Al-Tahawi

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Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī
Personal
Born843 CE / 239 AH[1]
Died5 November 933 CE / 14 Dhul Qa’ada 321 AH[1]
ReligionIslam
EraAbbasid Caliphate
JurisprudenceHanafi[2][3][4]
CreedCreed of Abu Hanifa[5]
Main interest(s)Aqidah (Islamic theology), Usul al-Din, Tawhid, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Hadith studies
Muslim leader
Influenced by

Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi (Arabic: أبو جعفر الطحاوي)[6] (843 – 5 November 933), or simply aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī (Arabic: الطحاوي), was an Egyptian Arab[7][8][9] Hanafi jurist and a hadith scholar. He studied with al-Muzani and was a Shafi'i jurist, then with Ahmad b. Imran and followed the Hanafi school. He is known for his work al-'Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah, a concise summary of the essentials of the Sunni Islamic creed.[10][11]

Al-Tahawi was a contemporary of al-Ash'ari and al-Maturidi, two leading representatives of Sunni Islam, and produced a creed which exerted an influence upon the followers of the Hanafite school in Egypt.[12]

Name

According to al-Dhahabi, in his Siyar A'lam al-Nubala', He is Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Salamah ibn 'Abd al-Malik ibn Salamah, al-Azdi al-Hajari al-Misri al-Tahawi al-Hanafi.[13]


Biography

Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī was born in the village of Ṭaḥā in upper Egypt in 229 AH (843 CE)[14][1] to an affluent Arab family of Azdī origins.[15] He began his studies with his maternal uncle, Ismāʿīl ibn Yaḥyā al-Muzanī, a leading disciple of ash-Shāfiʿī,[14][1][16][17] but in 249 AH (863 CE), at approximately 20 years of age, aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī abandoned the Shāfiʿī school of jurisprudence in favour of the Ḥanafī school.[17] Different versions are given by his biographers of his conversion to the Ḥanafī school,[17] but the most probable reason seems to be that the system of Abū Ḥanīfa appealed to his critical insight more than that of ash-Shāfiʿī.[1]

Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī then studied under the head of the Ḥanafīs in Egypt, Aḥmad ibn Abī ʿImrān al-Ḥanafī, who had himself studied under the two primary students of Abū Ḥanīfa, Abū Yūsuf and Muḥammad ash-Shaybānī.[17] Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī then travelled to Syria in 268 AH (882 CE) for further studies in Ḥanafī jurisprudence and became pupil to Abū Khāzim ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, the chief qāḍi of Damascus.[17][18]

Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī gained a vast knowledge of ḥadīth in addition to Ḥanafī jurisprudence[19] and his study circles consequently attracted many students of knowledge who related ḥadīth from him and transmitted his works.[17] Among them were al-Da'udi, the head of the Zahiris in Khurasan, and aṭ-Ṭabarānī, well known for his biographical dictionaries of ḥadīth transmitters.[17][20]

Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī was famed for his extraordinary expertise in both ḥadīth and Ḥanafī jurisprudence even during his own lifetime, and many of his works, such as Kitāb Maʿāni al-Āthār and ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwīyyah, continue to be held in high regard by Sunni Muslims today.[19]

Legacy

Many of aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī's contemporaries praised him and noted him as both a reliable scholar and narrator of ḥadīth. He was widely held as a distinguished and prolific writer and became known as the most learned faqīh amongst the Ḥanafīs in Egypt, despite having knowledge of all the madhāhib. Ibn Yūnus said of him, "Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī was reliable, trustworthy, a Faqīh, intelligent, the likes of whom did not come afterwards."[citation needed] The Salafists embraced his works and tried to infiltrate the Ahl al-Sunnah sect. But he is a real Hanafian. [21]

Works

He authored many other works, close to forty different books, some of which are still available today, including:

  • Maʿāni al-Āthār (معاني الآثار)
  • al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwīyyah (العقيدة الطحاوية)
  • Aḥkām al-Qur’ān al-Karīm (أحكام القرآن الكريم)
  • Al-Mukhtaṣar fil-Furūʿ (المختصر في الفروع)
  • Sharḥ Mushkil al-Āthār (شرح مشكل الآثار)
  • Sharḥ Maʿāni al-Āthār (شرح معاني الآثار)
  • Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ al-Kabīr (شرح الجامع الكبير)
  • Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaghīr (شرح الجامع الصغير)
  • Ash-Shurūṭ aṣ-Ṣaghīr (الشروط الصغير)
  • Ash-Shurūṭ al-Kabīr (الشروط الكبير)
  • Ikhtilāf al-ʿUlamā’ (إختلاف العلماء)
  • ʿUqūd al-Marjān fī Manāqib Abī Ḥanīfa an-Nuʿmān (عقود المرجان قي مناقب أبي حنيفة النعمان)
  • Tārīkh al‑Kabīr (تاريخ الكبير)
  • Ḥukm Arāḍi Makkah al-Mukarramah (حكم أراضي مكة المكرمة)

Demise

Aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī died on the 14th day of Dhū-l Qaʿdah, 321 AH (November 5th, 933 CE), and was buried in al-Qarāfah, Cairo.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sharif, M. M. A History of Muslim Philosophy. Vol. 1. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9694073405.
  2. ^ A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2009). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam). Oneworld Publications. p. 166. ISBN 978-1851686636.
  3. ^ Hiroyuki, Concept Of Territory In Islamic Thought, p 56. ISBN 1136184538
  4. ^ Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index, p 6. ISBN 0415966914
  5. ^ Aqida al-Tahaweyah
  6. ^ Calder, N. (2012-04-24). "al-Ṭaḥāwī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
  7. ^ Ibn-Ḫallikān, Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad (1843). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, 1. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
  8. ^ Ingrid Mattson (2013). The Story of the Qur'an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146. ISBN 9781118257098.
  9. ^ Shafiq Abouzayd, ed. (2014). ARAM: Zoroastrianism in the Levant and the Amorites. Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. p. 195. ISBN 9781326717438.
  10. ^ Masooda Bano (2020). The Revival of Islamic Rationalism: Logic, Metaphysics and Mysticism in Modern Muslim Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9781108485319.
  11. ^ Scott C. Lucas (2004). Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Ma'in, and Ibn Hanbal. Brill Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 9789004133198.
  12. ^ Oliver Leaman (2015). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472569462.
  13. ^ "Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' by Al-Dhahabi". Islam Web.
  14. ^ a b Glassé, Cyril. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 444. ISBN 0759101906.
  15. ^ Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, René Basset, The encyclopaedia of Islām: a dictionary of the geography, ethnography and biography of the Muslim peoples, Volume 4 p 609.
  16. ^ Ibn Abi al-Wafa, Jawahir (Cairo), 1:273
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Powers, David; Spectorsky, Susan; Arabi, Oussama. Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists. pp. 123–126. ISBN 9004255885.
  18. ^ Ibn Asakir, Tariqh Madinat Dimashq, 5.367
  19. ^ a b Lucas, Scott C., "Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam: the Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Sad, Ibn Maain, and Ibn Hanbal", Islamic History and Civilization, p. 93
  20. ^ Kawthari, al-Hawi, 238
  21. ^ Aykaç, Mustafa , Tahâvî Bağlamında İki Farklı Hanefîlik Okuması (Ekmelüddîn el-Bâbertî ve İbn Ebi’l-İzz Örneği) = Two Dıfferent Reading Of Hanafiyya İn The Context Of Tahâvî (Akmaluddin al-Bâbarti and Ibn Abi’l-Izz Examplification), Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi = Journal of Divinity Faculty of Hitit University, 2018/17, vol. 33 p.127-156
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