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Eastern Indo-Aryan languages

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Eastern Indo-Aryan
Magadhan
Geographic
distribution
Eastern India, Bangladesh, southern Nepal
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Early forms
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologindo1323  (Indo-Aryan Eastern zone)
biha1245  (Bihari)
Major Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow

The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent, which includes Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal region, Tripura, Assam, and Odisha; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. Bengali is official language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak valley of Assam while Assamese and Odia are the official languages of Assam and Odisha, respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Abahattha, which descends from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa[1] and ultimately from Magadhi Prakrit.[2][3][1]

Classification

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The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the Odia cluster and the Bengali–Assamese languages, while many also include the Bihari languages. The widest scope was proposed by Suniti Kumar Chatterji who included the Eastern Hindi varieties, but this has not been widely accepted.[4]

When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:[citation needed]

Western Magadhan

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Eastern Magadhan

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Features

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Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:[5]

Case Bengali Assamese Odia Rajbangshi Surjapuri Maithili Bhojpuri Tharu Sylheti
Instrumental -t̪e, -ke d̪ie -e, -er-e, di, -e-di -e, -re, -d̪ei -d̪i -e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea le, leka -re, di
Dative -ke, -[e]re -k, -ɒk -ku -k, -ɔk -k, -ɔk -ke˜ -ke -hənə -gu, -gur
Ablative -t̪ʰeke -pɒra -u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru -hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki -sɛ -sə˜, -k -karəne se -lagi, -tône
Genitive -r, -er -r, -ɒr -rɔ -r, -ɛr -r, -ɛr -ker (-k) -kæ -ək -r, -ôr
Locative -e, -t̪e -t, -ɒt -re -t̪, -ɔt̪ -t̪, -ɔt̪ e, me, -hi, -tə -mə -t, -ô

Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. It is suggested that "pre-Munda" ("proto-" in regular terminology) languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.[6][7]

References

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  1. ^ a b Ray, Tapas S. (2007). "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
  2. ^ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 0-7007-1130-9
  3. ^ South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
  4. ^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–462.
  5. ^ (Toulmin 2006:148)
  6. ^ Peterson, John (2017). "The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.
  7. ^ Ivani, Jessica K.; Paudyal, Netra; Peterson, John (2020-09-01). "Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 287–326. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2029. ISSN 2196-078X.
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