4, 2018
  106. ^ John Mallard, Bon Secours Hospital, Hampton Roads
  107. ^ "Dissident priest sent to Soviet labor camp", Miami News, August 29, 1980, p2
  108. ^ "Soviets sentence woman dissident", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 30, 1980, p2
  109. ^ "Gleb Yakunin, Russian Priest and Dissident, Is Dead at 80", by Sophia Kishkovsky, The New York Times, December 30, 2014, pB14
  110. ^ "Tatyana M. Velikanova, 70, Soviet Human Rights Activist", by Sophia Kishkovsky, The New York Times, October 17, 2002 pA31
  111. ^ "History : SRA". www.sra.org.
  112. ^ "165 Cubans in Lima Surrender After Seizing Airliner to Get to the U.S.", The New York Times, August 30, 1980, pA9
  113. ^ "Four are convicted in first Abscam trial", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 30, 1980, p1
  114. ^ "Chinese Parliament Prepares to Convene", The New York Times, August 22, 1980, pA7
  115. ^ "Poland's Communists OK free trade unions, sharing political power", Baltimore Sun, August 31, 1980, p1
  116. ^ "Polish strikers win free unions", The Observer (London), August 31, 1980, p1
  117. ^ "Poland Gives Rebel Workers Right to Independent Unions, but the Walkout Continues", The New York Times, August 31, 1980, p1
  118. ^ "The workers united: The strike that shook the Kremlin", by Neal Ascherson, The Independent (London), August 30, 2010
  119. ^ "Polish Strikers Agree to End Walkout After Government Yields on Final Key Demands", The New York Times, September 1, 1980, pA1
  120. ^ "Urban flooding in Ibadan: A diagnosis of the problem", by Author links open overlay panelAkin B.Oguntala1 and J.S.Oguntoyinbo, in Urban Ecology magazine (September 1982) pp.39-46
  121. ^ "Troops Reportedly Crush Rebellion on Espiritu Santo", The New York Times, September 1, 1980, p4
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